Welcome Students!

Reading and
Writing SKills
 Most Essential Learning Competency:

Compare and contrast patterns of written

texts across disciplines.
 Expectation
In this presentation (module), you will distinguish between and among techniques
in selecting and organizing information. Specifically, this module will help you to:

Justify the choice of a certain Practice brainstorming

technique to make a cohesive A. B. techniques;
presentation;

Illustrate the different

C. D. Explain the difference
types of graphic between a topic and
organizers; sentence outline.
E. Make a cohesive
presentation using
different graphic
organizers.
 Pre-test

1. Carlo and his group mates are coming up with a project proposal to help curb the spread of
the COVID-19 disease in their barangay. He facilitated the discussion and a lot of ideas were
generated from his groupmates. After careful analysis, the group selected the most appropriate
project the group will enact. What technique in generating and selecting information is
involved in this situation?
a. Outlining b. Brainstorming

c. Summarizing c. Using Graphic

Organizer
2. The teacher orders the class president to prepare a graphical list of their newly elected
class officers. What is the most appropriate graphic organizer should the class president
use?

a. A network tree to show the hierarchy within the

organization

b. A problem-solution map to outline the challenges

faced by the officers

c. A sequential episodic map to illustrate the voting

process they undertook

d. A descriptive or thematic map to show the names

and functions of the officers.
3. Which is NOT a correct description of outlining?

a. Outlining shows the relationship among

ideas in your writing

b. Outlining constructs an ordered overview of

your writing

c. Outlining presents your material in an

illogical form

d. Outlining defines boundaries and groups

4. Which is not a basic
feature of an outline?
a. Subordination

b. Multiplication

c. Parallelism

d. Coordination
 5. The following describe the importance of carefully choosing the techniques in
organizing information, EXCEPT:

A. C.
It clarifies or simplifies It helps to avoid the messy but important
complex work of surfacing key insights or
information. conceptual understanding
B. D.
It helps to recognize patterns It constructs understanding through an
and compare perspectives exploration of the relationship between
concepts
Looking Back to Your
Lesson
Using the Venn Diagram below, compare and contrast your life before
and after the imposition of the Community Quarantine due to the
COVID-19 pandemic. Use separate sheet if necessary.

Similarities
Life before Life during
quarantine or after
 Brief Introduction

While you are working on a particular technique in

selecting and organizing information, it is best to ask
yourself, “What are you doing?” and “Why are you
doing it?”.
Answering these questions will help you identify the
most appropriate mechanism to organize your ideas
to achieve or show your intended purpose.
 Discussion
The following are some techniques that aid in selection, organization, and retention of concepts and
their relations.

● BRAINSTORMING – Brainstorming is a technique to generate ideas within a group or individual

setting. It provides a quick means for tapping the ideas and concepts of an individual or of a group
then helps establish patterns and develop relationship among these concepts. Tools in brainstorming:

a. Idea list - Start by listing down broad topics then go on by identifying related, narrower topics.
Topic Narrower Topic Even Narrower
Topic
Global health COVID-19 global Effects of
issues pandemic COVID-19 in
business and
economy, travel
and tourism,
education
○ Concept map – Begin by writing the main concept at the middle and then adding
more branches for its subtopics. Explore more topics by adding more branches .

Symptoms
Wash hands Prevention Tiredness
often

COVID-19
Fever
Stay home
Keep safe Dry cough
distance
● OUTLINING – Outlines serve as a road map or blueprint when writing. It helps organize
the ideas as it shows the hierarchical relationship or logical ordering of information. There
are two ways to write your outline:

■ Topic outline – uses words or phrases as headings, without punctuation

■ Sentence outline – uses full sentences

● There are four principles in creating an effective outline:

○ Parallelism – putting the words in the same grammatical order

● (parallel grammatical structure)

○ Coordination – arranging ideas according to their value or importance; ideas of the of

the same relevance or value are labeled in the same way;

○ Subordination – arranging ideas in levels of significance: major and minor

○ Division – separating the kinds of points you are making by using a consistent basis of
division and distinction
 Format of Traditional Outline Example of Topic Outline

