St.

Peter’s College
College of Arts and Sciences

C h apte r One
Mathemati cs in O u r World

J a y s o n P a y l a , L P T, M S c .
Learning Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
Learning Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
3. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
3. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
4. appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday
life.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
3. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
4. appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday
life.
5. establish the relationship between the Fibonacci sequence with
the Golden ratio.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
3. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
4. appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday
life.
5. establish the relationship between the Fibonacci sequence with
the Golden ratio.
6. investigate the relationship of the golden ratio and Fibonacci
number in the natural world.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
3. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
4. appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday
life.
5. establish the relationship between the Fibonacci sequence with
the Golden ratio.
6. investigate the relationship of the golden ratio and Fibonacci
number in the natural world.
7. determine the application of the Golden ratio in arts and
architecture.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
3. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
4. appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday
life.
5. establish the relationship between the Fibonacci sequence with
the Golden ratio.
6. investigate the relationship of the golden ratio and Fibonacci
number in the natural world.
7. determine the application of the Golden ratio in arts and
architecture.
8. articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
3. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
4. appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday
life.
5. establish the relationship between the Fibonacci sequence with
the Golden ratio.
6. investigate the relationship of the golden ratio and Fibonacci
number in the natural world.
7. determine the application of the Golden ratio in arts and
architecture.
8. articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
9. express appreciation for mathematics as a human
endeavor.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
3. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
4. appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday
life.
5. establish the relationship between the Fibonacci sequence with
the Golden ratio.
6. investigate the relationship of the golden ratio and Fibonacci
number in the natural world.
7. determine the application of the Golden ratio in arts and
architecture.
8. articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
9. express appreciation for mathematics as a human
endeavor.
10. support the use of mathematics in various aspects and endeavors
in life.
Learning
Competencies
After completing this lecture, the learner will be able to:
1. argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is
expressed, represented, and used.
2. discuss the concept of Fibonacci and its applications.
3. identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world.
4. appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday
life.
5. establish the relationship between the Fibonacci sequence with
the Golden ratio.
6. investigate the relationship of the golden ratio and Fibonacci
number in the natural world.
7. determine the application of the Golden ratio in arts and
architecture.
8. articulate the importance of mathematics in one’s life.
9. express appreciation for mathematics as a human
endeavor.
10. support the use of mathematics in various aspects and endeavors
in life.
Chapter Outline

This lecture contains the following topics:

Chapter Outline

This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
Chapter Outline

This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
(b) Golden Rati o in Nature
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
(b) Golden Rati o in Nature
(c) Golden Rati o in Arts
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
(b) Golden Rati o in Nature
(c) Golden Rati o in Arts
(d) Golden Rati o in Architecture
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
(b) Golden Rati o in Nature
(c) Golden Rati o in Arts
(d) Golden Rati o in Architecture
3. Patterns and Regularities in the World
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
(b) Golden Rati o in Nature
(c) Golden Rati o in Arts
(d) Golden Rati o in Architecture
3. Patterns and Regularities in the World
(a) Symmetry
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
(b) Golden Rati o in Nature
(c) Golden Rati o in Arts
(d) Golden Rati o in Architecture
3. Patterns and Regularities in the World
(a) Symmetry
(b) Fractals
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
(b) Golden Rati o in Nature
(c) Golden Rati o in Arts
(d) Golden Rati o in Architecture
3. Patterns and Regularities in the World
(a) Symmetry
(b) Fractals
(c) Spirals
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
(b) Golden Rati o in Nature
(c) Golden Rati o in Arts
(d) Golden Rati o in Architecture
3. Patterns and Regularities in the World
(a) Symmetry
(b) Fractals
(c) Spirals
4. Behavior of Nature
Chapter Outline

•This lecture contains the following topics:

1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and in the World
2. Fibonacci Sequence
(a) Golden Rati o
(b) Golden Rati o in Nature
(c) Golden Rati o in Arts
(d) Golden Rati o in Architecture
3. Patterns and Regularities in the World
(a) Symmetry
(b) Fractals
(c) Spirals
4. Behavior of Nature
5. Applications of Mathematics in the World
Patterns and
Patterns can be Numbers
observed inwhich
even in stars Nature
move in and in the
circles across
World
the sky each day. The weather seasons cycle each year (e.g. winter,
spring, summer, fall). All snowflakes contain sixfold symmetry which
no two are exactly the same. There are evidences presented by
mathematician that hexagonal snowflakes have an atomic geometry of
ice crystals.
Patterns and
Patterns can be Numbers
observed inwhich
even in stars Nature
move in and in the
circles across
World
the sky each day. The weather seasons cycle each year (e.g. winter,
spring, summer, fall). All snowflakes contain sixfold symmetry which
no two are exactly the same. There are evidences presented by
mathematician that hexagonal snowflakes have an atomic geometry of
ice crystals.
Patterns can be seen in fish patterns. These animals and fish stripes
and spots attest to mathematical regularities in biological growth and
form. These evolutionary and functional arguments explain why these
animals need their patterns, but it is not explained how patterns are
formed.
Patterns can be seen in fish patterns. These animals and fish stripes
and spots attest to mathematical regularities in biological growth and
form. These evolutionary and functional arguments explain why these
animals need their patterns, but it is not explained how patterns are
formed.
Patterns can be seen in fish patterns. These animals and fish stripes
and spots attest to mathematical regularities in biological growth and
form. These evolutionary and functional arguments explain why these
animals need their patterns, but it is not explained how patterns are
formed.
Zebras, tigers, cats, and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes.
Zebras, tigers, cats, and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes.
Zebras, tigers, cats, and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes.
Zebras, tigers, cats, and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes.
Zebras, tigers, cats, and snakes are covered in patterns of stripes.
Leopards and hyenas are covered in patterns of spots.
Leopards and hyenas are covered in patterns of spots.
Leopards and hyenas are covered in patterns of spots.
Giraffes are covered in patterns of blotches.
Giraffes are covered in patterns of blotches.
Natural patterns serve as clues to the rules that govern the flow of
water, sand and air. One of the strikingly mathematical landscapes
on Earth is to be found in the great ergs, or sand oceans, of the
Arabian and Sahara deserts.
Natural patterns serve as clues to the rules that govern the flow of
water, sand and air. One of the strikingly mathematical landscapes
on Earth is to be found in the great ergs, or sand oceans, of the
Arabian and Sahara deserts.
Natural patterns serve as clues to the rules that govern the flow of
water, sand and air. One of the strikingly mathematical landscapes
on Earth is to be found in the great ergs, or sand oceans, of the
Arabian and Sahara deserts.
Natural patterns serve as clues to the rules that govern the flow of
water, sand and air. One of the strikingly mathematical landscapes
on Earth is to be found in the great ergs, or sand oceans, of the
Arabian and Sahara deserts.
Natural patterns serve as clues to the rules that govern the flow of
water, sand and air. One of the strikingly mathematical landscapes
on Earth is to be found in the great ergs, or sand oceans, of the
Arabian and Sahara deserts.
Other patterns in nature can also be seen in the ball of mackerel, the
v-formation of geese in the sky, and the tornado formation of starlings.
Other patterns in nature can also be seen in the ball of mackerel, the
v-formation of geese in the sky, and the tornado formation of starlings.
Other patterns in nature can also be seen in the ball of mackerel, the
v-formation of geese in the sky, and the tornado formation of starlings.
Other patterns in nature can also be seen in the ball of mackerel, the
v-formation of geese in the sky, and the tornado formation of starlings.
Other patterns in nature can also be seen in the ball of mackerel, the v-
formation of geese in the sky, and the tornado formation of starlings.

