Chapter 8.

Rayleigh-Ritz Method (RRM)

• Basic idea: we assume that we know the spatial variation of the displacement field,
except for some unknown coefficients to be determined with the aid of the PMPE

• Implementation:

 n
ux, y, z    qi fi x, y, z
 i1

 n
Let vx, y, z    ri gi  x, y, z 
 i 1
 n
w x, y, z    s i hi x, y, z 

 i1

i, ri and si are called the generalized coordinates and are the unknown coeff
i(x,y,z), gi(x,y,z) and hi(x,y,z) are user-chosen arbitrary admissible basis

t is an admissible function?
- must have a sufficient number of derivatives
- must satisfy the essential boundary conditions

2. 1
MEEM 5150
 Rayleigh-Ritz Method
Parenthesis : what is an essential boundary condition?

If the GDE is of order 2m, then

- an essential bc is of order 0 to m-1
- a natural bc is of order m to 2m-1

Examples
f(x) P
1) axially loaded bar x

GDE: E A u    f x  for 0  x  L m = ?

 u0  0 ?
BC : 

EAu  L  P ?

2. 2
MEEM 5150
 Rayleigh-Ritz Method
p(x)
2) beam bending
V
M x

GDE: E I w    px  for 0  x  L m = ?

 w0  0 ?

 w 0   0 ?
BC : 
EI w L   M ?

EIw  L  V ?

End of parenthesis : Back to RRM

2. 3
MEEM 5150
 Rayleigh-Ritz Method
Substitute the approximate displacement field into the total
potential energy to get
   q1 ,..., qn , r1 ,..., rn ,s 1 ,..., sn 

Then apply the PMPE (or PVW)


 0 i  1,..., n
qi

 0 i  1,..., n
ri

 0 i  1,..., n

si

Thus we end up with 3n equations for the 3n unknown coefficients

(qi,ri,si).

This is an approximate method since (unless you are very lucky),

the basis functions are not correct, thus u, v and w will be
approximate. The closer the basis functions are to the exact
spatial variation of the displacements, the better the
approximation.
2. 4
MEEM 5150
 RRM: applications
1)
po=cst k x, u

0 E, A L

2)
z
3L/4 P
x
0 L
E, I

2. 5
MEEM 5150
 Application 1 - Exact Solution

0.5

0.45
 = kL/EA = 0
0.4

0.35
 = 0.5
E Au x  0.3
2
po L 0.25  = 1
0.2

0.15
= 10
0.1
 = 10,000
0.05

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

x/L

2. 6
MEEM 5150
 Application 1 - First attempt
0.5

0.45
Exact
0.4  = 0
0.35 RRM
0.3
E Au x 
2 0.25
po L  = 1
0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

x/L

2. 7
MEEM 5150
 Application 1 - Second attempt

0.5

0.45
Exact
0.4
 = 0
0.35
 = 1
E Au x 
0.3

2 0.25
po L
0.2

0.15 RRM
0.1

0.05

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L

2. 8
MEEM 5150
 Application 2 - First attempt
EIw(x)/(P L^3)
0.016

0.014
wexact(x)
w1(x)
0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L

2. 9
MEEM 5150
 Application 2 - Second attempt
EIw(x)/(P L^3)
0.016
w2(x)
0.014

w1(x) wexact(x)
0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L

2.10
MEEM 5150
 RRM: final notes
Conclusions

• Advantages
– Simplicity
– “keep old terms” when adding new ones

• Disadvantages
– Basis functions are hard to find for complicated
geometries (especially in 2-D and 3-D cases)
– qi have no physical significance
– Convergence is hard to quantify

These deficiencies are addressed by the finite element method

2.11
MEEM 5150
3. Basic concepts of FEM: solution of 1-D
bar problem
Table of contents

3.1 Basic concepts : mesh, nodes, elements, interpolation,

...
3.2 FEA of axially loaded bar
3.3 Notes : direct method, higher-order elements, …
3.4 Principle of Virtual Work (PVW) approach
3.5 Galerkin Weighted Residual (GWR) method

2.12
MEEM 5150
 3.1 Basic concepts
• The FEM is also based on the RRM, but
– the basis functions are easy to find : interpolation
– the qi have a physical significance : nodal displacements

• Basic idea
– Discretize the domain with a finite element mesh composed
of nodes and elements
NODE

