IGCSE CHEMISTRY

SECTION 5 LESSON 2
 Content

The iGCSE
Section 1 Principles of Chemistry
Chemistry
course Section 2 Chemistry of the Elements

Section 3 Organic Chemistry

Section 4 Physical Chemistry

Section 5 Chemistry in Society

 Content

Section 5
a) Extraction and uses of
metals
Chemistry b) Crude oil
in industry c) Synthetic polymers
d) The industrial manufacture
of chemicals
 b) Crude oil
Lesson 2 5.6 understand that crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons
5.7 describe and explain how the industrial process of fractional
distillation separates crude oil into fractions
5.8 recall the names and uses of the main fractions obtained
from crude oil: refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil
b) Crude oil and bitumen
5.9 describe the trend in boiling point and viscosity of the main
fractions
5.10 understand that incomplete combustion of fuels may
produce carbon monoxide and explain that carbon monoxide is
poisonous because it reduces the capacity of the blood to carry
oxygen
5.11 understand that, in car engines, the temperature reached is
high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react,
forming nitrogen oxides
5.12 understand that nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are
pollutant gases which contribute to acid rain, and describe the
problems caused by acid rain
5.13 understand that fractional distillation of crude oil produces
more long-chain hydrocarbons than can be used directly and
fewer short-chain hydrocarbons than required and explain why
this makes cracking necessary
5.14 describe how long-chain alkanes are converted to alkenes
and shorter-chain alkanes by catalytic cracking, using silica or
alumina as the catalyst and a temperature in the range of 600–
700oC.
Crude Oil
Crude Oil
Crude Oil

Crude oil is a dark,

viscous, liquid
mixture of many
different
hydrocarbons
Crude Oil

Viscous
means that it
does not flow
easily.
Crude Oil

A hydrocarbon
is a compound
containing
hydrogen and
carbon only
 Crude Oil
Crude oil was formed

from the decomposition

of animals and plants
under pressure
Crude Oil
Massive oil rigs are
used to drill
underground to
extract the crude oil.
These oil rigs may be
on land, or out at sea
as shown here.
Crude Oil
Massive oil rigs are
used to drill
underground to
extract the crude oil.
These oil rigs may be
on land, or out at sea
as shown here.
The crude oil is piped
ashore or carried in
huge oil tankers to oil
refineries where the
crude oil is used to
make useful products.
Crude Oil
Crude Oil
Oil refineries are
huge industrial
complexes where
crude oil is initially
refined by a
process known as
fractional
distillation.
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Fractional distillation splits
crude oil up into its separate
parts, or fractions.
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Fractional distillation splits
crude oil up into its separate
parts, or fractions.

This distillation takes place

in a fractionating column.
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Fractional distillation splits
crude oil up into its separate
parts, or fractions.

This distillation takes place

in a fractionating column.
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Fractional distillation splits
crude oil up into its separate
parts, or fractions.

This distillation takes place

in a fractionating column.

Crude oil is heated until it

becomes gaseous, and it is
then piped in to the bottom
of the column.
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

As the vapour travels up the

fractionating column the
different fractions
condense into liquids and are
constantly tapped off.
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Crude oil is a mixture of
hydrocarbons of
different sized
molecules.
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Crude oil is a mixture of
hydrocarbons of
different sized
molecules.

Hydrocarbons are
basically fuels such as
petrol and diesel.
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Crude oil is a mixture of
hydrocarbons of
different sized
molecules.

Hydrocarbons are
basically fuels such as
petrol and diesel.

