Decoding the

intricacies: C.elegans
development

Presented by: Guided by:

Barsha Priyadarshini meher. Dr. Subrat kumar Panigrahi
Roll no. : 2201PGZOO013. Asst. Professor, Zoology
Msc 2nd year
Department of zoology
Axis formation
 Content
Introduction
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
 Introduction
About C.elegans :
● C.elegans is multicellular nematodes.
● Known as round worm
● It has two sexes : 1. Hermaphrodite and
2. Male
● Most of the C.elegans are hermaphrodite
 Importance of C.elegans in
scientific research

Conserved Signalling
Model Organism
Genetic Tools Pathways
C.elegans is extensively
The nematode’s Many cellular processes
studied due to its simple
transparent body and well- and signalling pathways
anatomy and rapid life
studied genome enable discovered in C.elegans
cycle, making it a
precise genetic have been found to be
powerful model organism
manipulations, facilitating conserved in higher
for developmental
breakthrough discoveries. organisms, including
biology.
humans.
About Vulva in C.elegans :
● Located mid ventrally.
● Vulva is a part of female sex apparatus
● Formation of the vulva occurs during the larval stage.
● The adult vulva consist of 22 cells.
● Vulva is necessary for egg laying and mating
● Development involves a network of intercellular
signaling, signal transduction and transcriptional
regulation.
● The Six cells called the vulval precursor cells
(VPCs). The cell connecting the overlying gonad to
the vulval precursor cells is called the anchor
cell.VPCs are multipotent.
 What is induction :
• Induction refers to cascades of signalling events, during which a cell or tissue signals
to another cell or tissue to influence its developmental fate
• Signal that generate is called-inductive signal.

Morphogen :
• Morphogens are diffusible biochemical molecules that can determine the fate of cell
by its concentration.
• Morphogen gradients result in the differentiation of specific cell types.
• Morphogens include-
- Retinoic acid
- Sonic hedgehog (SHH)
- Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-B)/bone .
morphogenic protein (BMP), EGF, FGF, Lin-3
- Wnt/beta-catenin
- Transcription factors(bicoid)
- Activin
 They can be Act on cell by
paracrine factor Bicoid is a first
concentration
that are produced
dependent protein to act as
in one group of a morphogen in
cells and travel to manner
another population
Drosophila axis
of cell. formation Can be a
transcription
factor

Act in short
range (paracrine Morphogen
signaling) Properties
gradient involved
of
in conditional
morphogens specification.
 Vulva development

Generation of VPCs: Vulva precursor

6VPCs specified patterning: Primary, Generation of adult
from 11 cells, secondary VPCs cells: Adult vulva
located in the and tertiary have 22 cells.
ventral epidermis epidermal cells
 Anchor cell formation
● It is a somatic gonodal cell
Z1.ppp
Have 2 adjacent cell
In wild type C.elegan
Equivalent cells
(hermaphrodite)

Z4.aaa

● They interact in such a manner that one of them become anchor cell and other
become precursor of uterine tissue
+Lin- Uterine tissue
Cell 1 12 formed
In wild type C.elegan
(hermaphrodite)

Cell 2 -Lin-12 Anchor cell formed

Enter a subtitle here if you need it
Lin-12
 Symptoms of the Disease

Saturn Neptune
This is the ringed Neptune is the
one. It’s a gas farthest planet
giant from the Sun

Mars Jupiter
Despite being Jupiter is a gas
red, Mars is a giant and the
cold place biggest planet
Organs Affected

Neptune
Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun

Jupiter
Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet

Mars
Despite being red, Mars is a cold place

Saturn
This is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant
 03
Recommendations
Enter a subtitle here if you need it
 Recommendations

What to Avoid What to Do

1. You can describe what the 1. You can describe what the
patient shouldn’t do here patient should do here

2. You can describe what the
patient shouldn’t do here
3. You can describe what the
patient shouldn’t do here
2. You can describe what the
patient should do here
3. You can describe what the
patient should do here
 Tips to Avoid PID

1. You can describe what the patient shouldn’t do here

What to Avoid 2. You can describe what the patient shouldn’t do here

3. You can describe what the patient shouldn’t do here

1. You can describe what the patient shouldn’t do here

What to Do 2. You can describe what the patient shouldn’t do here

3. You can describe what the patient shouldn’t do here

 Bacteria Stages

Saturn Mercury
Saturn is the ringed one. Mercury is the smallest
It’s composed of hydrogen and innermost planet in
and helium the Solar System

Jupiter Venus
Jupiter is a gas giant and Despite its beautiful name,
the biggest planet in the its atmosphere is
Solar System poisonous
 Pathology
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, but does its name have anything
to do with the liquid metal?