ELEMENT

– Compute the “best values” of the nodal displacements

(based, for example, on the PMPE)
– Use interpolation to find the solution everywhere else in
the discretized domain
• There are many elements of different types and geometries : 1-
D, 2-D, 3-D, plane stress, plane strain, plates, shells,
structural, thermal, fluid mechanics, electromagnetic,
elastic, plastic, static, dynamic, …
2.13
MEEM 5150
 3.2 FEA of axially loaded bar
In this section, we introduce the 6 basic steps of a FEA by
solving the following simple structural problem

po (N/m)
x

0Stiffness L
E
Cross-section A(x)=Ao(1-x/aL) with a > 1
(w
Exact solution d   x du 
GDE: EAo 1    po for 0  x  L
dx   aL dx 
 u0  0

BC :  du
EA
  
L 0
  dx L
  x  x 
 o ex   o 
EA u x  p L2
a
 L
  a 2
 a ln1 
 aL 

  x 
 Solution :  1
 x   E duex  po L  L 
 ex  
dx Ao 1 x 

  aL 
2.14
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
Finite element solution
We will use the PMPE. The total potential energy  for this problem is

L
1 du 2 L
  U  V 
2
 EA   dx 
dx   po u x  dx
0 0

Every FEA consists of 6 steps

Step 1 : Discretization

Let’s choose 3 elements of equal length with constant cross-section

(computed at element center: x=L/6, x=L/2 and x=5L/6)

L/3 L/3 L/3 4 nodes

•1 1 •2 2 •3 3 •4 3 elements

59Ao 57Ao 55Ao

E, E, E,
60 60 60
2.15
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
tep 2 : Property of an individual (generic) element

ok at a generic 2-node element of length l, stiffness E and constant cross-s

local coordinate s

•a E, A, l •b
local numbering
u˜ s
c idea of the FEM is to write the approximate displacement in an ele
ation between the (so far unknown) nodal values Ua and Ub

For a two-node element, the interpolation is linear

~
u(s) •
Ua
• Ub  s 
u˜ s  Ua 1    Ub
 l 
s
l
 U a N a s   U b N b s 

•a
s
E, A, l •b
2.16
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
Na(s) and Nb(s) play an important role in FEA and are called
interpolation or shape functions
Na(s)=1-s/l Nb(s)=s/l

1
• •1
•a l •b
ave the approximate expression of u(s)  u˜ (s)  on the generic element
e (approximate) contribution of the element to the total potential energy

e 1 l
e d˜u2 l
˜   E A   ds 
    po u˜ s  ds o 
20 ds  0

but u˜ s   Ua Na s   U b Nb s 
du˜ s dNa s  dN b s
thus  Ua  Ub
ds ds ds

1 l  dNa dN 2 l
 po Ua N a s  Ub Nb s ds
e
˜   EAU
Substitute in o   Ub b
 ds 
2 0  a ds ds  0

2.17
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
Expand the square term :

1 l  dN 2 dN dN dN 2  l

˜   EAU   ds   p o Ua Na s   U b Nb s ds
e 2 a a b 2 b
 a   2Ua Ub  Ub 
2 0 
  ds  ds ds  ds   0

Put in a matrix form :

 l dNa 2 l dN a dNb   l 

  EA  ds  EA  ds   po N a sds 
1  0  ds   ds  ds   U a  0 
˜e 
 U U l
0
    U a Ub l 
2 a b  EA dN dN  l
dN 2
 U
 b   
 
a

b
ds   ds 
EA 
b
 ds   o b
p N  s ds 
0  ds  ds  0  0 

local stiffness matrix local load vector

[k] {r}
In short notation :

U a 
˜e 1 U
 Ub k     Ua Ub r
2 a 
U b 


2.18
MEEM 5150
 Since we know that
s s
N a s  1  and N b s  
l l

we can compute [k] and {r}. For example,

l l
dNa dNb 1 1 EA
k 12  k 21   EA ds   EA     ds  
ds ds  l  l  l
0 0

Find

EA  1 1 1/ 2

k     r  po l  
l 1 1  1/ 2

2.19
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
p 3 : Assemble the elements (i.e., put the pieces together)

we know the properties of a generic element, we can go back to the global l

L/3 L/3 L/3 4 nodes

•1 1 •2 2 •3 3 •4 3 elements

D  U1 U 2
he objective is to find the 4 nodal displacements U 3 U4

ese are determined, we can use the shape functions to interpolate the displa
nside each element

~
u(s)

U1 U2 U3 U4
•1 •2 •3 •4
2.20
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
u˜ s solution
Note : the approximate displacement is
continuous within and between elements
– Within an element :why?
– Between elements : why?

