INTRODUCTION

 Society runs with help of various institutions & a large number of changes are also required
with the changing needs of the society. Indian sociologists & anthropologists have made an
attempt to integrate sociology in research & teaching. Social movements have contributed a
lot to the development of Indian society. This can be understood with the help of provisions
of Constitution of India.
 Today, in India, sociology is accepted as different science & sociologists have achieved a
definite status. Various reform movements held during 18 th & 19th century has created great
impact on thinking & ideologies of the socialists.
MEANING

 The collective behavior of people forms various ‘social movements’ & hence these social
movements become a very important topic of study & research for a large number of
sociologists both from India & all over the world.
 Each social movement has some specific purposes, reasons, goals & methods to achieve the
demands, for example, “To save wildlife”, “To save forests”, “To save environment”, etc.
 Naxalite movement, student movement, women’s movement, human rights movement,
animal rights movement, & so n are examples of movements in India.
DEFINITIONS

 A collectively acting with some continuity to promote or resist change in the society or
group of which it is a part of.
- TURNER & KILLIAN
 When many people purposely & collectively try to bring out the transformation, it is called
“Social Movement.”
- DRESSLAR & WILLIES
 A social movement is collectively effort to promote or resist change.
- HARTON & HUNT
 CHARACTERISTICS

 Social movement members make efforts to resist the changes or to maintain the status-quo.
 It brings bout a change in values, norms, & ideologies of the existing system.
 It can distinguish itself from the general category of collective mobilisation.
 It has certain organizational framework to achieve success or at least to maintain the tempo of
the movement.
 Social movement may follow peaceful or violent or democratic or undemocratic means to
reach its goal.
 TYPES

 [1] Reform Movement :- A movement which is satisfied with the existing social order, but
believes in carrying out certain reforms which are necessary in specific in specific areas is known
as reform movement. Reformers always try to change elements of the system as it currently
stands. For example :- Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Madhav Govind Ranade, Women’s Liberation
Movement, Environment Movement.
 [2] Reactionary & Revivalist Movement :- Reactionary movements are generally known as
regressive movements. Their main objective is to reverse the current trend. This type of
movements highlights the importance of traditional values, ideology & institutional
arrangements. For example :- Arya Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Sarvodaya Movement,
Nirbhaya Movement.
 [3] Revolutionary Movement :- The revolutionary movement denies that the system will
even work & also work for radical change as they are dissatisfied with the existing social
order. Revolution demands change in entire existing structure. For example :- National
Freedom Movement.
 [4] Resistance Movement :- The movement which is established for & work for resisting a
change which is already taking place in society. Many cultural, economic & political
changes are the results of resistance movement as it try to save our Indian culture. This type
of movement played very important role in stopping heinous activities in society, e.g. moral
degradation, sexual offences, exploitation of children, etc. For example :- Anti-abortion
Movement, Swadeshi Movement for Economic Liberation, Dalit Movement.
SOCIOLOGICAL GROWTH

YEAR DEVELOPMENT
 [1] 1914  [1] After first World War, sociology was
introduced in India as a discipline in the
University of Bombay. Around the same
time, sociology was also introduced in
Mysore University.
 Sociology as a science emerged in
Calcutta University owing to the active
 [2] 1917 interest & efforts of B. N. Seal. Later this
subject was given to Radhakamal
Mukherjee & B. N. Sarkar.
 YEAR DEVELOPMENT

 [3] 1919  [3] The department of sociology was

established by Patrik Geddes. Centre for
Sociological Theory & Research was
introduced at Lucknow.
 [4] It was only in this year that sociology

was offered as a separate department in
[4] 1920
Bombay University.
 Teaching of sociology & social
anthropology was started in Poona with
 Irawati Karve as the head. Bombay
[5] 1930-1947
attempted a synthesis between the
Indological & Ethnological trends & thus
initiated a distinctive line of departments.
CONCLUSION

 Indian sociologists & anthropologists have made an attempt to integrate sociology

in research & teachings. Out of the many contribution of Dr. Govind Sadashiv
Ghurye stands out because of his study with evolution of Indian society &
culture.
 Contribution of M. N. Srinivas deals with clearing the concept of dominant caste,
Sanskritisation which contributed to the development of sociological theory based
on sanscritisation & caste.
 With the help of both Indian sociologists & Indian social movements, Lots of
social concepts were emerged in study of sociology. Now there are various
branches dealing with sociology, e.g. Economic sociology, Sociology of religion,
Political sociology, etc.
 From the above discussion it is clear that social movement arises because of
social conditions which create dissatisfaction with the existing arrangement
& management.
 For nearly every social movement there is a counter movement, e.g. pro-
reservation & anti-reservation movements. The purpose of these counter
movements is to oppose the original movement.
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