Landslides

Angelo
Freidrich
Ambalong
Landslide
A landslide is the
mass movement of rock, soil,
and debris down a slope due
to gravity. It occurs when
the driving force is greater
than the resisting force. It
is a natural process that
occurs in steep slopes.
Landslide
The movement may range from
very slow to rapid. It can affect
areas both near and far from the
source. Landslide materials may
include:
• Soil
• Debris
• Rock
• Garbage
July 10, 2000
Payatas
Landfill Slope
Failure
July 10, 2000
Payatas
Landfill Slope
Failure
Landslide
Although there are multiple
types of causes of landslides, the
three that cause most of the
damaging landslides around the
world are these:
• Landslides and Water
• Landslides and Seismic Activity
• Landslides and Volcanic Activity
Types of Landslide

Movement can occur in many

ways. It can be a:
• Fall
• Topple
• Slide
• Spread
• Flow
Fall
Falls are abrupt movements
of masses of geologic
materials, such as rocks and
boulders, that become detached
from steep slopes or cliffs.
Fall
Fall
Separation occurs along
discontinuities such as fractures,
joints, and bedding planes and
movement occurs by free-fall,
bouncing, and rolling. Falls are
strongly influenced by gravity,
mechanical weathering, and the
presence of interstitial water.
Topple
Toppling failures are
distinguished by the forward
rotation of a unit or units
about some pivotal point, below
or low in the unit, under the
actions of gravity and forces
exerted by adjacent units or by
fluids in cracks
Topple
Slide
Slides are mass movements,
where there is a distinct zone
of weakness that separates the
slide material from more stable
underlying material. The two
major types of slides are
rotational slides and
translational slides.
Slide
Types of Slide
Rotational slide: This is a slide
in which the surface of rupture is
curved concavely upward and the slide
movement is roughly rotational about an
axis that is parallel to the ground
surface and transverse across the
slide. Translational slide: In this
type of slide, the landslide mass moves
along a roughly planar surface with
little rotation or backward tilting.
Spread/ Lateral
spread
Lateral spreads are distinctive
because they usually occur on very gentle
slopes or flat terrain. The dominant mode
of movement is lateral extension
accompanied by shear or tensile fractures.
The failure is caused by liquefaction, the
process whereby saturated, loose, cohesion
less sediments (usually sands and silts)
are transformed from a solid into a
liquefied state.
Spread
Flow
Flows are landslides that involve
the movement of material down a slope in
the form of a fluid. There are five basic
categories of flows that differ from one
another in fundamental ways.
• Debris flow
• Debris avalanche
• Earthflow
• Mudflow
• Creep
Flow
Health threats from landslides and debris
flows In the United States, landslides and
debris flows result in 25 to 50 deaths
each year. The health hazards associated
with landslides and mudflows include:
• Rapidly moving water and debris that can
lead to trauma;
• Broken electrical, water, gas, and
sewage lines that can result in injury
or illness; and
• Disrupted roadways and railways that can
endanger motorists and disrupt transport
and access to health care.
What areas are at risk
Some areas are more likely to
experience landslides or mudflows, including:
• Areas where wildfires or human modification
of the land have destroyed vegetation;
• Areas where landslides have occurred before;
• Steep slopes and areas at the bottom of
slopes or canyons;
• Slopes that have been altered for
construction of buildings and roads;
• Channels along a stream or river; and
• Areas where surface runoff is directed.
Before intense storms and rainfall
•Assume that steep slopes and areas burned
by wildfires are vulnerable to landslides
and debris flows.
•Learn whether landslides or debris flows
have occurred previously in your area by
contacting local authorities, a county
geologist or the county planning
department, state geological surveys or
departments of natural resources, or
university departments of geology.
Before intense storms and rainfall
•Contact local authorities about
emergency and evacuation plans.
•Develop emergency and evacuation
plans for your family and business.
•Develop an emergency communication
plan in case family members are
separated.
•If you live in an area vulnerable
to landslides, consider leaving it.
During intense storms and rainfall
•Listen to the radio or watch TV for
warnings about intense rainfall or for
information and instructions from local
officials.
•Be aware of any sudden increase or
decrease in water level on a stream or
creek that might indicate debris flow
upstream. A trickle of flowing mud may
precede a larger flow.
During intense storms and rainfall
•Look for tilted trees, telephone
poles, fences, or walls, and for new
holes or bare spots on hillsides.
•Listen for rumbling sounds that might
indicate an approaching landslide or
mudflow.
•Be alert when driving. Roads may
become blocked or closed due to
collapsed pavement or debris.
During intense storms and rainfall

•If landslide or debris flow danger is

imminent, quickly move away from the path
of the slide. Getting out of the path of a
debris flow is your best protection. Move
to the nearest high ground in a direction
away from the path. If rocks and debris are
approaching, run for the nearest shelter
and take cover (if possible, under a desk,
table, or other piece of sturdy furniture).
After intense storms and rainfall
•Stay away from the site. Flooding or
additional slides may occur after a
landslide or mudflow.
•Check for injured or trapped people
near the affected area, if it is
possible to do so without entering the
path of the landslide or mudflow.
•Listen to the radio or TV for
emergency information.
After intense storms and rainfall
•Report broken utility lines to the
appropriate authorities.
•Consult a geotechnical expert (a
registered professional engineer with
soils engineering expertise) for
advice on reducing additional
landslide problems and risks. Local
authorities should be able to tell you
how to contact a geotechnical expert.
Thank
You!
Landslide
Review activity