GENETIC

ENGINEERING
 WHAT IS GENETIC
PRESENTATION TITLE

ENGINEERING?
• Genetic engineering is a cutting-edge field that
involves manipulating an organism’s DNA to
create new traits or modify existing one’s.
Scientists use several powerful tools to carry out
these modifications, each with its own specific
function and purpose.
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 THE DIFFERENT TOOLS USED
PRESENTATION TITLE

IN GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Gel electrophoresis
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
• DNA Ligase
• Gene gun
• Microinjection
• Restriction enzymes
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• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
PRESENTATION TITLE

THE DIFFERENT TOOLS USED

IN GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Identifying transgenic organisms
• Electroporation
• Shuttle vectors

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 GEL
PRESENTATION TITLE

ELECTROPHORESIS
• A laboratory method used to
separate mixtures of DNA,
RNA, or proteins according
to molecular size. In gel
electrophoresis, the
molecules to be separated are
pushed by an electrical field
through a gel that contains
5 small pores.
 POLYMERASE CHAIN
PRESENTATION TITLE

REACTION (PCR)
• Is a laboratory technique
used to make multiple copies
of a segment of DNA. PCR is
very precise and can be used
to amplify, or copy, a specific
DNA target from a mixture of
DNA molecules.
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 DNA LIGASE
PRESENTATION TITLE

• A DNA-joining enzyme. If two

pieces of DNA have matching
ends, ligase can link them to
form a single, unbroken
molecule of DNA. In DNA
cloning, restriction enzymes
and DNA ligase are used to
insert genes and other pieces of
7 DNA into plasmids.
 GENE GUN
PRESENTATION TITLE

• Used for delivery of exogenous

DNA to cells. This method is
known as 'biolistics'. Gene guns
can be used effectively on most
cells but are mainly used on plant
cells. The gene gun apparatus is
ready to fire. Helium fills the
chamber and pressure builds
against the rupture disk.
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 MICROINJECTIO
PRESENTATION TITLE

N
• The use of a glass
micropipette to inject a
liquid substance at a
microscopic or borderline
macroscopic level.

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 RESTRICTION
PRESENTATION TITLE

ENZYMES
• A protein isolated from
bacteria that cleaves
DNA sequences at
sequence-specific sites,
producing DNA
fragments with a known
sequence at each end.

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 RESTRICTION
PRESENTATION TITLE

ENZYMES
• Are used for cutting DNA
fragments. A restriction enzyme
(or restriction endonuclease) is
an enzyme that cuts any DNA
at or near specific recognition
nucleotide sequences (known
as restriction sites).

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 ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE
PRESENTATION TITLE

(ALP)
• An alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) test measures the
amount of ALP in your
blood. ALP is an enzyme
found in many parts of your
body. Each part of your body
produces a different type of
ALP. Most ALP is found in
your liver, bones, kidneys,
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 IDENTIFYING
PRESENTATION TITLE

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
• An organism or cell
whose genome has
been altered by the
introduction of one
or more foreign
DNA sequences
from another species
by artificial means.
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 ELECTROPORATION
PRESENTATION TITLE

• The process of using an electric

pulse to transfect cells with
DNA
• Is currently the most widely
used method for the
transformation of algal species.
The principle of electroporation
is that the cell membrane
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produces tiny holes by high-
voltage pulses, which lead to the
 SHUTTLE VECTORS
PRESENTATION TITLE

• Allow for an efficient

transfer of recombinant
DNA into yeast cells and
are widely used in
fundamental research and
biotechnology.

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