Chapter 3 - Part 1

Transport Layer

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Transport Layer 3-1

Chapter 3: Transport Layer
our goals:
 understand principles  learn about Internet
behind transport
layer services:
 multiplexing,
demultiplexing
 reliable data transfer
 flow control
 congestion control
transport layer protocols:
 UDP: connectionless
transport
 TCP: connection-oriented
reliable transport
 TCP congestion control
Transport Layer 3-2
Chapter 3 outline
3.1 transport-layer 3.5 connection-oriented
services transport: TCP
3.2 multiplexing and  segment structure
demultiplexing  reliable data transfer
3.3 connectionless  flow control
transport: UDP  connection management
3.4 principles of reliable 3.6 principles of congestion
data transfer control
3.7 TCP congestion control

Transport Layer 3-3

Transport services and protocols
application
transport
 provide logical network
data link
communication between app physical

processes running on
different hosts

lo
gi
ca
transport protocols run in

l


en
d-
end systems

en
d
 send side: breaks app

tra
ns
messages into segments,

po
rt
passes to network layer
application
 rcv side: reassembles transport
network
segments into messages, data link
physical
passes to app layer
 more than one transport
protocol available to apps
 Internet: TCP and UDP Transport Layer 3-4
Transport vs. network layer
 network layer: household analogy:
logical
communication 12 kids in Ann’s house
sending letters to 12 kids in
between hosts Bill’s house:
 transport layer:  hosts = houses

logical  processes = kids

communication  app messages = letters in

envelopes
between processes  transport protocol = Ann
 relies on, enhances, and Bill who demux to in-
network layer house siblings
services  network-layer protocol =
postal service

Transport Layer 3-5

Internet transport-layer protocols
application
 reliable, in-order transport
network

delivery (TCP) data link

physical
network
 congestion control network data link

lo
data link physical

gi
physical
 flow control

ca
network

l
data link

en
 connection setup physical

d-
en
network

d
unreliable, unordered

tra
 data link
physical

ns
delivery: UDP

po
network
data link

rt
physical
 no-frills extension of network
data link application

“ best-effort” IP physical
network
data link
transport
network
data link
services not available:
physical
 physical

 delay guarantees
 bandwidth guarantees

Transport Layer 3-6

Chapter 3 outline
3.1 transport-layer 3.5 connection-oriented
services transport: TCP
3.2 multiplexing and  segment structure
demultiplexing  reliable data transfer
3.3 connectionless  flow control
transport: UDP  connection management
3.4 principles of reliable 3.6 principles of congestion
data transfer control
3.7 TCP congestion control

Transport Layer 3-7

Multiplexing/demultiplexing
multiplexing at sender:
handle data from multiple
sockets, add transport header
(later used for demultiplexing)
demultiplexing at receiver:
use header info to deliver
received segments to correct
socket

application

application P1 P2 application socket

P3 transport P4
process
transport network transport
network link network
link physical link
physical physical

Transport Layer 3-8

How demultiplexing works
 host receives IP datagrams 32 bits
 each datagram has source IP address,
destination IP address source port # dest port #
 each datagram carries one transport-
layer segment
 each segment has source, destination other header fields
port number
 host uses IP addresses & port
numbers to direct segment to application
appropriate socket data
(payload)

TCP/UDP segment format

Transport Layer 3-9

Connectionless demultiplexing
 recall: created socket has
host-local port #:
DatagramSocket mySocket1
= new
DatagramSocket(12534);
 when host receives UDP
segment:
 checks destination port #
in segment
 directs UDP segment to
socket with that port #
 recall: when creating
datagram to send into UDP
socket, must specify
 destination IP address
 destination port #
IP datagrams with same
dest. port #, but different
source IP addresses and/or
source port numbers will
be directed to same socket
at dest
Transport Layer 3-10
Connectionless demux: example
DatagramSocket serverSocket
= new DatagramSocket
DatagramSocket (6428); DatagramSocket
mySocket2 = new mySocket1 = new
DatagramSocket DatagramSocket
(9157); application
(5775);
application P1 application
P3 P4
transport
transport transport
network
network link network
link physical link
physical physical

source port: 6428 source port: ?

dest port: 9157 dest port: ?

source port: 9157 source port: ?

dest port: 6428 dest port: ?
Transport Layer 3-11
Connection-oriented demux
 TCP socket identified  server host may support
by 4-tuple: many simultaneous TCP
 source IP address sockets:
 source port number  each socket identified by
 dest IP address its own 4-tuple
 dest port number  web servers have
 demux: receiver uses different sockets for
all four values to direct each connecting client
segment to appropriate  non-persistent HTTP will
have different socket for
socket each request