The shorter the

molecules, the lower the
temperature at which
that fraction condenses
– i.e. higher up the
fractionating column.
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Number of
carbon atoms
in the
hydrocarbon
chain

Crude oil
(vapour)
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Number of
carbon atoms
in the
hydrocarbon
chain

Crude oil
(vapour)

~ 40
Bitumen
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Number of
carbon atoms
in the
hydrocarbon
chain

~ 35 340oC Oil
Crude oil
(vapour)

~ 40
Bitumen
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Number of
carbon atoms
in the
hydrocarbon
chain

~ 20 250oC Diesel
~ 35 340oC Oil
Crude oil
(vapour)

~ 40
Bitumen
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Number of
carbon atoms
in the
hydrocarbon
chain

~ 10-15 110oC-180oC
Naphtha, Kerosine
~ 20 250oC Diesel
~ 35 340oC Oil
Crude oil
(vapour)

~ 40
Bitumen
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Number of
carbon atoms
in the
hydrocarbon
chain
~8 40oC Petrol

~ 10-15 110oC-180oC
Naphtha, Kerosine
~ 20 250oC Diesel
~ 35 340oC Oil
Crude oil
(vapour)

~ 40
Bitumen
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Number of
~3 Refinery gas
carbon atoms
(bottled gas)
in the
hydrocarbon
chain
~8 40oC Petrol

~ 10-15 110oC-180oC
Naphtha, Kerosine
~ 20 250oC Diesel
~ 35 340oC Oil
Crude oil
(vapour)

~ 40
Bitumen
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Number of
~3 Refinery gas
carbon atoms
(bottled gas)
in the
hydrocarbon
chain Crude oil
provides the fuel for
~8 40oC Petrol
most modern transport
~ 10-15 110oC-180oC
Naphtha, Kerosine
~ 20 250oC Diesel
~ 35 340oC Oil
Crude oil
(vapour)

~ 40
Bitumen
 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Number of
~3 Refinery gas
carbon atoms
(bottled gas)
in the
hydrocarbon
chain Crude oil
provides the fuel for
~8 40oC Petrol
most modern transport
~ 10-15 110oC-180oC
Naphtha, Kerosine

It also provides the raw material

~ 20 250oC Diesel
for~making
35 various chemicals, 340oC Oil
Crude oil
(vapour)
including PLASTICS
~ 40
Bitumen
HYDROCARBONS
 HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules
 HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules

As the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases

 HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules

As the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases

The BOILING POINT increases

 HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules

As the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases

The BOILING POINT increases

It gets LESS FLAMMABLE (doesn’t set fire so easily)

 HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons are long chain molecules

As the size of the hydrocarbon molecule increases

The BOILING POINT increases

It gets LESS FLAMMABLE (doesn’t set fire so easily)

It gets MORE VISCOUS (doesn’t flow so easily)

Cracking hydrocarbons
Cracking hydrocarbons
fractional distillation of
crude oil produces more
long-chain hydrocarbons
than can be used directly
and fewer short-chain
hydrocarbons than required
Cracking hydrocarbons

This means that longer

molecules such as diesel
produced from fractional
distribution are cracked
into smaller molecules such
as petrol and aviation fuel
for which there is a greater
demand.
Cracking hydrocarbons

More importantly, cracking

produces chemicals such as
ethene which are needed for
making plastics
 Cracking hydrocarbons

Petrol

Diesel Aviation
fuel

Ethene
HEAT for
plastics
 Cracking hydrocarbons
THERMAL
DECOMPOSITION Petrol

Diesel Aviation
fuel

Ethene
HEAT for
plastics
 Industrial Cracking

Aluminium oxide
(alumina) catalyst
Vaporised Octane +
kerosine Ethene
 Industrial Cracking

Aluminium oxide
(alumina) catalyst
Vaporised Octane +
kerosine Ethene

Vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over a

powdered catalyst (Al2O3) at between 400-700oC
 Industrial Cracking

Aluminium oxide
(alumina) catalyst
Vaporised Octane +
kerosine Ethene

Vaporised hydrocarbons are passed over a

powdered catalyst (Al2O3) at between 400-700oC

The longer chain molecules ‘crack’ or split apart

on the surface of the bits of catalyst
 Industrial Cracking

Long chain hydrocarbon Shorter alkane Useful for

molecule molecule, useful for making plastics
petrol
H H
H H H H + C = C
H H
Kerosine Octane Ethene
(ten C atoms) (eight C atoms)
C2H4
C10H22 C8H18
When fuels burn ……
 When fuels burn ……
1. Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon in oxygen

