PROJECT:=IMPROVEMENT OF HEAT

RATE OF TG#4
POWER GENRATION METHOD

BOILER TURBINE

CONDE
HEATER
NSER
RANKINE CYCLE
RANKINE CYCLE:=

BOILER:-which observed heat &convert water

into superheated steam.
TURBINE:-utilize the heat of steam and convert
it into mechanical energy .
CONDENSER:-which reject heat from steam and
convert it into saturated water
PUMP:-Compression of fluid to rise the pressure .
 CONDENDATE WATER LINE

 Condenser To Deaerator water line is called condensate water line

condens
er CEP
C SJAE
E DRAINCOOLER
strainer P SJAE

LPH-2 LPH-1
deaerator
 FEED WATER LINE

 Deaerator to HPH2 water is called feed water line

DEAERATOR HPH-2 HPH-1

BOILER
EFFECT OF IMPROVED HEAT RATE
Reducing a power plants heat rate can significantly lower fuel
consumption &thus lower its costs as well , directly benefitting
power producer and their customers.
by heat rate improvement, turbine efficiency will increase.
by heat rate improvement, turbine blade life will increase.
by improving heat rate, vacuum will improve, thus condenser
efficiency will increase.
With the improvement of heat rate, boiler efficiency will also
increase.
 WHAT IS HEAT RATE

“Heat rate is defined as the total amount of

energy required to produce one kilowatt-
hour(kWh)of electricity by an electric generator
or power plant”
It is the input rate required for generating unit
power
FORMULA

Rh = Ws c T
HEAT RATE EFFECTED BY THESE PARAMETER :=

* Turbine inlet Steam pressure and temperature

*steam flow
*feed water temperature and pressure
*makeup water
*condenser vacumme or back pressure
*sealing losses
1.HEAT RATE VARIATION DUE TO STEAM
PRESSURE
If the turbine is operate at a pressure less than the
designed pressure but at designed tempr. the
enthalpy of steam is lower than the designed
enthalpy.
Hence heat energy available to steam turbine is
less.
Running a turbine at a pressure less than designed
pressure heat rate increases
2.Heat rate variation due to stem
temperature
If a turbine is operated at a temperature less than
the designed temperature but at designed pressure
the enthalpy of steam is lower than the designed
enthalpy .
Hence heat energy available to steam turbine is less
.FOR running a turbine at a temperature less than
the designed temp,heat rate increases.
Typically for each °C the heat rate deviation is
0.5KCAL/kwhR
3.HEAT RATE DVARIATION DUE TO FEED
WATER TEMPRETURE
If the feed water temperature at the entry of the
boiler is less than designed temperature there is a
loss of work done and the heat rate increases.

Typically for each °C the heat rate deviation is

1kcal/KWHr
4.HEAT RATE VARIATION DUE TO
CONDENSER BACK PRESSURE
IF turbine is operate at a higher condenser
back pressure than the designed value ,then
the work done is less and heat rate increases .
5.HEATE RATE VARIATION DUE TO STEAM
FLOW AND SEALING LOSSES.

If the sealing losses inside the turbine are more than some
steam passes inside the turbine without doing any work .As
such to get the same output , more steam is required.
This increases the heat rate of the cycle as boiler to
generate more steam . if steam requirement increases by 1
tonne per hour then heat rate increases by apporx
5kcl/KWHr.
Q=MCp(dt)
Q is directly proportional to mass M so heat rate
increases as mass flow steam
6.Heat rate variation due to make up
water

Makeup water is given to take care of steam losses in

the system.The designer designs with no steam loss
from the system.but practically it is very difficult to
achieve 0 leakage .
To take care of loss of steam make up water is added
to the system.heat is applied to convert water into
steam.
any leakage involve the heat applied as loss of the
system
TURBINE LOSSES

INTERNAL LOSSES EXTERNAL LOSSES

1.Nozzle losses 1.Shaft gland leakage

2.Blade friction 2.Journal &thrust bearing
3.Disc friction 3.Governor &oil pump
4.Diaphragm gland & blade tip
losses
5.exahust