To solve for the nodal displacement vector {D}, we need a system

of 4 equations.

These equations will be obtained through the PMPE for the whole
structure.
The first thing we need to do is to write the (approximate)
expression of the total potential
energy of the structure 1 by addingU the
a 
contribution of all three
˜ e
 result
elements (using the  U a of k   2).
Ub Step   Ua Ub r
2 
U b 

with
Recall that, for a generic
EA  1 2-node
1 element of1/length 2 l :
k     r  po l  
l 1 1  1/ 2
ctive : write the (approximate) total potential energy as
˜ e  1 D K  D  D R
˜ TOT   

e 2
2.21
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
Let’s add the contribution of all three elements to the total potential energy

lement #1 : l=L/3 a=1 b=2 A=59Ao/60

 59EAo 59EAo  po L 
 
˜ (1)  1 U1
  U2  20L 20L U1  
  U1 U2  6 

59EAo 
59EAo U2 
2   po L 
 20L 20L   6 


Its contribution to the total
potential energy is :
 59EAo 59EAo  po L 
 20L  0 0U1   6 
20L
1  59EA 59EAo  
U 2  
po L 

˜
TOT
 U1 U 2 U 3 U 4  o
0 0  U1 U 2 U 3 U 4  
2  20L 20L U 3   6 
 0 0 0 0 
U 4   0 

 0 0 0 0
 
 0 



2.22
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
ement #2 : l=L/3 a=2 b=3 A=57Ao/60
 57EAo 57EAo  po L 
     
˜ (2)  1 U2
  U3  20L 20L U2 U U  6 
2 57EAo 57EAo U3 2 3
po L 
 
 20L 20L   6 

Its contribution to the total

potential energy is :
 59EAo 59EAo 
  0 0
20L 20L U 
 59EA 59EAo 57EAo 57EAo  1
˜ 1  o
  0U2

TOT
 U1 U2 U3 U4  20L 20L 20L 20L U 
2 57EAo 57EAo  3
 0  0U 
 20L 20L  4

 0 0 0 0

 po L 
 6 
p L p L 
 o  o 
U1 U2 U3 U4  6 6 
 po L 
 
 6 
 0 

2.23
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
ment #3 : l=L/3 a=3 b=4 A=55 Ao/60
 55EAo 55EAo  po L 
  U3   
˜ (3)  1 U3
  U4  20L 20L   U U  6 
2 55EAo 55EAo U4  3 4
po L 
 
 20L 20L   6 

Its contribution to the total

potential energy is :
 59EAo 59EAo 
 20L  0 0 
20L
 59EA 59EAo 57EAo 57EAo U1
 o
  0  U


˜ TOT  1 U1 U2 U3
 U4  20L 20L 20L 20L  
2

2  0 57EAo 57EAo 55EAo 55EAo U3

  
 20L 20L 20L 20L  U  
 55EAo 55EAo  4
 0 0 
 20L 20L  
 po L 
 6 
p L p L 

 6  6 
o o

U1 U2 U3 U4  
 p L p L 
o
 o

 6 6 
 po L 

 6 

2.24
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
We have thus achieved our objective :

˜ TOT  1
 D  K  D  D R
2
where [K] is the GLOBAL STIFFNESS MATRIX
{R} is the GLOBAL LOAD VECTOR

Here
D  U1 U 2 U3 U4
59 59 0 0 
 
EAo 59 116 57 0 
K  
20L  0 57 112 55
 
 0 0 55 55 
1/ 6
 
1/ 3
R  po L 
1/ 3

1/ 6



2.25
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
his point, we apply the PMPE by choosing the nodal displacements which minim
approximate total potential energy of the structure :
˜ TOT 
 ˜ TOT 
˜ TOT 
˜ TOT
   0
U 1 U 2 U 3 U 4

or, in matrix form,

˜ TOT

 0
 D
Since
˜ TOT  1
 D  K  D  D R (*)
2

we get the linear system

K D  R (**)

in practice, one does not need to compute the total potential energy in (*):
y to (**) by assembling [k] and {r} into [K] and {R}, respectively.

