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• Nawaraj Poudel
• Sagar Rana
• Sandesh Neupane
• Shishir Sharma
• Ashim Subedi

• Presents:

Function of Geographical
Information System(GIS)
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Overview of GIS

 A system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and

present all types of geographical data.

 The key component of GIS is its ability to associate information with a

physical location or geographic coordinates on the Earth’s surface.
 D ATA C O L L E C T I O N
Nawaraj Poudel
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D ATA M A N A G E M E N T
02 Sandesh Neupane

03 S PAT I A L M E A S U R E M E N T
Function of GIS A N D A N A LY S I S
Shishir Sharma

04 D ATA D I S P L AY
Sagar Rana

05
D E C I S I O N S U P P O RT
Ashim Subedi
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Data capture : involves the collection of data related to positions on

Earth’s surface.

 Data can be in:

 Latitude and longitude

 Address

 Zip code

• Time consuming process

• Impact the cost and future analysis of a project

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Methods for data
capture
 Digitizing or scanning :
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 Survey methodologies
Global Positioning System (GPS):

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 Remote sensing:
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 Data
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base management and data
retrieval

1.Data archival 2.relational 3.Network 4.object oriented

modeling modeling data base
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Database
management
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It involves the organization, storage and retrieval
of data in a systematic and efficient manner.

Data archival
It is the process of systematically storage managing
and preserving spatial and attribute data for long
term access.
z Relation Modelling
Relational modelling its involves creating a relational database schema to store and
manage spatial data efficiently.

Network Modelling
 Its involves representing and analyzing the connectivity and relationships
between geographics features within a spatial environment.
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Object
oriented database

 Object oriented database

is the types of data base
management of system
that organizes and
manages spatial and non-
spatial data using the
principle of object
oriented programming.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

 Spatial measurement
and analysis:
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Spatial analysis is the quantitative analysis of phenomena,
considering the geometric, geographical or topological
properties of their elements. Properties such as position,
distance and area are relevant when performing spatial
analysis.

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

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Analysis in a GIS can help answer questions related to:

 Position or extension

 Shape or distribution

 Spatial associations

 Spatial interactions

 Spatial variation
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Examples of spatial data analysis:

1. Urban planning and development

2. Public health management

3. Agriculture and farming

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Display of data

 Data display in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a critical

aspect that involves the effective and beautiful display of geographic
datasets in maps.
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Generalization

 Generalization is the
process of reducing the
level of detail in GIS data.
This is often done to
simplify the data for a
specific purpose.
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Map layers

GIS uses map layers to

portray each dataset. Within
each layer, symbols, colors,
and text are used to describe
each of the individual
geographic elements.
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Symbols and Renderers:

Symbols are assigned to each feature based on attribute values, and particular methods are used to render each layer.
For example, water bodies and streams might be shown with a single, constant blue color. Roads might be symbolized
based on road class. Seismic events, such as earthquakes, might be represented using graduated symbols based on
their magnitude.
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Symbols and Renderers:

Symbols are assigned to each feature based on attribute values, and particular methods are used to render each layer.
For example, water bodies and streams might be shown with a single, constant blue color. Roads might be symbolized
based on road class. Seismic events, such as earthquakes, might be represented using graduated symbols based on
their magnitude.
 Visible Range
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We can set a visible range

to display the relevant data
at appropriate scales in GIS.
Display detailed data at
large scales, allowing it to
draw when features can be
visually identified. Make the
detailed data not visible at
small scales to remove the
possibility of viewing
heavily overlapping data.
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Decision Support

• Decision support is an indispensable function within

Geographic Information Systems(GIS) that aids in
making informed choices or decisions based
on spatial data .

• It serves as a powerful tool for analysing,

interpreting and visualizing geospatial information to
support decision making processes.

• The primary objective of decision support in GIS is to

assist users in evaluating alternative solutions,
predicting outcomes and selecting the optimal course
of action based on spatial data.

• It helps users identify and assess potential risks,

costs, benefits and impacts associated with specific
decisions.
After capturing, storing, managing and analysing data we can use the
acquired information to make appropriate decision so as to find the best
way to utilize and apply the information obtained.

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 Overall,decision support
within GIS empowers users
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with the ability to
analyse,visualize,and
interpret geospatial data
leading to enhanced
decision-making processes
across a wide range of
domains such as urban
planning,environmental
management and business
location analysis,etc.