Transport Layer 3-12

 Connection-oriented demux: example

application
application P4 P5 P6 application
P3 P2 P3
transport
transport transport
network
network link network
link physical link
physical server: IP physical
address B

host: IP source IP,port: B,80 host: IP

address A dest IP,port: A,9157 source IP,port: C,5775 address C
dest IP,port: B,80
source IP,port: A,9157
dest IP, port: B,80
source IP,port: C,9157
dest IP,port: B,80
three segments, all destined to IP address: B,
dest port: 80 are demultiplexed to different sockets Transport Layer 3-13
 Connection-oriented demux: example
threaded server
application
application application
P4
P3 P2 P3
transport
transport transport
network
network link network
link physical link
physical server: IP physical
address B

host: IP source IP,port: B,80 host: IP

address A dest IP,port: A,9157 source IP,port: C,5775 address C
dest IP,port: B,80
source IP,port: A,9157
dest IP, port: B,80
source IP,port: C,9157
dest IP,port: B,80

Transport Layer 3-14

Chapter 3 outline
3.1 transport-layer 3.5 connection-oriented
services transport: TCP
3.2 multiplexing and  segment structure
demultiplexing  reliable data transfer
3.3 connectionless  flow control
transport: UDP  connection management
3.4 principles of reliable 3.6 principles of congestion
data transfer control
3.7 TCP congestion control

Transport Layer 3-15

UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]
 “ no frills,” “ bare bones”  UDP use:
Internet transport protocol  streaming multimedia
 “ best effort” service, UDP apps (loss tolerant, rate
segments may be: sensitive)
 lost  DNS
 delivered out-of-order to  SNMP
app  reliable transfer over
 connectionless:
UDP:
 no handshaking between
UDP sender, receiver  add reliability at
application layer
 each UDP segment
handled independently  application-specific error
of others recovery!

Transport Layer 3-16

UDP: segment header
length, in bytes of
32 bits UDP segment,
source port # dest port # including header

length checksum
why is there a UDP?
 no connection
application establishment (which can
data add delay)
(payload)  simple: no connection
state at sender, receiver
 small header size
UDP segment format
 no congestion control:
UDP can blast away as
fast as desired

Transport Layer 3-17

UDP checksum
Goal: detect “ errors” (e.g., flipped bits) in
transmitted segment
sender: receiver:
 treat segment contents,  compute checksum of
including header fields, received segment
as sequence of 16-bit  check if computed checksum
integers equals checksum field value:
 checksum: addition  NO - error detected
(one’s complement sum)  YES - no error detected.
of segment contents But maybe errors
 sender puts checksum nonetheless? More later ….
value into UDP
checksum field

Transport Layer 3-18

Internet checksum: example
example: add two 16-bit integers
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

wraparound 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

sum 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
checksum 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

Note: when adding numbers, a carryout from the most

significant bit needs to be added to the result

Transport Layer 3-19

Chapter 3 outline
3.1 transport-layer 3.5 connection-oriented
services transport: TCP
3.2 multiplexing and  segment structure
demultiplexing  reliable data transfer
3.3 connectionless  flow control
transport: UDP  connection management
3.4 principles of reliable 3.6 principles of congestion
data transfer control
3.7 TCP congestion control

Transport Layer 3-20

Principles of reliable data transfer
 important in application, transport, link layers
 top-10 list of important networking topics!

 characteristics of unreliable channel will determine complexity of reliable data transfer protocol
(rdt)

Transport Layer 3-21

Principles of reliable data transfer
 important in application, transport, link layers
 top-10 list of important networking topics!

 characteristics of unreliable channel will determine complexity of reliable data transfer protocol
(rdt)

Transport Layer 3-22

Principles of reliable data transfer
 important in application, transport, link layers
 top-10 list of important networking topics!

 characteristics of unreliable channel will determine complexity of reliable data transfer protocol
(rdt)

Transport Layer 3-23

Reliable data transfer: getting started

rdt_send(): called from above, deliver_data(): called by

(e.g., by app.). Passed data to rdt to deliver data to upper
deliver to receiver upper layer

send receive
side side

udt_send(): called by rdt, rdt_rcv(): called when packet

to transfer packet over arrives on rcv-side of channel
unreliable channel to receiver

Transport Layer 3-24

 Reliable data transfer: getting started
we’ll:
 incrementally develop sender, receiver sides of
reliable data transfer protocol (rdt)
 consider only unidirectional data transfer
 but control info will flow on both directions!
 use finite state machines (FSM) to specify sender,
receiver
event causing state transition
actions taken on state transition
state: when in this “state
” next state uniquely state state
determined by next 1 event
event 2
actions

Transport Layer 3-25

rdt1.0: reliable transfer over a reliable channel
 underlying channel perfectly reliable
 no bit errors
 no loss of packets
 separate FSMs for sender, receiver:
 sender sends data into underlying channel
 receiver reads data from underlying channel

Wait for rdt_send(data) Wait for rdt_rcv(packet)

call from call from extract (packet,data)
above packet = make_pkt(data) below deliver_data(data)
udt_send(packet)

sender receiver

Transport Layer 3-26