2.26
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
Step 4 : Apply load and displacement boundary conditions

impose the nodal (concentrated) loads. In this case, we only have the reac
ll (node 1)
Ro
•1 •2 •3 •4
the nodal loads are added to the global load vector {R}

59 59 0 0 U1  1/ 6  Ro 

      
EAo 59 116 57 0 U2  1/ 3  0 
  po L    
20L  0 57 112 55U3  1/ 3  0 
  
 0 0 55 55 
U4  
1/ 6
 
 0 

e apply the displacement boundary conditions. The linear system above is si

det[K]=0). To remove the singularity, we have to impose the fact that
U1  0
us remove the first row and column from our 4*4 system and reduce it to a 3*

2.27
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
The final form of the linear system is thus :
116 57 0 U2  1/ 3
EAo     
57 112 55 
U  p L 1/ 3
20L   3 o

   1/ 6
 0 55 55 
U4   

: - When the displacement b.c. are applied, the unknown reactions (here Ro)
from the system

- Is our approximate solution admissible? Why/why not?

Step 5 : Solve the linear system

Find
U1   0 
   
U2  po L2 0.28249
   
U
 3  EA o 0.45492

U4 
 
0.51853



2.28
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
Step 6 : Post-processing
n this step, we
• plot the deformed shape of the structure
• obtain the stresses and strains in each element
• compute the nodal reactions at the supports

1) Deformed shape

Using the nodal values and the

interpolation functions, we get :

Note: the nodal values are NOT exact!

2.29
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
2) Axial stress and strain in each element

Let’s go back to the generic element :

Ua Ub

•a E, A, l •b
have used a linear interpolation between Ua and Ub, the approximate axial st
ant in the element
du˜ s dNa dNb 1 1 1

˜ xx   Ua  Ub  Ua  U b  Ub  U a 
ds ds ds l l l

arly, the approximate stress is also constant in the element

E

˜ xx  E 
˜ xx  U b  Ua 
l

2.30
MEEM 5150
ew the elements one by one and use the nodal displacements we just obtained i

Element #1 : l=L/3 a=1 b=2

E pL
Ua  U1  0 Ub  U2  0.28249
po L2  
˜ xx(1)  U2  U1  0.84746 o
EAo L /3 Ao


Element #2 : l=L/3 a=2 b=3

po L2 po L2 E pL
Ua  U2  0.28249 Ub  U3  0.45792  
˜ xx(2)  U3  U2   0.52632 o
EAo EAo L /3 Ao


Element #3 : l=L/3 a=3 b=4

E pL
Ua  U3  0.45792
po L2
Ub  U4  0.51853
po L2  
˜ xx(3)  U4  U3   0.18182 o
EAo EAo L /3 Ao

 

2.31
MEEM 5150
FEA of axially loaded bar

2.32
MEEM 5150
 FEA of axially loaded bar
3) Reactions at supports

consider the equation we deleted from the original system in Step 4 when we
lacement boundary conditions:

59 59 0 0 U1  1/ 6  Ro 

      
EAo 59 116 57 0 U2  1/ 3  0 
  po L    
20L  0 57 112 55U3  1/ 3  0 
  
 0 0 55 55 
U4  
1/ 6
 
 0 

at we know the nodal displacements, we can use that equation to solve for the
on Ro. We find


1 59EAo po L2
Ro  po L  0.28249  po L as expected!
6 20L EA



2.33
MEEM 5150
 3.3 Notes
Conclusions :
nite element method
is a special form of the RRM
is based on the interpolation (using shape functions) of nodal displacement
contains 6 basic steps
1) discretization : mesh, nodes, elements
2) property of a generic element : local stiffness matrix [k] and load vec
3) assembling : global load matrix [K] and load vector {R}
4) apply the load and displacement boundary conditions
5) solve the linear system [K] {D} = {R}
6) post-processing : deformed shape, element stresses and support reaction

Important notes :
1) What if we use more elements? (N of them)
The property of a generic 2-node element remains unchanged :

k  
E A 1 1
l 1 1  
1/ 2
r  pol 1/ 2

But now, we have • l=L/N

• (N+1) unknown nodal displacements : U1, U2, …, UN+1
2.34
MEEM 5150
 N = 10

2.35
MEEM 5150
 N = 10

2.36
MEEM 5150
 Notes (Cont’d)

) Why do we call [k] the element stiffness matrix?

tand the physical significance of [k], let’s examine the behavior of a gener
to nodal forces
Ua Ub
Fa
•a E, A, l •b F b

’s fix Ua>0 and Ub=0, and compute the nodal forces Fa and Fb to achieve these
: U  Ua U
 xx  b  a
l l
U
 xx  E  xx  E a (compressive)
l
We have thus
 Fa  E AU a / l
Ua
 Fa>0 Fb<0