This prevalence of pattern in locomotion extends to the scuttling of

insects, the flight of birds, the pulsations of jellyfish, and the wavelike
movements of fish, worms, and snakes.
Fibonacci Sequence
Around 1200 A D when Pizano or Leonardo of Pisa (1170-1250)
published the Liber Abbaci, or Book of Calculation, an arithmetic text
which concentrated mainly on financial computations and promoted
the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals − the forerunner of today’s familiar
system, which just uses ten digits, 0 to 9, to represent all possible
numbers. One of the exercises in his book seems to have been
Leonardo’s own invention. It is written like this:
Fibonacci Sequence
Around 1200 A D when Pizano or Leonardo of Pisa (1170-1250)
published the Liber Abbaci, or Book of Calculation, an arithmetic text
which concentrated mainly on financial computations and promoted
the use of Hindu-Arabic numerals − the forerunner of today’s familiar
system, which just uses ten digits, 0 to 9, to represent all possible
numbers. One of the exercises in his book seems to have been
Leonardo’s own invention. It is written like this:

” A man put a pair of rabbits in a place surrounded on all sides by a

wall. How many pairs of rabbits are produced from that pair in a year,
if it is supposed that every month each pair produces a new pair,
which from the second month onwards becomes productive?”
We say that a pair of rabbits is mature if it can produce offspring,
and immature if not. At the start, month 0, we have one mature pair.
We say that a pair of rabbits is mature if it can produce offspring,
and immature if not. At the start, month 0, we have one mature pair.
After one month, this pair produces an immature pair, so we have 1
mature pair and 1 immature pair − 2 altogether.
We say that a pair of rabbits is mature if it can produce offspring,
and immature if not. At the start, month 0, we have one mature pair.
After one month, this pair produces an immature pair, so we have 1
mature pair and 1 immature pair − 2 altogether. After two months, the
mature pair produces another immature pair; the immature pair
matures but produces nothing (2 mature pairs and 1 immature pair −
3 in total).
We say that a pair of rabbits is mature if it can produce offspring,
and immature if not. At the start, month 0, we have one mature pair.
After one month, this pair produces an immature pair, so we have 1
mature pair and 1 immature pair − 2 altogether. After two months, the
mature pair produces another immature pair; the immature pair
matures but produces nothing (2 mature pairs and 1 immature pair −
3 in total). After three months, the 2 mature pairs produce 2 more
immature pairs; the immature pair matures but produces nothing (3
mature pairs and 2 immature pairs − 5 in total).
We say that a pair of rabbits is mature if it can produce offspring,
and immature if not. At the start, month 0, we have one mature pair.
After one month, this pair produces an immature pair, so we have 1
mature pair and 1 immature pair − 2 altogether. After two months, the
mature pair produces another immature pair; the immature pair
matures but produces nothing (2 mature pairs and 1 immature pair −
3 in total). After three months, the 2 mature pairs produce 2 more
immature pairs; the immature pair matures but produces nothing (3
mature pairs and 2 immature pairs − 5 in total). After four months,
3 mature pairs produce 3 more immature pairs; the 2 immature pairs
mature but produces nothing (5 mature pairs and 3 immature pairs −
8 in total).
We say that a pair of rabbits is mature if it can produce offspring,
and immature if not. At the start, month 0, we have one mature pair.
After one month, this pair produces an immature pair, so we have 1
mature pair and 1 immature pair − 2 altogether. After two months, the
mature pair produces another immature pair; the immature pair
matures but produces nothing (2 mature pairs and 1 immature pair −
3 in total). After three months, the 2 mature pairs produce 2 more
immature pairs; the immature pair matures but produces nothing (3
mature pairs and 2 immature pairs − 5 in total). After four months,
3 mature pairs produce 3 more immature pairs; the 2 immature pairs
mature but produces nothing (5 mature pairs and 3 immature pairs −
8 in total). The table below shows the total number of pairs after six
months.
We say that a pair of rabbits is mature if it can produce offspring,
and immature if not. At the start, month 0, we have one mature pair.
After one month, this pair produces an immature pair, so we have 1
mature pair and 1 immature pair − 2 altogether. After two months, the
mature pair produces another immature pair; the immature pair
matures but produces nothing (2 mature pairs and 1 immature pair −
3 in total). After three months, the 2 mature pairs produce 2 more
immature pairs; the immature pair matures but produces nothing (3
mature pairs and 2 immature pairs − 5 in total). After four months,
3 mature pairs produce 3 more immature pairs; the 2 immature pairs
mature but produces nothing (5 mature pairs and 3 immature pairs −
8 in total). The table below shows the total number of pairs after six
months.

Number of Months Rabbit Representation Number of Pairs

1 ◦◦ 1
2 ◦◦ 1
3 ◦◦ ◦◦ 2
4 ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦◦ 3
5 ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ 5
6 ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ 8
We now define a special kind of sequence that best fits the above
scenario.
We now define a special kind of sequence that best fits the above
scenario.

Definition
The Fib o n ac c i sequence is the sequence {f n }, which has its first
two terms f 1 = f 2 = 1 and satisfies thereafter the recursion formula

f n = f n − 1 + f n−2.
We now define a special kind of sequence that best fits the above
scenario.

Definition
The Fib o n ac c i sequence is the sequence {f n }, which has its first
two terms f 1 = f 2 = 1 and satisfies thereafter the recursion formula

f n = f n − 1 + f n−2.

When continued indefinitely, the sequence encountered in the rabbit

problem 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, . . . is called the
Fib o n ac c i sequence and its terms, the Fib o n acci numbers.
We now define a special kind of sequence that best fits the above
scenario.

Definition
The Fib o n ac c i sequence is the sequence {f n }, which has its first
two terms f 1 = f 2 = 1 and satisfies thereafter the recursion formula

f n = f n − 1 + f n−2.

When continued indefinitely, the sequence encountered in the rabbit

problem 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, . . . is called the
Fib o n ac c i sequence and its terms, the Fib o n acci numbers.