Thesis: Thesis: Effects of COVID-19

I. (Main Idea 1) I. Economy
A. Travel and tourism
A. (Supporting Detail 1)
1. Suspension of domestic and
1. Sub-detail1 international flights
2. Sub-detail2 2. Closure of hotels and resorts
B. (Supporting Detail 2) B. Business
1. Sub-detail1 1. Closure of business establishments
II. (Main Idea 2) II. Education
A. (Supporting Detail 1) 1. A. Adoption of alternative delivery modes
Sub-detail1 1. Transition to online or blended
learning
B. (Supporting Detail 2)
B. Change in academic calendar
1. Sub-detail1
● USING GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS- Graphic organizers are visual and graphic displays that show
the relationships among concepts or ideas. There are many different kinds of graphic organizers
depending on the type of information being organized. Such as:
ACTIVITY 1. Using Brainstorming Tools
1. The World Health Organization reports that the healthcare
system in the Philippines is “fragmented” (WHO, 2018). An
unequal access to health care services are experienced by the
poor. Create an idea list of ways on how the government could
reduce health inequities and provide more access to quality
healthcare services among the poor and disadvantaged group.

2. You are planning to write an essay about the most urgent

health-related concerns in your barangay. This as the main
topic, create a concept map that illustrates the causes, effects
and preventive measures against every concern identified.
ACTIVITY 2. Outlining and Using Graphic Organizers

1. With Mental Health during the Pandemic as the main thesis,

create a topic outline that has this three main ideas: nature
and importance of mental health, symptoms of failing mental
health, and strategies in protecting one’s mental health during
the pandemic.

2. Using any graphic organizers, make a visual representation of

how important getting reliable information is during the
pandemic and how to acquire them.
Check Your Understanding

Make a research and trace the

development of COVID-19 situation in
the Philippines by creating a timeline of
important events from the time the first
case of the disease was recorded in the
country until the situation today.
 Lesson 2: Patterns of Development in Writing

While you are working on a particular technique in

selecting and organizing information, it is best to ask
yourself, “What are you doing?” and “Why are you
doing it?”.
Answering these questions will help you identify the
most appropriate mechanism to organize your ideas
to achieve or show your intended purpose.
 Parts of a Paragraph

Topic Sentence is just like any other sentence that is composed of a subject
and a predicate. Subject contains the limited topic to be discussed; and
predicate contains the controlling idea, which is the writer’s opinion or
assertion between the first and the last sentences. Supporting details are the
specific or minor ideas that help develop the topic sentence into a paragraph.
Clinching sentence is the final statement that closes the paragraph.
 A Topic Sentence…
• It should NOT be a mere announcement, like:
My topic is about my senior high school life.
instead, say you want to say about it.
• It should NOT be too broad, like:
College life changed my life.
instead, talk what aspect of your life has changed? Social, economic,
spiritual?
• It should NOT be too narrow, like:
Waking up on time is my problem.
You will end up having a hard time what to write next.
• It should be Limited, like:
High school life has taught me to how to spend wisely.
In that sense, you will get to expound more the topic sentence from
specific to general or general to specific.
 Supporting Details could contain:
• Examples or illustrations

• Facts, concepts, statistics

• Opinions, reasons

• Empirical truths for problem-solution paragraph

• Picture words (with the use of imagery)

• Experiences, events, and personal feeling or perceptions

 Take note:
• Topic sentence, which contains main idea, dictates what to talk about in
the paragraph.

• Controlling idea limits what is to be talked about or discussed, thereby

ensuring oneness of ideas.

• Supporting details are kept within bounds by the controlling idea.

• Clinching sentence gets its ideas from the topic sentence as it restates
the topic sentence, or from the supporting details as it summarizes or
forms conclusion based on details.
Broad field Animals
Narrowed topic Dog
Topic sentence German Shepherds perform many services for the people.