Fb  E AUa /l
•a •b
2.37
MEEM 5150
 Notes (Cont’d)
w let’s fix Ua=0 and Ub>0, and compute the corresponding nodal forces Fa and F
U  Ua Ub
 xx  b 
l l
U
 xx  E  xx  E b
l
We have thus Ub
Fa<0
Fa  E AUb /l


 Fb  E AU b / l
•a •b F b>0

n the general case, Ua and Ub≠0. We can combine (1) and (2) to get:

Fa   EA /l EA /l  Ua  Ua 

        k   

Fb 
 EA/ l EA /l  
Ub 
 
Ub 


Thus [k] represents the stiffness of the element

[K] represents the stiffness of the whole structure

2.38
MEEM 5150
 Notes (Cont’d)
3) How to incorporate a concentrated load?
Concentrated (nodal) loads must be added in Step 4.

E.g., Ro po (N/m)
P (N) x
0 L

59 59 0 0 U1  1/ 6  Ro 

      
EAo 59 116 57 0 U2  1/ 3  0 
  po L    
20L  0 57 112 55U3  1/ 3  0 
  
 0 0 55 55 
U4  
1/ 6
 
 P 



2.39
MEEM 5150
 Notes (Cont’d)
4) Higher-order elements
d of increasing the number of elements, we could increase the order of the s
ons from order 1 (linear) to order 2 (quadratic).

ach element has 3 nodes and 3 shape functions:

parabola

Ub ̃us  Ua N a s   Ub Nb s   U c Nc s
Ua
Uc
• • •c 4
a l /2 b l /2
N (s) = ?
N b s    2 s s  
b  
where
2  
 aN (s) = ?
N a s  2 s  s  
  2
1
1
a l /2 l /2 l /2 l /2
• •
b
•c a • •b •c
s s

2.40
MEEM 5150
 Two applications
the finite element method (direct and PMPE approaches) to solve the followin

Q k6 6

P
• • • • •
k1 k2 k3 k4
1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5
1

5 k5
2) Define a suitable mesh and derive the 2- and 3-node finite
element formulation ([k] and {r}) for the following linearly
elastic beam torsion problem:
mo

x
 J

x=0 x=L
x = L/2

2.41
MEEM 5150
 Notes (Cont’d)
5) Other methods to derive the FE formulation

we have seen 2 ways to derive the FE formulation (i.e., to derive [k] and {r
ly loaded bar problem :

the direct method

the PMPE approach

s indicated earlier, there are two other ways to obtain the same results:

• the method based on the Principle of Virtual Work (PVW)

• the Galerkin Weighted Residual Method (GWRM)

two methods are discussed in the next two sections.

2.42
MEEM 5150
 3.4 PVW approach
he axially loaded bar problem examined earlier, the PVW is written as
L L
du du
W  Win  Wex E A dx   p o u dx  0  u
0
dx dx 0

us introduce in W the interpolation-based approximation

ux   u˜  x   N x  D

where, for a N-element & N+1-node mesh

D  U1 U 2 U3 ... UN U N 1
N x   N1  x  N 2  x  N3  x  ... N N x  N N1  x

N3(x) N5(x) N7(x)

•
1
•
2
•
3
•
4
•
5
•6 •
7

2.43
MEEM 5150
 du du˜ dN x 
Then, we have   D
dx dx dx
The PVW becomes
L du dN x   L

W    EA dx  D   po u dx  0  u

0 dx dx 
 0

his point, let us choose u = Ni(x) (i=1, 2, 3, …., N, N+1)

L dNi  x dN x   L
 W    EA dx  D   po Ni x  dx  0 for i  1,..., N  1

0 dx dx 
 0
In a matrix form :
 K  D  R  0
where L
dNi x  dN j  x 
Kij   E A dx
0 dx dx
L
Ri   po N i  x  dx
0

we did before, we construct the global stiffness matrix [K] and global load
ng [k] and {r} at the element level and then assembling into [K] and {R}.