Growth of Rabbit Colony

Months Adult Young Total Months Adult Young Total
1 1 1 2 7 21 13 34
2 2 1 3 8 34 21 55
3 3 2 5 9 55 34 89
4 5 3 8 10 89 55 144
5 8 5 13 11 144 89 233
6 13 8 21 12 233 144 377
Flower Petals exhibit the Fibonacci number. White calla lily contains
1 petal, euphorbia contains 2 petals, trillium contains 3 petals,
columbine contains 5 petals.
Flower Petals exhibit the Fibonacci number. White calla lily contains
1 petal, euphorbia contains 2 petals, trillium contains 3 petals,
columbine contains 5 petals.
Flower Petals exhibit the Fibonacci number. White calla lily contains
1 petal, euphorbia contains 2 petals, trillium contains 3 petals,
columbine contains 5 petals.
Flower Petals exhibit the Fibonacci number. White calla lily contains
1 petal, euphorbia contains 2 petals, trillium contains 3 petals,
columbine contains 5 petals.
Flower Petals exhibit the Fibonacci number. White calla lily contains
1 petal, euphorbia contains 2 petals, trillium contains 3 petals,
columbine contains 5 petals.
Bloodroot contains 8 petals, black-eyed susan contains 13 petals,
sashta daisy 21 petals, field daisies contain 34, and other type of
daisies contain 55 and 89 petals.
Bloodroot contains 8 petals, black-eyed susan contains 13 petals,
sashta daisy 21 petals, field daisies contain 34, and other type of
daisies contain 55 and 89 petals.
Bloodroot contains 8 petals, black-eyed susan contains 13 petals,
sashta daisy 21 petals, field daisies contain 34, and other type of
daisies contain 55 and 89 petals.
Bloodroot contains 8 petals, black-eyed susan contains 13 petals,
sashta daisy 21 petals, field daisies contain 34, and other type of
daisies contain 55 and 89 petals.
Bloodroot contains 8 petals, black-eyed susan contains 13 petals,
sashta daisy 21 petals, field daisies contain 34, and other type of
daisies contain 55 and 89 petals.
The sunflower seed conveys the Fibonacci sequence. The pattern of
two spirals goes in opposing directions (clockwise and
counterclockwise). The number of clockwise spirals and
counterclockwise spirals are consecutive Fibonacci numbers and
usually contains 34 and 55 seeds.
The sunflower seed conveys the Fibonacci sequence. The pattern of
two spirals goes in opposing directions (clockwise and
counterclockwise). The number of clockwise spirals and
counterclockwise spirals are consecutive Fibonacci numbers and
usually contains 34 and 55 seeds.
Pineapples have spirals formed by their hexagonal nubs. The numbs
on many pineapples form 5 spirals and 8 spirals, or 8 spirals and 13
spirals that rotate diagonally upward to the right, depending on the
size of pineapple. The numbers 5, 8, and 13, are three consecutive
terms of the Fibonacci sequence.
Pineapples have spirals formed by their hexagonal nubs. The numbs
on many pineapples form 5 spirals and 8 spirals, or 8 spirals and 13
spirals that rotate diagonally upward to the right, depending on the
size of pineapple. The numbers 5, 8, and 13, are three consecutive
terms of the Fibonacci sequence.
Same in the case of pine cones which contains spirals from the center
have 5 arms and 8 arms, or 8 arms and 13 arms, depending on the
size. Again, the numbers 5, 8, and 13, are three consecutive terms of
the Fibonacci sequence.
Same in the case of pine cones which contains spirals from the center
have 5 arms and 8 arms, or 8 arms and 13 arms, depending on the
size. Again, the numbers 5, 8, and 13, are three consecutive terms of
the Fibonacci sequence.
Golden Ratio
Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci, discovered a sequence of
numbers that create an interesting pattern wherein each number is
obtained by adding the last two numbers of the sequence. These
numbers form what is known as golden rectangle, a perfect
rectangle.
Golden
Ratio
Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci, discovered a sequence of
numbers that create an interesting pattern wherein each number is
obtained by adding the last two numbers of the sequence. These
numbers form what is known as golden rectangle, a perfect
rectangle.
A golden rectangle can be broken into squares, the size of the next
Fibonacci number down and below. If we were to take a golden
rectangle, break it down into smaller squares based from the Fibonacci
sequence and divide each with an arc, the pattern begins to take
shapes, which begins with Fibonacci spiral that we can see in nature.
Golden
Ratio
Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci, discovered a sequence of
numbers that create an interesting pattern wherein each number is
obtained by adding the last two numbers of the sequence. These
numbers form what is known as golden rectangle, a perfect
rectangle.
A golden rectangle can be broken into squares, the size of the next
Fibonacci number down and below. If we were to take a golden
rectangle, break it down into smaller squares based from the Fibonacci
sequence and divide each with an arc, the pattern begins to take
shapes, which begins with Fibonacci spiral that we can see in nature.
Fibonacci found the interesting and mysterious properties of the
Fibonacci sequence that the series has a deep relationship with the
golden ratio. The golden ratio was first called as the Divine
Proportion in the early 1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s work, which was
explored by Luca Pacioli (Italian mathematician) entitled ”De Divina
Proportione” in 1509. This contains the drawings of the five platonic
solids and it was probably da Vinci who first called it the ”section
aurea”, which is Lati n for golden section.
Fibonacci found the interesting and mysterious properties of the
Fibonacci sequence that the series has a deep relationship with the
golden ratio. The golden ratio was first called as the Divine
Proportion in the early 1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s work, which was
explored by Luca Pacioli (Italian mathematician) entitled ”De Divina
Proportione” in 1509. This contains the drawings of the five platonic
solids and it was probably da Vinci who first called it the ”section
aurea”, which is Lati n for golden section.
In mathematics, two quantities are in the Golden rati o if their ratio
is the same as of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The
Golden ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci
sequence where plotting the relationships on scales results in a spiral
shape.
In mathematics, two quantities are in the Golden rati o if their ratio
is the same as of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The
Golden ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci
sequence where plotting the relationships on scales results in a spiral
shape.
In simple terms, the golden ratio is expressed as an equation as
follows:
In mathematics, two quantities are in the Golden rati o if their ratio
is the same as of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The
Golden ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci
sequence where plotting the relationships on scales results in a spiral
shape.
In simple terms, the golden ratio is expressed as an equation as
follows: If a and b are reals with a > b, then
a+ b a
= =
a
1.618033987 . . . ,
b
wherein the above decimal is represented by the Greek letter phi, ϕ.
In mathematics, two quantities are in the Golden rati o if their ratio
is the same as of their sum to the larger of the two quantities. The
Golden ratio is the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci
sequence where plotting the relationships on scales results in a spiral
shape.
In simple terms, the golden ratio is expressed as an equation as
follows: If a and b are reals with a > b, then
a+ b a
= =
a
1.618033987 . . . ,
b
wherein the above decimal is represented by the Greek letter phi, ϕ.
These numbers are all successive numbers in the Fibonacci sequence.
These numbers can be applied to the proportions of a rectangle,
called the Golden rectangle. This is known as one of the most
visually satisfying of all geometric forms − hence, the appearance of
the Golden ratio in art.
The Golden rectangle is also related to the Golden spiral, which is
created by making adjacent squares of Fibonacci dimensions.
The Golden rectangle is also related to the Golden spiral, which is
created by making adjacent squares of Fibonacci dimensions. A
Fib o n ac c i spiral which approximates the golden spiral, using
Fibonacci sequence square sizes up to 34.
The Golden rectangle is also related to the Golden spiral, which is
created by making adjacent squares of Fibonacci dimensions. A
Fib o n ac c i spiral which approximates the golden spiral, using
Fibonacci sequence square sizes up to 34.
The spiral is drawn starting from the inner 1 × 1 square and continues
outwards to successively larger squares. The golden ratio is the limit
of the ratios of successive terms of the Fibonacci sequence (or any
Fibonacci-like sequence), as originally shown by Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630).
The Golden rectangle is also related to the Golden spiral, which is
created by making adjacent squares of Fibonacci dimensions. A
Fib o n ac c i spiral which approximates the golden spiral, using
Fibonacci sequence square sizes up to 34.
The spiral is drawn starting from the inner 1 × 1 square and continues
outwards to successively larger squares. The golden ratio is the limit
of the ratios of successive terms of the Fibonacci sequence (or any
Fibonacci-like sequence), as originally shown by Johannes Kepler
(1571-1630).
Golden ratio can also be deduced in an isosceles triangle. If we take
the isosceles triangle that has two base angles of 72◦ and we bisect
one of the base angles, we should see that we get another Golden
triangle that is similar to the Golden rectangle. If we apply the same
manner as the golden rectangle, we should get a set of Whirling
Triangles. With these Whirling Triangles, we are able to draw a
logarithmic spiral that will converge at the intersection of the two
lines. The spiral converges at the intersection of the two lines, and this
ratio of the lengths of these two lines is in the Golden Ratio.
Golden ratio can also be deduced in an isosceles triangle. If we take
the isosceles triangle that has two base angles of 72◦ and we bisect
one of the base angles, we should see that we get another Golden
triangle that is similar to the Golden rectangle. If we apply the same
manner as the golden rectangle, we should get a set of Whirling
Triangles. With these Whirling Triangles, we are able to draw a
logarithmic spiral that will converge at the intersection of the two
lines. The spiral converges at the intersection of the two lines, and this
ratio of the lengths of these two lines is in the Golden Ratio.
The ancient Greek geometers discovered a useful idea which they
called ”division in extreme and mean ratio”. By this, they meant a
line A B being cut at a point P , so that the ratios A P : A B and
P B : A P are the same.
The ancient Greek geometers discovered a useful idea which they
called ”division in extreme and mean ratio”. By this, they meant a
line A B being cut at a point P , so that the ratios A P : A B and
P B : A P are the same. Euclid used this construction in his work on
regular pentagons.
The ancient Greek geometers discovered a useful idea which they
called ”division in extreme and mean ratio”. By this, they meant a
line A B being cut at a point P , so that the ratios A P : A B and
P B : A P are the same. Euclid used this construction in his work on
regular pentagons. Taking P B = 1, and letting A P = x, so that
A B = 1 + x, then the required condition is
1+ x x
= ,
x 1
so that, we have,