Saturn Jupiter Venus

Saturn is the ringed one. Jupiter is a gas giant and Despite its beautiful name,
It’s composed of hydrogen the biggest planet in the its atmosphere is
and helium Solar System poisonous
 PID Cases

Disease cases

Study period
2011-2017

Region
Spain

Special features
Absolute registration number

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the resulting graph here
 Annual Number of Cases

Number of cases

Study period
2012-2019

Region
United Kingdom (England)

Supplementary note
Sources adds that diagnoses not exclusively
transmitted by sexual contact

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the resulting graph here
 Percentages

Endometrial biopsy
20%
30%
Insertion of IUD
15%
Uterine Curettage

35% Hysterosalpingography

To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the resulting graph here
 Risk Factors

To modify this graph, click on it,

58%
follow the link, change the data and
58%
paste the resulting graph here
50% 52%
40%

Saturn 36%

Mars

Neptune

Jupiter
 Ways of Contagion

Saturn Jupiter
It’s composed of It’s the biggest planet
hydrogen and helium of them all

Venus Mercury
It’s the second planet It’s the smallest planet
from the Sun of them all
 Key Numbers

50,000
200,000 Saturn

Neptune
5,000
Mars
A PICTURE IS
WORTH A
THOUSAND
WORDS
 Gravity Distribution

60%
Subclinical PID
36%
Mild-Moderate
4%
Severe
 What Are the Signs and Symptoms?

Signs and symptoms include:

● Pain in the lower abdomen (this is the most
common symptom)
● Fever (100.4° F or higher)
● Vaginal discharge that may smell foul
● Painful sex
● Pain when urinating
● Irregular menstrual periods
● Pain in the upper right abdomen (this is rare)
 Prevention

Saturn

Jupiter Mars Venus

Jupiter is a gas giant and Despite being red, Mars is Venus is the second planet
the biggest planet actually a cold place from the Sun
 Results
Experiment A Experiment B

Treatment Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Treatment Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Group 1 254 458 213 Group 1 180 154 320

Group 2 454 552 128 Group 2 127 162 123

Group 3 454 457 445 Group 3 635 130 110

 Patient Profile

Variable (n= 101) Surgical need (n=35) p-value

Age 23 (20-38) 34 (22-40) 0.224

Civil Status (53/101) (52.5) 12 (37.1) 0.174

Start of relationships 17 (15-18) 15 (15-19) 0.478

NCS 2 (1-3) 1 (1-4) 0.728

Contraception (63/1019) (61.4) (15-35) 0.357

Ultrasound findings 33 (31.68) 5 (20) < 0.0001*

 Retrospective Analysis
Reasons for hospital admission of patients

Symptoms Degree of pain Percentages

Pain 8 14.2

Fever and pain 16 28.5

Fever + pain + leucorrhea 30 53.5

Pain + bleeding 2 3.5

Total 56 100
750,000
Total of cases in the world
66%
Less than 25 years

33%
30 years or older
Prevalence

Mercury
Mercury is the
smallest planet

Jupiter
Jupiter is the
biggest planet
 Sexually Transmitted Diseases

126M 96M

WHO Region of the Americas

128M
26M
WHO Western Pacific Region

WHO African Region 96M

WHO Eastern Mediterranean

WHO European Region

 References

● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher

● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
 05
Treatment
Enter a subtitle here if you need it
 Treatment

30% 58%

Mars
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place

Venus
Venus has a beautiful name,
but it’s very hot
 Intramuscular/Oral Treatment

Recommended Intramuscular/Oral Regimens

● Ceftriaxone: ● Doxycycline:
○ 250 mg IM in a single dose PLUS ○ 100 mg orally twice a day for 14 days

● Doxycycline: ● Metronidazole:

○ 100 mg orally twice a day for 14 days ○ 500 mg orally twice a day for 14 days

● Cephalosporin:
● Cefoxitin:
○ 500 mg orally twice a day for 14 days
○ 2g IM in a single dose and Probenecid, 1 g
orally administered
 Treatment Effectiveness

Pills
40% Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place

Injection
84% Venus has a beautiful name,
but it’s very hot
 Our Team

Dr. Jenna James Dr. James John Dr. John Smith

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 Invited Doctors

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 06
Conclusions
Enter a subtitle here if you need it
 Conclusions

Research Conclusions
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a
bit larger than the Moon
 Conclusions

Research Conclusions
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
 Advice

1. Venus has a beautiful name, but

also high temperatures 2. Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest
planet of them all

3. Despite being red, Mars is actually

a very cold place 4. Saturn is the sixth planet from the
Sun and the second-largest
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