INTRODUCTION TO

ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE

Bhargav M
 UNIT 1
• Introduction:
• Artificial Intelligence, Historical Backdrop, What is Artificial
Intelligence, AI Agents – Types of Agents, Applications Of AI

• State Space Search:

• Generate and Test, Simple Search, Depth First Search (DFS), Breadth
First Search (BFS), Comparison of BFS and DFS, Quality of Solution,
Depth Bounded DFS (DBDFS), Depth First Iterative
 AI
• "AI refers to the development of computer systems that can perform
tasks typically requiring human intelligence."
• Significance: "AI is transforming industries, enhancing efficiency, and
enabling new possibilities."
• This presentation will explore the history, core concepts, and
applications of AI.
 Historical Backdrop
• The historical development of artificial intelligence (AI) has been a
long and complex journey, marked by significant milestones and
breakthroughs. Here is a timeline of key events and developments in
the history of AI:
• 1943-1956: The Early Years
• 1943: Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts develop the first artificial
neural network model.
• 1950: Alan Turing introduces the Turing Test as a measure of a
machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior.
• 1951: Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds build the SNARC, one of
the first neural networks.
• 1956-1973: The Dartmouth Workshop and Early Research
• 1956: John McCarthy organizes the Dartmouth Workshop, marking the birth
of AI as a field.
• 1956: Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon develop the Logic Theorist, the
first AI program.
• 1957: Frank Rosenblatt introduces the Perceptron, a type of artificial neural
network.
• 1963: John McCarthy's LISP programming language becomes influential in
AI research.
• 1966: Joseph Weizenbaum creates ELIZA, an early natural language
processing program.
1974-1980: AI Winter
1. Funding for AI research declines due to overpromised results and unrealistic
expectations.
2. Lack of progress in AI leads to a period known as the "AI Winter.“

1980s: The Resurgence of AI

3. 1980: The field of expert systems gains popularity, with programs like
MYCIN and Dendral.
4. 1983: Rodney Brooks introduces the subsumption architecture for robotics.
5. 1985: Terry Winograd develops SHRDLU, a natural language understanding
program.
• 1990s: Machine Learning and Practical Applications
• 1997: IBM's Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov in a chess match, a
landmark moment for AI.
• Late 1990s: Machine learning techniques like Support Vector Machines
(SVM) gain prominence.
• 1999: Rodney Brooks's robot Cog demonstrates advanced humanoid
capabilities.

• 2000s: Rise of Big Data and Machine Learning

• 2006: Geoffrey Hinton and colleagues pioneer deep learning with deep
belief networks.
• 2009: Google introduces the self-driving car project (later known as
Waymo).
• 2011: IBM's Watson wins at Jeopardy, showcasing natural language
processing abilities.
• 2010s: Deep Learning Dominance and AI Breakthroughs
• 2012: AlexNet wins the ImageNet competition, advancing deep
learning in computer vision.
• 2014: Facebook acquires Oculus VR, pushing AI into virtual reality.
• 2016: AlphaGo, developed by DeepMind, defeats world champion Go
player Lee Sedol.
• 2017: AlphaZero, also by DeepMind, masters chess, shogi, and Go
with minimal prior knowledge.
• 2019: GPT-2, a large-scale language model, gains attention for its
natural language generation capabilities.
• 2020s and Beyond
• AI continues to advance across various domains, including healthcare,
finance, and autonomous vehicles.
• Ethical and regulatory concerns around AI, including bias and privacy,
gain prominence.
• Quantum computing holds the potential to further accelerate AI
capabilities.
WHAT IS AI ?
• AI, or Artificial Intelligence, refers to the simulation of human
intelligence in machines or computer systems.

• It involves the development of algorithms, software, and hardware that

enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human
intelligence.

• These tasks can include learning, reasoning, problem-solving,

understanding natural language, recognizing patterns, and making
decisions.
Definition of AI.

The definitions on the top, (a) and (b) are concerned with reasoning, whereas those
on the bottom, (c) and (d) address behavior.

The definitions on the left, (a) and (c) measure success in terms of human
performance, and those on the right, (b) and (d) measure the ideal concept of
intelligence called rationality.
• Foundations of Artificial Intelligence:

• Philosophy : foundational issues(can a machine think?), issues of

knowledge and believe, mutual knowledge.
• Psychology and Cognitive Science: Problem solving skills
• Neuro-Science : Brain architecture
• Computer Science And Engineering : Complexity theory, algorithms,
logic and inference, programming languages, and system building.
• Mathematics and Physics : Statistical modelling, continuous
mathematics,
• Statistical Physics, and Complex Systems.
APPLICATIONS OF AI
 APPLICATIONS OF AI
1.Healthcare:
•Medical Diagnosis: AI can assist doctors in diagnosing diseases and conditions more accurately by
analyzing medical images, patient records, and genetic data.
•Drug Discovery: AI is used in drug discovery to analyze large datasets and identify potential drug
candidates.