x 2 − x − 1 = 0.
The ancient Greek geometers discovered a useful idea which they
called ”division in extreme and mean ratio”. By this, they meant a
line A B being cut at a point P , so that the ratios A P : A B and
P B : A P are the same. Euclid used this construction in his work on
regular pentagons. Taking P B = 1, and letting A P = x, so that
A B = 1 + x, then the required condition is
1+ x x
= ,
x 1
so that, we have,

x 2 − x − 1 = 0.

Solving for this quadratic equation gives us

√ √
1− 5 5−1
ϕ= = 1.618034 . . . and 1 − ϕ = = −0.0618034 . . . .
2 2
Golden Rati o in Nature
Golden ratio perhaps is the most important part of human beauty
and aesthetics as well as a part of the remarkable proportions of
growth patterns in living things such as plants and animals.
Fibonacci number frequently appears in the number of petals in a
flower and in the spirals of plants.
Golden
Golden ratio Ratio
perhaps is in
the Nature
most important part of human beauty
and aesthetics as well as a part of the remarkable proportions of
growth patterns in living things such as plants and animals.
Fibonacci number frequently appears in the number of petals in a
flower and in the spirals of plants.
Plants have distinct characteristics of Golden Rati o where they
establish a Fibonacci sequence in the number of leaves. Even the eyes
of a pineapple follow the golden ratio and golden spiral. The spiral
happens naturally when each new cell is formed after a turn, as plants
grow new cells in spirals format and this pattern is seen on the seeds
arrangement of the beautiful sunflower.
Golden
Golden ratio Ratio
perhaps is in
the Nature
most important part of human beauty
and aesthetics as well as a part of the remarkable proportions of
growth patterns in living things such as plants and animals.
Fibonacci number frequently appears in the number of petals in a
flower and in the spirals of plants.
Plants have distinct characteristics of Golden Rati o where they
establish a Fibonacci sequence in the number of leaves. Even the eyes
of a pineapple follow the golden ratio and golden spiral. The spiral
happens naturally when each new cell is formed after a turn, as plants
grow new cells in spirals format and this pattern is seen on the seeds
arrangement of the beautiful sunflower.
Leaves, branches and petals grow in spiral form in order for the new
leaves not to block the older leaves from the sun ray or the maximum
amount of rain dew gets directed down to the roots. If a plant has
spirals, the rotation tends to be a fraction made with two successive
Fibonacci numbers, for example, 1-2, 3-5, or even 5-8, also common,
all getting closer to the Golden Ratio.
The positions and proportions of the key dimensions of many animals
are based on ϕ. Examples include the horn of ram, the wing
dimensions and location of eye-like spots on moths, body sections of
ants and other insects, body features of animals (e.g. tiger, fish,
penguin, dolphin, etc.), and the spirals of sea shells.
The positions and proportions of the key dimensions of many animals
are based on ϕ. Examples include the horn of ram, the wing
dimensions and location of eye-like spots on moths, body sections of
ants and other insects, body features of animals (e.g. tiger, fish,
penguin, dolphin, etc.), and the spirals of sea shells.
The positions and proportions of the key dimensions of many animals
are based on ϕ. Examples include the horn of ram, the wing
dimensions and location of eye-like spots on moths, body sections of
ants and other insects, body features of animals (e.g. tiger, fish,
penguin, dolphin, etc.), and the spirals of sea shells.
The positions and proportions of the key dimensions of many animals
are based on ϕ. Examples include the horn of ram, the wing
dimensions and location of eye-like spots on moths, body sections of
ants and other insects, body features of animals (e.g. tiger, fish,
penguin, dolphin, etc.), and the spirals of sea shells.
The positions and proportions of the key dimensions of many animals
are based on ϕ. Examples include the horn of ram, the wing
dimensions and location of eye-like spots on moths, body sections of
ants and other insects, body features of animals (e.g. tiger, fish,
penguin, dolphin, etc.), and the spirals of sea shells.
The growth pattern on branches of trees is Fibonacci. Even the
human face contains spirals and the human D N A contains ϕ
proportions.
The growth pattern on branches of trees is Fibonacci. Even the
human face contains spirals and the human D N A contains ϕ
proportions.
The growth pattern on branches of trees is Fibonacci. Even the
human face contains spirals and the human D N A contains ϕ
proportions.
The relationship of golden ratio is observed on the human body shape
and structure. Many parts of the body are in pair like arms, legs,
eyes. Parts of the human body follow the Fibonacci, 2 hands with 5
digits, and 8 fingers each contains 3 section. The ratio of forearm to
hand is ϕ.
The relationship of golden ratio is observed on the human body shape
and structure. Many parts of the body are in pair like arms, legs,
eyes. Parts of the human body follow the Fibonacci, 2 hands with 5
digits, and 8 fingers each contains 3 section. The ratio of forearm to
hand is ϕ.
The human face follows the ratio and we find people whose faces are
truer to the ratio more attractive. Human fingers consist of three
phalanxes, main, mean and nail. The length of all phalanxes of each
finger relates to each other according to the rule of the golden ratio.
Many researchers of the human body show mathematical regularities,
one example of which is the inscribed man into a pentagram model of
Leonardo da Vinci (as seen on the next slide!)
Golden Ratio in Arts
It is said that ϕ is the initial
letter of Phidias’ name, and is
used to designate the golden
ratio. It was Mark Barr, and
American mathematician, who
proposed the use of the first letter
of Phidias’ name to represent the
golden ratio in the 1900s. Phidias
(490 B C − 430 B C ) widely used
the golden ratio in his works of
sculpture.
Golden Ratio in Arts
It is said that ϕ is the initial
letter of Phidias’ name, and is
used to designate the golden
ratio. It was Mark Barr, and
American mathematician, who
proposed the use of the first letter
of Phidias’ name to represent the
golden ratio in the 1900s. Phidias
(490 B C − 430 B C ) widely used
the golden ratio in his works of
sculpture.