eg. Methane + Oxygen  Carbon + Water

dioxide

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

 When fuels burn ……
1. Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon in oxygen

eg. Methane + Oxygen  Carbon + Water

dioxide

CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + 2H2O

All products are clean and non-poisonous. Gas

room heaters will burn with a clean BLUE flame
if the room is well ventilated and there’s plenty
of oxygen.
 When fuels burn ……
2. incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon in limited oxygen

eg. Methane + Oxygen  Carbon + Water + Carbon + Carbon

dioxide monoxide

4CH4 + 6O2  CO2 + 8H2O + 2CO + C

 When fuels burn ……
2. incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon in limited oxygen

eg. Methane + Oxygen  Carbon + Water + Carbon + Carbon

dioxide monoxide

4CH4 + 6O2  CO2 + 8H2O + 2CO + C

Incomplete combustion also produces carbon

monoxide and carbon. Gas heaters will burn with a
smoky YELLOW flame.
Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odourless and
poisonous gas. If the room is not well ventilated
with plenty of oxygen then this deadly gas is
produced.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning

Normally, oxygen is
carried in the blood
by combining with
haemoglobin in red
blood cells to form
oxyhaemoglobin.
Carbon monoxide poisoning

Normally, oxygen is
carried in the blood
by combining with
haemoglobin in red
blood cells to form
oxyhaemoglobin.

When carbon
monoxide is present it
combines with
haemoglobin to form
carboxyhaemoglobin
Carbon monoxide poisoning

Normally, oxygen is
carried in the blood
by combining with
haemoglobin in red
blood cells to form
oxyhaemoglobin.

When carbon This prevents oxygen

monoxide is present it binding to
combines with haemoglobin, reducing
haemoglobin to form the oxygen-carrying
carboxyhaemoglobin capacity of the blood.
This leads to hypoxia.
 Carbon monoxide poisoning

Normally, oxygen is
carried in the blood
by combining with
haemoglobin in red
Hypoxia = condition in which the body is deprived
blood cells to of an
form
adequate oxygen supply. Severe carbon monoxide
oxyhaemoglobin.
poisoning and oxygen deprivation can ultimately result in
death.
When carbon This prevents oxygen
monoxide is present it binding to
combines with haemoglobin, reducing
haemoglobin to form the oxygen-carrying
carboxyhaemoglobin capacity of the blood.
This leads to hypoxia.
Cars and pollution
 Cars and pollution
Nitrogen
and
oxygen in
the air
 Cars and pollution
Nitrogen
and
oxygen in
the air

High
temperatures
 Cars and pollution
Nitrogen Nitrogen
and oxides
oxygen in NO, NO2
the air

High
temperatures
 Cars and pollution
Nitrogen Nitrogen
and oxides
oxygen in NO, NO2
the air

High
temperatures React
with
water in
clouds
 Cars and pollution
Nitrogen Nitrogen
and oxides
oxygen in NO, NO2
the air

High
temperatures React
with
Formation of water in
ACID RAIN clouds
 Air Pollution
Gases react with water in the
atmosphere to form …..
Sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen ACID
oxides
RAIN
Nitrogen
oxides

Industry and power stations Motor cars

 Air Pollution
Gases react with water in the
atmosphere to form …..
Sulphur dioxide
and nitrogen ACID
oxides
RAIN
CARS AND POWER
Nitrogen STATIONS ARE
oxides
THE MAIN CAUSES OF ACID RAIN

Industry and power stations Motor cars

 Air Pollution

Effects of
acid rain
 Air Pollution

Effects of
acid rain

Acid rain causes lakes

to become acidic and
many plants and
animals die as a result.

www.sciencedaily.com
 Air Pollution

Effects of
acid rain

Acid rain damages statues

and stone buildings by
reacting chemically with
the stone, removing details
of features and destroying
their beauty.
www.nachi.org
 End of Section 5 Lesson 2

In this lesson we have covered:

Crude oil

Fractional distillation of crude oil

Cracking hydrocarbons

When fuels burn …

Cars and air pollution