Limited topic German Shepherds

Controlling idea perform many services for the people
Supporting details Examples of services:
• Herd sheep
• Help the police
• Guard stores, factories, and others.
• Guide the blind

Clinching sentence Intelligent and versatile, German shepherds remain a

popular, useful breed of dogs.
Example paragraph:

German Shepherds perform many services for the

people. They even help shepherds in herding sheep. In addition, they
are also trained to help the police. Furthermore, they also guard
stores, factories, and many more. Like any other dogs, they are also
capable of guiding blind person or any person with disabilities.
Intelligent and versatile, German shepherds remain a popular,
useful breed of dogs.
 Expectation

You will distinguish between and among patterns of development in

writing across disciplines specifically:

Narration Description
Definition Cause and Effect
Process Analysis Comparison and Contrast
Problem and Solution
 Pre-test
Directions: Match the patterns of development in column A with the phrases
or signal words commonly associated with them in column B.

A. Cause and effect

1. in the same way, unlike B. Description
2. refers to, it means that C. Definition
3. meanwhile, before D. Sequence
4. adjacent to, in front of E. Comparison and Contrast
5. for the reason that, due to F. Narration
Looking Back to Your
Lesson
Question: Reflect on what you have learned in Lesson 1.

Why is it important to carefully select and

organize information whenever you are
writing?
 Brief Introduction

Are you narrating an event, showing cause and effect,

defining a term or comparing or contrasting items?
Your purpose suggests a method of organization or
logical arrangement known as the pattern of
development. It could be a way of logically organizing
the whole text or a just an individual paragraph.
There are different patterns by which ideas are developed. Some of
the major ones are discussed below:

Narration – refers to a sequential telling of a story or recounting of a series of

events

Definition - Explains an idea, term or phrase using distinguishing characteristics

or synonyms. It is used to set working generalizations that help control the
meaning and scope of important terms or ideas (Perelman, et al., n.d.)

Description – similar with narration for having many specific details, description
“emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds,
smells, tastes, or feels. Description is often used to establish a mood or
atmosphere” (Bedford, Freeman and Worth, 2019, p.2).
Comparison and contrast – compares two things to highlight their
subtle similarities and differences. The author's intent is to
describe a connection between two things by showing their
distinguishing and shared attributes (Bohaty, 2015).

Sequence – describes steps, events, processes, or procedures. There

are three types of Sequence: steps, timeline, and cycle.
Regardless of the type, the author is putting information in an
order (Bohaty, 2015, p. 40).
Cause and effect – shows the linkage of causation – how
events are influenced or caused by another. “The author's
intent is to tell us how an event always leads to an outcome.
The event is the cause and the outcome is the result. The
relationship is between the cause and the effect” (Bohaty,
2015, p. 40).

Problem and solution - divides information into two main

sections, one that describes a problem and one that describes
a solution. Here, the author’s intent is to discuss or propose a
solution to a problem. The relationship between the problem
and the solution is explored (Bohaty, 2015).
ACTIVITY
1. Look for text or paragraphs from old newspapers or
magazines that employ the patterns of development
discussed. Provide one example for every pattern and label
each one. [For online learners: use MS word, ppt, or
publisher and save it as a PDF file. The teacher may call
anybody to present their work through Google class me. Be
prepared with your soft copy (PDF file)] to be presented if
chosen.
 Check Your Understanding
Write a minimum of one paragraph employing the text structures discussed (one
pattern, one paragraph). Be guided by the following prompts: (CHOOSE ONE
PATTERN ONLY)
Narration – narrate how you prepared for the opening of classes this year
Definition – make a definition of the different classifications of community quarantines in the
Philippines
Description – describe how COVID-19 affected the mobility of people
Comparison and Contrast – note the similarities and differences in the local educational setup
before and after the global pandemic
Sequence – explain how to properly wash your hands following the guidelines of the authorities
like WHO and DOH
Cause and Effect – note the possible reason behind the continuous increase of COVID-19 cases in
the country
Problem and Solution – What are some problems in modular and blended learning approach in
education? Propose possible solutions for each.
Thank You!
THANKS!
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