The Golden Rati o can be used to achieve beauty, balance, and

harmony in art, architecture and design. It can be used as a tool in
art and design to achieve balance in the composition.
The exterior dimension of the Parthenon in Athens, Greece embodies
the golden ratio.
The exterior dimension of the Parthenon in Athens, Greece embodies
the golden ratio.
Another important historical
figure that mentioned his use of
the golden ratio in his studies was
Plato (428 B C − 347 BC).
Another important historical
figure that mentioned his use of
the golden ratio in his studies was
Plato (428 B C − 347 BC).

In ”Timaeus”, Plato describes five possible regular solids that relate

to the golden ratio. He also considers the golden ratio to be the most
bringing of all mathematic relationships.
Another important historical
figure that mentioned his use of
the golden ratio in his studies was
Plato (428 B C − 347 BC).

In ”Timaeus”, Plato describes five possible regular solids that relate

to the golden ratio. He also considers the golden ratio to be the most
bringing of all mathematic relationships.
Euclid (323 B C − 265 B C ) was the first to give definition of the
golden ratio as ”a dividing line in the extreme and mean ratio” in his
book ”Elements”.
Euclid (323 B C − 265 B C ) was the first to give definition of the
golden ratio as ”a dividing line in the extreme and mean ratio” in his
book ”Elements”.
Euclid proved the link of the
number to the construction of the
pentagram, which is now known
as golden ratio. Each intersection
of edges sections to other edges of
a pentagram is a golden ratio.
Also, the ratio of the length of
the shorter segment to the
segment bounded by two
intersecting lines is a golden ratio.
Euclid proved the link of the
number to the construction of the
pentagram, which is now known
as golden ratio. Each intersection
of edges sections to other edges of
a pentagram is a golden ratio.
Also, the ratio of the length of
the shorter segment to the
segment bounded by two
intersecting lines is a golden ratio.
The best examples of use of the Golden Rati o in art are by
Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
Many Renaissance artists used the golden mean in paintings and
sculptures to achieve balance.
The best examples of use of the Golden Rati o in art are by
Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
Many Renaissance artists used the golden mean in paintings and
sculptures to achieve balance.
The best examples of use of the Golden Rati o in art are by
Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
Many Renaissance artists used the golden mean in paintings and
sculptures to achieve balance.
The best examples of use of the Golden Rati o in art are by
Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael.
Many Renaissance artists used the golden mean in paintings and
sculptures to achieve balance.
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452 − 1519), or more popularly
known as Leonardo da Vinci, was into many interests such as
invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music,
mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy,
botany, writing, history, and cartography.
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452 − 1519), or more popularly
known as Leonardo da Vinci, was into many interests such as
invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music,
mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy,
botany, writing, history, and cartography.
He used the Golden Rati o to define the fundamental portions in his
works. It was believed that he incorporated the golden ratio in his
own paintings such as The Last Supper, the Vitruvian Man,
Monalisa, and St. Jerome in the Wilderness (unfinished painting).
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452 − 1519), or more popularly
known as Leonardo da Vinci, was into many interests such as
invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music,
mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy,
botany, writing, history, and cartography.
He used the Golden Rati o to define the fundamental portions in his
works. It was believed that he incorporated the golden ratio in his
own paintings such as The Last Supper, the Vitruvian Man,
Monalisa, and St. Jerome in the Wilderness (unfinished painting).
In his one of the most famous paintings ”The Last Supper”, he used
the golden ratio to define the fundamental portions of the painting,
rationalizing the body proportions as well as the wall proportions. All
of the proportions of the said paintings are balanced because of his
application of the Golden Proportion.
Michelangelo di Lodovico Simon (1475 − 1564), or more popularly
known as Michelangelo, was a painter, architect, poet, and engineer
from the Renaissance. He was considered the greatest living artist of
his time.
Michelangelo di Lodovico Simon (1475 − 1564), or more popularly
known as Michelangelo, was a painter, architect, poet, and engineer
from the Renaissance. He was considered the greatest living artist of
his time.
Most commonly, Michelangelo is remembered by his painting ”The
Creation of Adam” which can be seen on the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel. His painting used the Golden Rati o showing how God’s finger
and Adam’s finger meet precisely at the golden ratio point of the
weight and the height of the area that contains them.
Michelangelo di Lodovico Simon (1475 − 1564), or more popularly
known as Michelangelo, was a painter, architect, poet, and engineer
from the Renaissance. He was considered the greatest living artist of
his time.
Most commonly, Michelangelo is remembered by his painting ”The
Creation of Adam” which can be seen on the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel. His painting used the Golden Rati o showing how God’s finger
and Adam’s finger meet precisely at the golden ratio point of the
weight and the height of the area that contains them.
Michelangelo also used the pentagram or golden star in his painting
”Holy Family”.
Michelangelo also used the pentagram or golden star in his painting
”Holy Family”.
Rafaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483 − 1520), or more popularly known as
Raphael, was also a painter and architect from the Renaissance. In
his painting, ”The School of Athens” the division between the figures
in the painting and their proportions are distributed using the Golden
ratio.
Rafaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483 − 1520), or more popularly known as
Raphael, was also a painter and architect from the Renaissance. In
his painting, ”The School of Athens” the division between the figures
in the painting and their proportions are distributed using the Golden
ratio.
Rafaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483 − 1520), or more popularly known as
Raphael, was also a painter and architect from the Renaissance. In
his painting, ”The School of Athens” the division between the figures
in the painting and their proportions are distributed using the Golden
ratio.
Rafaello Sanzio da Urbino (1483 − 1520), or more popularly known as
Raphael, was also a painter and architect from the Renaissance. In
his painting, ”The School of Athens” the division between the figures
in the painting and their proportions are distributed using the Golden
ratio.
The golden triangle can also be found in Raphael’s painting
”Crucifixion”.
The golden triangle can also be found in Raphael’s painting
”Crucifixion”.
The Golden ratio can also be found in the works of other renowned
painters such as Sandro Botticelli, Georges Seurat, Salvador Dali, and
Rembrandt.
The Golden ratio can also be found in the works of other renowned
painters such as Sandro Botticelli, Georges Seurat, Salvador Dali, and
Rembrandt.
The Golden ratio can also be found in the works of other renowned
painters such as Sandro Botticelli, Georges Seurat, Salvador Dali, and
Rembrandt.
The Golden ratio can also be found in the works of other renowned
painters such as Sandro Botticelli, Georges Seurat, Salvador Dali, and
Rembrandt.
The Golden ratio can also be found in the works of other renowned
painters such as Sandro Botticelli, Georges Seurat, Salvador Dali, and
Rembrandt.