2.44
MEEM 5150
 3.5 Galerkin Weighted Residual approach
• For physical problems which do not have a functional form,
from which the differential equations and non-essential (i.e.,
natural) boundary conditions can be derived (e.g., when the DEQ
contains odd-order terms).
• We need a different approach which starts from the DEQ
itself, or, more precisely, from an integral formulation (or
weak form) of the problem. This approach is called the weighted
residual method (WRM).
• There
3.5.1. are many of
Presentation types
the of
WRMWRM.
Let us write the DEQ and natural BC as
Du  f  0 in V

Bu  g  0 on S  V
where u is the unknown function of x, D and B are differential
operators and f and g are known 4 functions of x.
E.g., for beam bending problems: d
DEI 4 f  qx 
dx
 d2
B  E I 2 g M
 dx
d3
B  E I 3 g V
 dx
2.45
MEEM 5150
 u˜ x,a
Look for approximation satisfying essential
ai iand
boundary conditions  such that
 1, nchoose theu˜ x, a is "close
unknown to" ux 
coefficients

But u˜ x, a is not exact  DEQ are not satisfied.

RD  RD a, x   D˜u  f
Let us denote the residues by 
RB  RB a, x   Bu˜  g

ctive is thus to find the coefficients ai such that the residues are small.

here are many different options to compute the residues:

* Collocation method
RD a, xi   0 i  1, 2,..., j  1

RB a, xi   0
 i  j, j  1,..., n

* Subdomain (collocation) method

 RD a, x  dV  0 i  1, 2,..., j  1

Vi

 RB a, x  dS  0 i  j, j  1,..., n

Si

2.46
MEEM 5150
* (Continuous) least squares method
I
 0 with I   RD a, x  dV    RB a, x  dS
2 2
 ai V S
where  is a scalar multiplier for dimensional homogeneity
and to stress the relative importance of RD vs. RB.
* Least squares collocation method
j1
I m
 0 k  1,...,n  with I   RD a, x i     RB a, xi 
2 2
 ak i1 i j

• Simple collocation if m = n.
• Overdetermined collocation if m > n.
* Galerkin method
Let vi  x  denote some weight functions (chosen as u˜ a i - see example) .
Then find the coefficients ai such that
Ri   v i  x  RD a, x  dV  0 i  1, 2,...,n 
V
I.e., RD is made orthogonal to the shape functions v i  x .
Before solving (*), use integration by parts to balance
the continuity requirements and to introduce the natural
bc (through RB).
Note: if a variational principle is available, the
Galerkin and RR methods yield identicalu˜ solutions with the
same approximating function 2.47
MEEM 5150
 WRM: application
Problem description:

p(x) = po * x/L

P
E, A, L

2.48
MEEM 5150
 WRM: application
Solution:
u(x)/cL^3 Residual methods for axially loaded bar with b/cL^2=1
2
exact
point collocation at x=L/3
1.8 subdomain and continuous least squares
Galerkin
1.6
b P
1.4
2  1
cL po L
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L

2.49
MEEM 5150
 WRM: application

Residual methods for axially loaded bar with b/cL^2=-0.1

u(x)/cL^3
1
exact
point collocation at x=L/3
subdomain and continuous least squares
Galerkin
0.8
b P
2   0.1
cL po L
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x/L
2.50
MEEM 5150
 3.5.2. Galerkin finite element method

indicated earlier, we start from the GDE itself :

E A u x    po 0  x  L

idea of the GWRM is as follows : instead of satisfying the GDE at every poi
≤ x ≤ L), we will only satisfy it in a “weighted average sense” (weak form)
L
 E A u  x    po  vx  dx
0

is any weight function defined on the domain vanishing where essential boun
are applied on u (here, the essential BC is u(0) = 0 and thus we must have
L L
 E A u  x  vx  dx    po v x  dx (*)
0 0

continuity requirements for u(x) and v(x) are “uneven”: u(x) must be at lea
be ?? only.

2.51
MEEM 5150
ance these requirements, let us integrate the left-hand side by parts :
L L
 E A u v dx  E A u vL
0
  E A u v  dx
0 0
L
 E A u  L v L  E A u 0 v0   E A u v  dx
0
= 0 = 0
Thus (*) becomes
L L
 E A u x  v x  dx   po v x  dx (**)
0 0

s point, we introduce into (**) the interpolation-based approximation for u(

L
dN x  L
 E A dx v  x dx D   po vx  dx
0 0

hoose our weight functions to be the shape functions : v(x) = Ni(x) (i=1,
L dN x  dN x  L
  E A 
 dx

 dx
dx D   po N x  dx

0    0  

 K  R
2.52
MEEM 5150
Or, in component form :
L
dNi x  dN j  x 
Kij   E A dx
0 dx dx
L
Ri   po N i  x  dx
0

2.53
MEEM 5150