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Thermodynamics
Chapter 15: Thermodynamics
• The first law of thermodynamics
• Thermodynamic processes
• Thermodynamic processes for an ideal gas
• Reversible and irreversible processes
• Entropy - the second law of thermodynamics
• Statistical interpretation of entropy
• The third law of thermodynamics
U Q W
U Q W
W = -P(Vf - Vi)
V V
W = nRT ln i + nRT ln i
Vf Vf
3
+ nR ( Tf - Ti )
2
Q U nCV T .
U Q W
Vi
W nRT ln .
Vf
PcVc
Tc 1180 K.
nR
3 PBVB PAV A
U Q nCV T n R
2 nR nR
3
PBVB PAVA
2
3
V PB PA 200 J
2
MFMcGraw Chap15d-Thermo-Revised 5/5/10 20
Example continued:
The work done per cycle is the area between the curves on the
PV diagram. Here W=½VP = 66 J.
Internal Energy
ΔU = Q + W (Conservation of Energy)
W = -Q
W = -p(V2 - V1)
W = ΔU
Q
S .
T
Every irreversible process increases the total entropy of the
universe. Reversible processes do not increase the total
entropy of the universe.
Q 333.7 J
The entropy change is S 1.22 J/K.
T 273 K
S k ln
S k ln k ln 6 1.79k .
http://mats.gmd.de/~skaley/vpa/entropy/entropy.html
S k ln
3 0 .0 0
1E+2 9
2 5.0 0
8 E+2 8
No. of States
No. of States
2 0 .0 0
6 E+2 8
15.0 0
4 E+2 8
10 .0 0
2 E+2 8
5.0 0
0 0 .0 0
Process efficiency
TL
ή = 1 - ---------
TH
1. You cannot win (that is, you cannot get something for
nothing, because matter and energy are conserved).