Rembrandt Harmenszoon Van Rijn (1606 − 1669), or simply known

as Rembrandt, is a Dutch painter. It is said that the golden triangle
is applied in his painting ”Self Portrait”. Today, the golden ratio is
usually a concept that is applied in art, design, and architecture.
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (1445 − 1510), known as
Sandro Botticelli, is an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. The
Birth of Venus is one of the world’s famous and appreciated works of
art and it was painted between 1482 and 1485. The painting is in the
Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. ”Birth of Venus” is of the golden
ratio. It is also said that her navel is also at the golden ratio point of
the height of Venus’ body.
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi (1445 − 1510), known as
Sandro Botticelli, is an Italian painter of the Early Renaissance. The
Birth of Venus is one of the world’s famous and appreciated works of
art and it was painted between 1482 and 1485. The painting is in the
Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. ”Birth of Venus” is of the golden
ratio. It is also said that her navel is also at the golden ratio point of
the height of Venus’ body.
George-Pierre Seurat (1859 − 1891) was a French post-impressionist
painter. It is said that his paintings the ”Bathers at Asinnieres”
(1884), the ”Bridge of Courbevoie” (1887), and ”A Sundau on La
Grande Jatt e” appears to have applied golden ratio to define the
horizon, to place point of interest and to create balance.
George-Pierre Seurat (1859 − 1891) was a French post-impressionist
painter. It is said that his paintings the ”Bathers at Asinnieres”
(1884), the ”Bridge of Courbevoie” (1887), and ”A Sundau on La
Grande Jatt e” appears to have applied golden ratio to define the
horizon, to place point of interest and to create balance.
George-Pierre Seurat (1859 − 1891) was a French post-impressionist
painter. It is said that his paintings the ”Bathers at Asinnieres”
(1884), the ”Bridge of Courbevoie” (1887), and ”A Sundau on La
Grande Jatt e” appears to have applied golden ratio to define the
horizon, to place point of interest and to create balance.
George-Pierre Seurat (1859 − 1891) was a French post-impressionist
painter. It is said that his paintings the ”Bathers at Asinnieres”
(1884), the ”Bridge of Courbevoie” (1887), and ”A Sundau on La
Grande Jatt e” appears to have applied golden ratio to define the
horizon, to place point of interest and to create balance.
Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali (1904 − 1989), or professionally
known as Salvador Dali, framed his paintings using the golden ratio in
his masterpiece ”The Sacrament of the Last Supper”. Inspired by
Leonardo da Vinci, he positioned the table exactly at the golden ratio
of the height of his paintings.
Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali (1904 − 1989), or professionally
known as Salvador Dali, framed his paintings using the golden ratio in
his masterpiece ”The Sacrament of the Last Supper”. Inspired by
Leonardo da Vinci, he positioned the table exactly at the golden ratio
of the height of his paintings.
Golden Ratio in Architecture
The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 B C in Ahmes, Papyrus of
Egypt, is with proportion according to a Golden Ratio. The length of
each side of the base is 756 feet with a height of 481 feet. The ratio of
the base to the height is roughly 1.5717, which is close to the Golden
ratio.
Golden Ratio in Architecture
The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 B C in Ahmes, Papyrus of
Egypt, is with proportion according to a Golden Ratio. The length of
each side of the base is 756 feet with a height of 481 feet. The ratio of
the base to the height is roughly 1.5717, which is close to the Golden
ratio.
Notre Dame is a Gothic Cathedral in Paris, which was built in
between 1163 and 1250. It appears to have golden ratio in a number
of its key proportions of design.
Notre Dame is a Gothic Cathedral in Paris, which was built in
between 1163 and 1250. It appears to have golden ratio in a number
of its key proportions of design.
The Taj Mahal in India used the golden ratio in its construction and
was completed in 1648. The order and proportion of the arches of the
Taj Mahal on the main structure keep reducing proportionately
following the golden ratio.
The Taj Mahal in India used the golden ratio in its construction and
was completed in 1648. The order and proportion of the arches of the
Taj Mahal on the main structure keep reducing proportionately
following the golden ratio.
The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartes in Paris, France also exhibits
the golden ratio.
The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartes in Paris, France also exhibits
the golden ratio.
In the United Nations Building, the window configuration reveal
golden proportion.
In the United Nations Building, the window configuration reveal
golden proportion.
The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, erected in 1889, is an iron lattice.
It was named after Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, who designed and built
the tower. The base is broader while it narrows down to the top,
perfectly following the golden ratio.
The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, erected in 1889, is an iron lattice.
It was named after Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, who designed and built
the tower. The base is broader while it narrows down to the top,
perfectly following the golden ratio.
The C N Tower in Toronto, is the tallest tower and freestanding
structure in the world, contains the golden ratio in its design. The
ratio of the observation deck at 342 meters to the total height of
1
553.33 meters is 0.618, that is, the value of .
ϕ
The C N Tower in Toronto, is the tallest tower and freestanding
structure in the world, contains the golden ratio in its design. The
ratio of the observation deck at 342 meters to the total height of
1
553.33 meters is 0.618, that is, the value of .
ϕ
Patterns and Regularities

Mathematics is all around us. As we discover more about our

environment, we can mathematically describe nature. The beauty of a
flower, the majestic tree, even the rock formation exhibits nature’s
sense of symmetry. There are also examples of microscopic level of
nature such as snowflakes. There are different types of pattern such
as:
Patterns and Regularities

Mathematics is all around us. As we discover more about our

environment, we can mathematically describe nature. The beauty of a
flower, the majestic tree, even the rock formation exhibits nature’s
sense of symmetry. There are also examples of microscopic level of
nature such as snowflakes. There are different types of pattern such
as:
1. symmetry,
Patterns and Regularities

Mathematics is all around us. As we discover more about our

environment, we can mathematically describe nature. The beauty of a
flower, the majestic tree, even the rock formation exhibits nature’s
sense of symmetry. There are also examples of microscopic level of
nature such as snowflakes. There are different types of pattern such
as:
1. symmetry,
2. fractals, and
Patterns and Regularities

Mathematics is all around us. As we discover more about our

environment, we can mathematically describe nature. The beauty of a
flower, the majestic tree, even the rock formation exhibits nature’s
sense of symmetry. There are also examples of microscopic level of
nature such as snowflakes. There are different types of pattern such
as:
1. symmetry,
2. fractals, and
3. spirals
Symmetry
Sy m m et r y is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
Symmetry
Sy m m et r y is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
There are two types of symmetry:
Symmetry
Sy m m et r y is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
There are two types of symmetry: (1) bilateral, and
Symmetry
Sy m m et r y is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
There are two types of symmetry: (1) bilateral, and (2) radial.
Symmet
ry Sy m m e t r y is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
There are two types of symmetry: (1) bilateral, and (2) radial.
Bilateral symmetr y is a symmetry in which the left and right sides
of the organism can be divided into approximately mirror image of
each other along the midline.
Symmet
ry Sy m m e t r y is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
There are two types of symmetry: (1) bilateral, and (2) radial.
Bilateral symmetr y is a symmetry in which the left and right sides
of the organism can be divided into approximately mirror image of
each other along the midline.
Animals mainly have bilateral or vertical symmetry, even leaves of
plants and some flowers such as orchids.
Symmet
ry Sy m m e t r y is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
There are two types of symmetry: (1) bilateral, and (2) radial.
Bilateral symmetr y is a symmetry in which the left and right sides
of the organism can be divided into approximately mirror image of
each other along the midline.
Animals mainly have bilateral or vertical symmetry, even leaves of
plants and some flowers such as orchids.
Symmet
ry Sy m m e t r y is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
There are two types of symmetry: (1) bilateral, and (2) radial.
Bilateral symmetr y is a symmetry in which the left and right sides
of the organism can be divided into approximately mirror image of
each other along the midline.
Animals mainly have bilateral or vertical symmetry, even leaves of
plants and some flowers such as orchids.
Symmet
ry Sy m m e t r y is a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion of
balance or an object is invariant to any of various transformations
(reflection, rotation or scaling).
There are two types of symmetry: (1) bilateral, and (2) radial.
Bilateral symmetr y is a symmetry in which the left and right sides
of the organism can be divided into approximately mirror image of
each other along the midline.
Animals mainly have bilateral or vertical symmetry, even leaves of
plants and some flowers such as orchids.
R a d ia l symm et r y (or rotati onal symmetry) is a type of
symmetry around a fixed point known as the center and it can be
classified as either cyclic or dihedral.
R a d ia l symm et r y (or rotati onal symmetry) is a type of
symmetry around a fixed point known as the center and it can be
classified as either cyclic or dihedral.
Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as to flowers and
some groups of animals.
R a d ia l symm et r y (or rotati onal symmetry) is a type of
symmetry around a fixed point known as the center and it can be
classified as either cyclic or dihedral.
Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as to flowers and
some groups of animals. A five-fold symmetry is found on the
echinoderms, the group which includes starfish (dihedral-D 5
symmetry), sea urchins, and sea lilies (dihedral-D 5 symmetry).
R a d ia l symm et r y (or rotati onal symmetry) is a type of
symmetry around a fixed point known as the center and it can be
classified as either cyclic or dihedral.
Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as to flowers and
some groups of animals. A five-fold symmetry is found on the
echinoderms, the group which includes starfish (dihedral-D 5
symmetry), sea urchins, and sea lilies (dihedral-D 5 symmetry).
R a d ia l symm et r y (or rotati onal symmetry) is a type of
symmetry around a fixed point known as the center and it can be
classified as either cyclic or dihedral.
Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as to flowers and
some groups of animals. A five-fold symmetry is found on the
echinoderms, the group which includes starfish (dihedral-D 5
symmetry), sea urchins, and sea lilies (dihedral-D 5 symmetry).
Radial symmetry suits organisms like sea anemones whose adults do
not move and jellyfish (dihedral-D 4 symmetry).
Radial symmetry suits organisms like sea anemones whose adults do
not move and jellyfish (dihedral-D 4 symmetry).
Radial symmetry suits organisms like sea anemones whose adults do
not move and jellyfish (dihedral-D 4 symmetry).
Radial symmetry suits organisms like sea anemones whose adults do
not move and jellyfish (dihedral-D 4 symmetry).

Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of flowers.

Radial symmetry suits organisms like sea anemones whose adults do
not move and jellyfish (dihedral-D 4 symmetry).

Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of flowers.

Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of fruits.
Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of fruits.
Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of fruits.
Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of fruits.
Radial symmetry is also evident in different kinds of fruits.
Fractals
Fractal is a curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the same
statistical character as the whole.
Fractal
s Fractal is a curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the same
statistical character as the whole.
Fractal is one of the newest and most exciting branches of
mathematics. It is a class of highly irregular shapes that are related
to continents, coastlines, and snowflakes. It is useful in modeling
structures in which similar patterns recur at progressively smaller
scales, and in describing partly random or chaotic phenomena such as
crystal growth, fluid turbulence, and galaxy formation. Fractals can
be seen in some plants, trees, leaves, and others.
Fractal
s Fractal is a curve or geometric figure, each part of which has the same
statistical character as the whole.
Fractal is one of the newest and most exciting branches of
mathematics. It is a class of highly irregular shapes that are related
to continents, coastlines, and snowflakes. It is useful in modeling
structures in which similar patterns recur at progressively smaller
scales, and in describing partly random or chaotic phenomena such as
crystal growth, fluid turbulence, and galaxy formation. Fractals can
be seen in some plants, trees, leaves, and others.
Spirals
A logarithmic spiral (or growth spiral) is a self-similar spiral curve
which often appears in nature. It was first described by Rene
Descartes and was later investigated by Jacob Bernoulli. Spirals are
more evident in plants. We also see spirals in typhoons, whirlpool,
galaxy, tail of chameleon, and shell among others.
Spirals
A logarithmic spiral (or growth spiral) is a self-similar spiral curve
which often appears in nature. It was first described by Rene
Descartes and was later investigated by Jacob Bernoulli. Spirals are
more evident in plants. We also see spirals in typhoons, whirlpool,
galaxy, tail of chameleon, and shell among others.
Spirals
A logarithmic spiral (or growth spiral) is a self-similar spiral curve
which often appears in nature. It was first described by Rene
Descartes and was later investigated by Jacob Bernoulli. Spirals are
more evident in plants. We also see spirals in typhoons, whirlpool,
galaxy, tail of chameleon, and shell among others.
Behavior of Nature
Behavior of nature can be observed in our daily life. Such natural
regularities of nature include symmetry, fractals, spirals, trees,
meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks, stripes, and spots.
Nature also shows relationship in the existence of the Golden ratio.
Behavior of
Nature
Behavior of nature can be observed in our daily life. Such natural
regularities of nature include symmetry, fractals, spirals, trees,
meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks, stripes, and spots.
Nature also shows relationship in the existence of the Golden ratio.
Honeycombs of the bees show specific regular repeating hexagons.
The design is highly efficient, it uses the least amount of wax to store
the honey giving a strong structure with no gaps.
Behavior of
Nature
Behavior of nature can be observed in our daily life. Such natural
regularities of nature include symmetry, fractals, spirals, trees,
meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks, stripes, and spots.
Nature also shows relationship in the existence of the Golden ratio.
Honeycombs of the bees show specific regular repeating hexagons.
The design is highly efficient, it uses the least amount of wax to store
the honey giving a strong structure with no gaps.
In a zebra’s coat, the alternating pattern of blacks and whites are due
to mathematical rules that govern the pigmentation chemicals of its
skin.
In a zebra’s coat, the alternating pattern of blacks and whites are due
to mathematical rules that govern the pigmentation chemicals of its
skin.
Spider webs illustrate a beautiful pattern. The spider creates a
structure by performing innate steps.
Spider webs illustrate a beautiful pattern. The spider creates a
structure by performing innate steps.
The nautilus shell has natural pattern which contains a spiral shape
called logarithmic spiral.
The nautilus shell has natural pattern which contains a spiral shape
called logarithmic spiral.
Age of trees can be determined by applying dendrochronology which is
a scientific method of dating based on the amount of rings found in
the core of a tree.
Age of trees can be determined by applying dendrochronology which is
a scientific method of dating based on the amount of rings found in
the core of a tree.
Turtles have growth rings called scutes which are hexagonal in shape.
The age of turtle can be estimated based from its scutes. The
smallest scute is in the center and is the oldest one, while the largest
ones on the outside are the newer ones.
Turtles have growth rings called scutes which are hexagonal in shape.
The age of turtle can be estimated based from its scutes. The
smallest scute is in the center and is the oldest one, while the largest
ones on the outside are the newer ones.
Lightning during storms creates fractals.
Lightning during storms creates fractals.
Foam bubbles formed by trapping pockets of gas in a solid or liquid.
In most foam, the volume of gas is large, with thin films of liquids or
solid separating the region of gas.
Foam bubbles formed by trapping pockets of gas in a solid or liquid.
In most foam, the volume of gas is large, with thin films of liquids or
solid separating the region of gas.
Cracks create linear openings that form in materials to relieve stress in
the land. The pattern of cracks indicates whether the material is
elastic or not. Cracks can also be found on barks of trees which show
some sort of weakness in the bark.
Cracks create linear openings that form in materials to relieve stress in
the land. The pattern of cracks indicates whether the material is
elastic or not. Cracks can also be found on barks of trees which show
some sort of weakness in the bark.
The meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops,
turns, or windings in the channel of the body of water (e.g. river,
stream, or watercourse). Meander is produced by a body of water as it
erodes the sediments comprising an outer, concave bank and deposits
this and other sediments downstream on an inner convex bank.
The meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops,
turns, or windings in the channel of the body of water (e.g. river,
stream, or watercourse). Meander is produced by a body of water as it
erodes the sediments comprising an outer, concave bank and deposits
this and other sediments downstream on an inner convex bank.
Hurricane rotates, the enormous cloud bands form golden spiral.
Hurricane rotates, the enormous cloud bands form golden spiral.
Galaxies form the same way as the golden spiral.
Galaxies form the same way as the golden spiral.
The waves of the sea also move in golden spiral.
The waves of the sea also move in golden spiral.
Fluid dynamics create golden spiral.
Fluid dynamics create golden spiral.
Applications of Mathematics in the World
When we hear the word ”mathematics”, the first thing that floats in
our mind is numbers. Numbers serve as the raw materials which a
great deal of mathematics is forged. However, some mathematical
ideas are so basic to our world and every day in our lives we encounter
mathematics. In our daily life, we use mathematics directly or
indirectly in various fields. The application of mathematical methods
in different fields such as science, engineering, business, computer
science, and industry is a combination of mathematical science and
specialized knowledge. For example, statistics, combinatorics, and
graph theory are used by investigators to solve crimes.
Applications of Mathematics in the World
When we hear the word ”mathematics”, the first thing that floats in
our mind is numbers. Numbers serve as the raw materials which a
great deal of mathematics is forged. However, some mathematical
ideas are so basic to our world and every day in our lives we encounter
mathematics. In our daily life, we use mathematics directly or
