• https://youtu.

be/PzTjbZh2kDA
• https://youtu.be/55oDyazPdTU
 Hadean Eon

Phanerozoic Earth Archean Eon

Eon Timeline

Proterozoic
Eon
 Hadean Eon
• 4.5 billion years – 4 billion years
• Hades- Greek Underworld God. Why this
name??
• This period provides a missing link about the
1. Evolution of surface environment
2. Transition supporting the life.
• Zircon, Earth’s Moon and other planets are
giving an insight into this era.
 Archean Eon
• 4000– 2500 Million years ago.
• Earth’s crust cooled enough to allow formation
of continents and life.
• The earths heat flow was nearly thrice high as it
is today.
• Atmosphere nearly lacked free oxygen.
• Presence of water is evidenced from the
deformed gneisses produced by metamorphism
 Archean Eon
• Sun also had 70-75% of the present
luminosity.
• Green houses gases were also found in large
amounts.
• Graphite of biogenic origin.
• Life is limited to the single celled organisms
called “Prokaryota”.
 Proterozoic Eon
• 2.5– 541 million years.
• Oxygen prevailed in earths atmosphere.
• Protero- former or earlier and Zoe– life
• Reason for increase in the atmospheric oxygen
1. exhaustion of the chemical sinks;
2. increase in carbon burials
• Continental drifts and formation of continents
• First single celled, Eukaryotes and multi cellular life,
Francecillian group fossils
 Theory of Natural Evolution
• Origin of Species, 1859
• Theories proposed before Darwin argued for
directed change– responding to and
influenced by the environment.
• Darwin– naturally occurring processes
1. Variation– random variation in traits
2. Struggle for existence– advantageous
traits are preserved.
Premise of Theory of Natural Selection
• Random genetic mutations occur within an
organism’s genetic code, the beneficial
mutations are preserved because they aid
survival.
• Complex creatures evolve from more
simplistic ancestors naturally over time.
 Local circumstances and advantages
• Local situations influence natural selection.
• Traits best suited in a particular circumstances.
• Individuals exploit the environment in a
various ways pawing way for divergence in
long run.
 Biosphere- Composition and Structure
• All living components of the earth.
• Plants, animals and microbes and everything
that is surrounding them.
• Biosphere has three components:
– Abiotic-- Mineral nutrients, gases and water
sustain the organic life
– Biotic– plants, animals and micro organisms.
– Energy– vital component for reproduction and
regeneration of biological life.
Meaning and concept of natural resources

• Materials created in the nature that were used and

continue to be used by the humans.
• Non involvement of human in generation and
production.
• Includes natural substances (soil, water etc.) and
energy supplies(Coal, gas etc.)
• They are neutral matter.
• Dictate the survival and other life forms on earth
 Types of Natural Resources
• Renewable– organic and inorganic renewable
resources
• Non- renewable resources
• Biotic resources
• Abiotic resources.
• Stock natural resources.
 Renewable resources
• Consistently available irrespective of their use
• Can be recovered.
• Examples: vegetation, water, air, etc
• Animals are also categorized as renewable resources.
• Not so easy to be replaced– takes tens or thousands
of years to be replaced.
• Raw materials from the living organisms like animals
and trees are called as organic renewable resources.
• Raw materials from non-living things are inorganic
renewable resources
 Non- renewable resources
• Cannot simply be substituted or recovered once they
have been utilized or destroyed.
• Examples : Fossil fuels and minerals.
• Minerals formation periods take thousands of years
• Animals mostly the endangered species also
categorized as non-renewable as they are on the
verge of extinction.
Animals on the verge of extinction
 Biotic/Abiotic Natural Resources
• Biotic resources are the ones that come from the
ecosphere (organic and living materials).
• Include resources such as animals, forests (vegetation),
and other materials obtainable from them.
• Fossil fuels such as petroleum, oil, and coal are also
included in this grouping.
• Abiotic resources are the ones that come from non-
organic and non-living materials.
• Examples of abiotic natural resources are heavy metals
like iron, copper, silver, gold, and so on.
 Stock Natural Resources
• Resources that are present in the
environment.
• Requires expertise and technology to exploit
them.
• Hydrogen and any other gases that are
present in the biosphere.