2.Finance:
•Algorithmic Trading: AI algorithms can analyze financial markets and execute trades at high speeds to
optimize returns.
•Risk Assessment: AI models can assess credit risk, detect fraud, and predict market trends.

3.Autonomous Vehicles:
•AI powers self-driving cars and drones by enabling them to perceive their environment, make decisions,
and navigate safely.

4.Natural Language Processing (NLP):

•Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants provide customer support and
information retrieval.
•Language Translation: AI systems like Google Translate can translate text and speech across languages.
5.Computer Vision:
•Object Recognition: AI can identify and classify objects in images and videos, useful in security and
surveillance.
•Facial Recognition: Used for security, authentication, and in applications like unlocking smartphones.
6.E-commerce:
•Recommendation Systems: AI algorithms recommend products to users based on their browsing and
purchase history.
7.Manufacturing:
•Predictive Maintenance: AI can predict when machines will require maintenance, reducing downtime and
costs.
•Quality Control: AI systems can inspect products for defects in real-time.
8.Education:
•Personalized Learning: AI can tailor educational content to individual students, helping them learn at their
own pace.

9.Gaming:
•AI is used to create non-player characters (NPCs) with realistic behaviors and to adapt gameplay based on a
player's actions.
10.Agriculture:
•Precision Agriculture: AI-driven systems help optimize crop management, from planting to harvesting.

11.Energy Management:
•AI is employed to optimize energy consumption in buildings, factories, and power grids.
12.Robotics:
•Robots use AI for tasks like manufacturing, warehousing, and surgery.
13.Space Exploration:
•AI is used in autonomous space exploration, such as the Mars rovers, to navigate and analyze data.
14.Environmental Monitoring:
•AI helps analyze and predict environmental changes, aiding in climate research and conservation efforts.
15.Law Enforcement:
•AI can analyze large datasets to predict and prevent criminal activities, as well as in facial recognition for
identifying suspects.
16.Entertainment:
•AI-generated music, art, and content recommendation enhance the entertainment industry.
17.Human Resources:
•AI streamlines recruitment processes, screens resumes, and assesses job candidates.
18.Supply Chain Management:
•AI optimizes logistics, inventory management, and demand forecasting.
19.Public Health:
•AI can track disease outbreaks, analyze epidemiological data, and assist in healthcare resource allocation.
20.Finance:
•AI-driven robo-advisors provide investment advice and manage portfolios.
AI's adaptability and potential for automation make it a transformative technology across various sectors,
improving efficiency, accuracy, and decision-making processes. However, ethical and privacy considerations
must be carefully addressed as AI continues to advance and integrate into society.
AI AGENTS
AI AGENTS
AI agents, also known as artificial intelligence agents, are computer programs or systems that are
designed to perform tasks or make decisions autonomously, often in a manner that mimics human
intelligence.

These agents can be found in various applications and domains, and they come in different forms and
levels of complexity.

Here are some key points about AI agents:

1.Types of AI Agents:

•Rule-Based Agents: These agents follow explicit rules and logic to make decisions. They are simple and
deterministic but may not handle complex tasks well.

•Machine Learning Agents: These agents use machine learning algorithms to learn from data and improve
their performance over time. Examples include reinforcement learning agents and deep learning models.

•Expert Systems: These agents incorporate expert knowledge in a specific domain to make decisions or
provide recommendations. They are particularly useful in areas where human expertise is valuable.
•Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: These AI agents are designed for natural language processing and
conversation. They can answer questions, assist with tasks, and perform other language-related functions.
•Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars and drones are examples of AI agents that navigate and make
decisions based on sensor data and algorithms.

•Game-playing Agents: AI agents can be developed to play games like chess, Go, and video games, often
surpassing human performance.

•Robotic Agents: Robots can be equipped with AI to perform tasks in various environments, from
manufacturing to healthcare.
2.Components of AI Agents:
•Perception: AI agents often have sensors or input mechanisms to perceive their environment,
such as cameras, microphones, or other sensors.
•Reasoning and Decision-Making: These agents use algorithms and logic to process
information and make decisions. This can range from simple rule-based decisions to complex
neural network computations.
•Actuation: AI agents often interact with the physical world through actuators, such as motors,
speakers, or screens, to carry out actions.
•Learning: Many AI agents incorporate learning mechanisms to adapt and improve their
performance over time. This may involve supervised learning, unsupervised learning, or
reinforcement learning.
3.Applications of AI Agents:
•Personal Assistants: Virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant are AI agents that assist with
tasks, answer questions, and control smart devices.
•Healthcare: AI agents are used in medical diagnosis, drug discovery, and personalized treatment
recommendations.
•Finance: AI agents are employed in algorithmic trading, fraud detection, and risk assessment.
•Manufacturing and Robotics: Robots with AI agents are used in manufacturing for tasks like assembly,
quality control, and material handling.
•Gaming: Game-playing agents are designed to compete with humans or other AI agents in video games.
•Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving cars and drones use AI agents for navigation and decision-making.
AI agents continue to advance in sophistication and capabilities, and they have the potential to revolutionize
various industries and aspects of daily life as they become more capable and integrated into existing systems.