indirectly in various fields. The application of mathematical methods
in different fields such as science, engineering, business, computer
science, and industry is a combination of mathematical science and
specialized knowledge. For example, statistics, combinatorics, and
graph theory are used by investigators to solve crimes.
Other applications of mathematics are in forensic science, medicine,
engineering, information technology, cryptography, archaeology, social
sciences, political science and other fields.
1. In forensic, mathematics is applied, specifically, the differential
and integral calculus to clarify blurred image to clear image.
Another application of calculus is optimization (maximize or
minimize) surface areas, volumes, profit and cost analysis,
projectile motion, etc.
1. In forensic, mathematics is applied, specifically, the differential
and integral calculus to clarify blurred image to clear image.
Another application of calculus is optimization (maximize or
minimize) surface areas, volumes, profit and cost analysis,
projectile motion, etc.
2. In medical field, much of a function of a protein is determined by
its shape and how the pieces move. Many drugs are designed to
change the shape or motions of a protein by modeling using
geometry and related areas. Mathematics is also being applied in
the development of medicine and cure diseases.
1. In forensic, mathematics is applied, specifically, the differential
and integral calculus to clarify blurred image to clear image.
Another application of calculus is optimization (maximize or
minimize) surface areas, volumes, profit and cost analysis,
projectile motion, etc.
2. In medical field, much of a function of a protein is determined by
its shape and how the pieces move. Many drugs are designed to
change the shape or motions of a protein by modeling using
geometry and related areas. Mathematics is also being applied in
the development of medicine and cure diseases.
3. In fluid dynamics, engineers us numerical analysis in phenomena
involving heat, electricity, and magnetism, relativistic mechanics,
quantum mechanics, and other theoretical constructs.
4. In information technology, modern computers are invented
through the help of mathematics. An important area of
applications of mathematics is in the development of formal
mathematical theories related to the development of computer
science. Computer science development includes logic, relations,
functions, basic set theory, counting techniques, graph theory,
combinatorics, discrete probability, recursion, recurrence
relations, number theory, computer-oriented numerical analysis,
and operation research techniques (simulation, Monte Carlo
program, evaluation research technique, critical path method).
4. In information technology, modern computers are invented
through the help of mathematics. An important area of
applications of mathematics is in the development of formal
mathematical theories related to the development of computer
science. Computer science development includes logic, relations,
functions, basic set theory, counting techniques, graph theory,
combinatorics, discrete probability, recursion, recurrence
relations, number theory, computer-oriented numerical analysis,
and operation research techniques (simulation, Monte Carlo
program, evaluation research technique, critical path method).
Just like Google, they use linear algebra to set itself apart from the
other search engines by its ability to quantify relevance with the
help of mathematics. On the other hand, Facebook uses graph
theory to create links between individuals.
5. Cryptography is a combination of both mathematics and
computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory,
computer security and engineering. It is used in applications
present in technologically advanced societies; examples include
the security of AT M cards, computer passwords, and electronic
commerce.
5. Cryptography is a combination of both mathematics and
computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory,
computer security and engineering. It is used in applications
present in technologically advanced societies; examples include
the security of AT M cards, computer passwords, and electronic
commerce.
6. In archaeology, archaeologists use a variety of mathematical and
statistical techniques to present the data from archaeological
surveys and try to find patterns to shed light on past human
behavior and in carbon dating artifacts.
5. Cryptography is a combination of both mathematics and
computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory,
computer security and engineering. It is used in applications
present in technologically advanced societies; examples include
the security of AT M cards, computer passwords, and electronic
commerce.
6. In archaeology, archaeologists use a variety of mathematical and
statistical techniques to present the data from archaeological
surveys and try to find patterns to shed light on past human
behavior and in carbon dating artifacts.
7. In social sciences such as economics, sociology, psychology, and
linguistics, all now make extensive use of mathematical models,
using the tools of calculus, probability, game theory, and network
theory.
5. Cryptography is a combination of both mathematics and
computer science and is affiliated closely with information theory,
computer security and engineering. It is used in applications
present in technologically advanced societies; examples include
the security of AT M cards, computer passwords, and electronic
commerce.
6. In archaeology, archaeologists use a variety of mathematical and
statistical techniques to present the data from archaeological
surveys and try to find patterns to shed light on past human
behavior and in carbon dating artifacts.
7. In social sciences such as economics, sociology, psychology, and
linguistics, all now make extensive use of mathematical models,
using the tools of calculus, probability, game theory, and network
theory. In economics, mathematics such as matrices, probability
and statistics are used. The models may be stochastic or
deterministic, linear or non-linear, static or dynamic, continuous
or discrete, and all types of algebraic, differential, difference and
integral equations arise for the solutions of these models.
8. In political science, political analysts study past election result to
see changes in voting patterns and the influence of various factors
on voting behavior, on switching of votes among political parties,
and mathematical models for conflict resolution using game
theory and statistics.
8. In political science, political analysts study past election result to
see changes in voting patterns and the influence of various factors
on voting behavior, on switching of votes among political parties,
and mathematical models for conflict resolution using game
theory and statistics.
9. In music and arts, the rhythm that we find in all music notes os
the result of innumerable permutations and combinations. Music
theorists understand musical structure and communicate new
ways of hearing music by applying set theory, abstract algebra,
and number theory.
8. In political science, political analysts study past election result to
see changes in voting patterns and the influence of various factors
on voting behavior, on switching of votes among political parties,
and mathematical models for conflict resolution using game
theory and statistics.
9. In music and arts, the rhythm that we find in all music notes os
the result of innumerable permutations and combinations. Music
theorists understand musical structure and communicate new
ways of hearing music by applying set theory, abstract algebra,
and number theory.
It is said that the universe is written in the language of
mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other
geometric figures. New forms of arts were also based in some
mathematical structures. The old Gothic Architecture was based
on geometry and even the Egypti an Pyramids architecture and
engineering, were based on mathematics.
Suggested Exercises

1. Collect and discuss other patterns in nature.

2. Present and discuss some other art works and in architecture
which applies the golden ratio.
3. Identify and discuss symmetries, fractals, and spirals in your
surroundings.
4. List and explain some natural phenomena in relation to
mathematics.
5. Identify and discuss some applications of mathematics in the
society.
 ”. . . what is physical is subject to the laws
of mathematics,
and what is spiritual to the laws of God, and the
laws of mathematics
are but the expression of the thoughts of God.”
— Thomas Hill

END OF CHAPTER ONE LECTURE!