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Chapter Two OB
Chapter Two OB
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Topics
• Introduction:
– Equation of behavior
• Individual difference variables
— Personality,
— Perception,
— Attribution,
— Attitudes,
— Values, and
— Ethics.
• Personality theory
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Introduction
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Introduction
B = f(P,E)
Where, B = Behavior
P= Person
E= Environment
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Introduction
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Interactional
Behavior
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Interactional Psychology: Four basic propositions
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Individual Behavior
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Personality
Personality:
— Refers to a relatively stable set of feelings and
behaviors that have been significantly formed
by genetic and environmental factors.
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Personality
Nature Nurture
Pattern of
Hereditary life
forces experiences
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Personality
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Personality
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Agreeableness
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Conscientiousness
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Emotional Stability
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Emotional Stability
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Openness to Experience
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Openness to Experience
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The Big Five Model & OB
– Locus of Control
– Self-Esteem
– Self-efficacy
– Self-monitoring
– Positive/Negative Affect
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Locus of Control
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External
….Other Personality Traits
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Implication on OB and work
• Those with an internal locus of control have:
– higher job satisfaction
– more likely to assume managerial positions,
– to prefer participative management styles
– display higher work motivation,
– hold stronger beliefs that leads to performance,
– receive higher salaries, and
– display less anxiety than externals
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….Other Personality Traits
Self-Esteem:
• Is the extent to which people have pride in themselves
and their capabilities.
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Self-esteem
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….Other Personality Traits
Self-efficacy:
An individual's beliefs and expectancies about his or
her ability to accomplish a specific task effectively.
Four sources of self-efficacy:
— prior experiences,
— behavior models (witnessing the success of others),
— persuasion from other people, and
— assessment of current physical and emotional capabilities.
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…Self-efficacy
• Tools:
– Providing job challenges,
– Coaching and counseling for improved
performance,
– Rewarding employees' achievements, and
Empowerment
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….Other Personality Traits
Self-monitoring
• Is the extent to which people base their behavior on
cues from people and situations.
• Refers to the extent to which people try to control the
way they present themselves to others.
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Self-monitoring
High Low
Positive/Negative Affect
– Positive affect:
• An individual’s tendency to emphasize positive aspects
of him/herself, other people, and the world in general.
—Negative affect:
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Personality Theories
• Theories include:
– Trait theory,
– Psychodynamic theory,
– Humanistic theory, and
– The integrative approach.
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…Theories
Trait theory
– To understand individuals, we must break down behavior
patterns into a series of observable traits.
– According to trait theory, combining these traits into a
group forms an individual's personality.
• Pioneers: Raymond Cattell and Gordon Allport
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…Theories
Psychodynamic theory
– Emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behavior.
• Pioneer: Sigmund Freud
— Saw personality as the interaction between three elements
of personality. The id, ego, and superego.
— The id: is the most primitive element, the source of drives
and desire that operates in an unrestricted manner.
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…Theories
Psychodynamic theory
– According to Freudian theory, superego, is the part of the mind that acts
Humanistic theory
• Believed that all people have a basic drive toward self-
actualization.
• Focuses on individual growth and improvement.
• Self to personality theory and contends that the self-concept is
the most important part of an individual's personality.
• Distinctly people centered.
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…Theories
Integrative Approach
— Personality is described as a composite of the individual's
psychological processes.
— Personality dispositions include emotions, cognitions,
attitudes, expectancies, and fantasies.
— Dispositions, in this approach, simply mean the tendencies of
individuals to respond to situations in consistent ways.
— focuses on both person (dispositions) and situational
variables
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Measuring Personality
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Type A and Type B Personalities
• Type A
– Always moving, walking & eating fast
– Feel impatient
– Strive to do two or more things at once
– Cannot cope with leisure time
– Obsessed with number; how many, how much
they have achieved
– Competitive
– Desire to achieve
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Type A and Type B Personalities
Type B Personalities
– Never suffer from a sense of time urgency
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Type ‘A and work Behavior
• Type ‘A’
– Suffer high level of stress
– Quantity over quality
– Time pressure/deadlines
– Rarely creative
– Poor decision makers
– Behavior is easier to predict
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Type ‘B’ and work Behavior
• Type ‘B’
– Difficult to predict behavior
– Quality of work
– No compromise on health
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Social Perception
• Perception is the process by which individuals select,
organize, and interpret the input from their senses to give
meaning and order to the world around them.
– Touch, smell, hearing, vision, and taste.
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…Perception
• Factors Affecting Perception
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…Perception
• Characteristics of the target
– Physical appearance
– Verbal communication
– Nonverbal cues
– Intentions
• Characteristics of the perceiver
– Context of the interaction
– Strength of situational cues
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…Perception
• Barriers
– Selective Perception
– Stereotyping
– Halo Effect
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…Perception
Stereotyping
• Judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group
to which he or she belongs.
• A stereotype is a generalization about a group of people.
• Stereotypes reduce information about other people to a
workplace level and they are efficient for compiling and using
information.
• Can be accurate, and when they are accurate, they can be
useful perceptual guidelines.
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…Perception
Halo-Effect
• A general impression about an individual is based on a single
positive characteristic.
• Occurs when we draw a general impression on the basis of a
single characteristic.
• When the perception of a person is formulated on the basis of
a single favorable or unfavorable trait or characteristic and
tends to shut out other relevant characteristics of that person.
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…Perception
First Impression error
• Impression : Opinion, or mental image of somebody
• First Impression error: Means that we observe a very brief bit
of a person's behavior in our first encounter and infer that this
behavior reflects what the person is really like.
• The process by which individuals try to control the
impressions others have of them is called impression
management.
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…Perception
Implicit personality theories
• Is ones own mini-theories about how people look and behave.
• Theories help us organize our perceptions and take shortcuts
instead of integrating new information all the time.
• Implicit personality theories are barriers, because they limit
our ability to take in new information when it is available.
• We are cognitive misers:
– the world is complex and ambiguous and we have a limited mental
capacity
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…Perception
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
• Expectations affect the way we interact with others such that
we get what we wish for.
• A manager's expectations of an individual affect both the
manager's behavior toward the individual and the individual's
response.
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Attribution in Organizations
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Attribution in Organizations
the event.
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Attribution in Organizations
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Attribution in Organizations
causes.
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Attribution in Organizations
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Attribution in Organizations
Attribution Biases/errors
• Two very common errors:
– The fundamental attribution error: The tendency to make
attributions to internal causes when focusing on someone
else's behavior.
– The self-serving bias: occurs when focusing on one's own
behavior.
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Attribution in Organizations
• Example:
– The managers claimed that internal causes (their
employees' lack of effort or lack of ability) were the basis
for their employees' poor performance- fundamental
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Individual Behavior
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Attitudes
• Is a mental stage of readiness, learned and organized through
related.
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Attitudes
• Three components of an attitude:
– Cognition: Thinking or mind set
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A tti t u d e s
• OB h a s b e e n
c o n c e rn e d w i th th r e e a tt
itu d e s :
– job satisfacti
on,
– job involvem
ent, and
– organization
al commitment.
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Values
• Are people’s personal convictions about what one should
expect to obtain from working and how one should behave at
work.
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Values
• Intrinsic work value: Are values related to the work
itself.
– Fairness (impartiality)
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Values
• Basic convictions: “A specific mode of conduct or end-state of
existence”.
• Ethics
– Moral principles/values -- determines whether actions are
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Ethics
Thanks you
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