‫الجامعة السعودية االلكترونية‬

‫الجامعة السعودية االلكترونية‬

‫‪26/12/2021‬‬
ENG 250: Academic Writing 2
Bailey (2015)
Units 3.5 and 3.6
Objectives

 Conjunctions in academic writing

 Numbers in academic writing
Bailey (2015) Unit 3.5
 Conjunctions in Academic Writing
 Conjunctions are words or phrases that join parts of a sentence together or link a
sentence to the next one.
 Act as signposts to help the reader follow ideas.
 Conjunctions in Academic Writing
• Six main types of conjunctions:
• Addition, including and, both…and, as well as, furthermore
Example: Furthermore, many patients were treated in clinics and surgeries.
• Result, including so…that, such…that, thus
Example: The technology allows consumers a choice, thus increasing their sense of
satisfaction.
• Reason, including because, as, since
Example: The definition of ‘special needs’ is important since it is the cause of some
disagreement.
 Conjunctions in Academic Writing
• Six main types of conjunctions:
• Opposition, including but, still, yet, though, although, however
Example: However, another body of opinion associates globalization with unfavourable
outcomes. (Read examples p. 181)
• Example, including such as, for instance
Example: A few inventions, for instance television, have had a major impact on everyday
life.
• Time, including when, after, before, until, since, while
Example: Four hundred people were interviewed for the survey, then the results were
analysed.
Practice

therefore - after - while - although - since - additionally - for example - due to

After
Although
additionally

therefore

for example
Due to
While
Since
Bailey (2015) Unit 3.6
 Numbers in Academic Writing
 Figures and numbers are both used to talk about statistical data in a general
sense:
Ex: The figures/numbers in the report need to be read critically.
 But number is used more widely:
Ex: 13 is an unlucky number in some cultures.
She forgot her mobile phone number.
 Digits are individual numbers:
Ex: 4,539 – a four-digit number
 Both fractions (1⁄2) and decimals (0.975) may be used.
 Numbers in Academic Writing
• There is no final ‘s’ on hundred/thousand/million used with whole numbers:
Ex: Six million people live there.
but:
Thousands of people were forced to move from the area of the dam.
• When writing about currencies, write $440 m. (440 million dollars).
• Rates are normally expressed as percentages (e.g. the literacy rate rose to 75
per cent), but may also be per thousand (e.g. the Austrian birth rate is 8.7).
• It is normal to write whole numbers as words from one to ten and as
digits above ten:
Ex: There were 16 students in the class, but only eight came to the lecture.
Numbers in Academic Writing
Percentages
 These are commonly used for expressing rates of change:
Ex: Since 2008, the number of prisoners has risen by 22 per cent.
Numbers in Academic Writing

Simplification
 If the actual number is not important, words such as various, dozens or
scores may be used instead:
Ex: The snowstorm closed 47 schools.
The snowstorm closed dozens of schools.
 Numbers in Academic Writing
Simplification

Word Meaning
Few Less than expected
A few Approximately 3-6 depending on context
Several Approximately 3-4
Various Approximately 4-6
Dozens of Approximately 30-60
Scores of Approximately 60-100
Numbers in Academic Writing
 Other numerical phrases can be used to present and simplify statistical information.

roughly/approximately
the highest/lowest
the majority/minority
on average/the average
a small/large proportion
one in three
twice/ three times as many

 Read sentence examples p. 185

Numbers in Academic Writing
 Numerical phrases can be used to report percentages.

Percentage Numerical phrase

5% - 20% A tiny/small minority
21% - 39% A minority
40% - 49% A substantial/significant minority
51% - 55% A small majority
56% - 79% A majority
80% plus A large majority
Practice

a few times - dozens of

various - several
Dozens of students applied for the scholarship.
He rewrote the essay a few times.
Last year, dozens of books were published on biogenetics.

Various names were suggested ..

The students thought of several good topics for
their project.
Additional Information
 All information provided in this presentation was obtained from the following source:

 Bailey, S. (2015). Academic writing: A handbook for international students (4th ed.). New
York, NY: Routledge. ISBN#: 9781138778498 (print edition), 9781315768 (e-text).