BECE301 Digital Signal Processing

Z- transform, ROC
stability / causality analysis
 Z-
Transform
 The Z-transform plays the same role in the analysis of discrete time signals &
LTI systems as the Laplace transform does in the analysis of continuous time
signals & LTI systems.
 It is a powerful mathematical tool for the analysis of LTI discrete time systems
in the frequency domain.
 The convolution of two time domain signals is equivalent to multiplication of
their corresponding Z-transforms.
 Sufficient condition for the existence of DTFT
The Direct Z-Transform
Relationship between Z-transform & DTFT
 Causality

 If x(n) is a causal sequence, i.e., x(n) = 0 for n < 0, then the z-transform is given
by

 This expression is referred to as one-sided z-transform.

 Since the z-transform is an infinite power series, it exists only for those
values of z for which this series converges. The region of convergence (ROC)
of X(z) is the set of all values of z for which X(z) attains a finite valve.
ROC
 Z-Transform and ROC for Finite Duration Sequences

Right Hand Sequence (Causal)

 Here, x(n) = 0 for all n < n0 where n0 is positive or negative but finite. If n0 is
greater than or equal to zero, the resulting sequence is causal or positive time
sequence. For such a sequence the ROC is entire z – plane except z = 0.
 Z-Transform and ROC for Finite Duration Sequences

Left Hand Sequence

 Here, x(n) = 0 for all n ≥ n0 where n0 is positive or negative but finite. If n < n0
, the resulting sequence is anti causal or negative time sequence. For such
a sequence the ROC is entire z – plane except z =
 Z-Transform and ROC for Finite Duration Sequences

Two Sided Sequence

 A signal that has finite duration on the both left and right hand sides is known
as two sided sequence. Here, the ROC is entire z – plane expect at z = 0 and
z
=
Properties of z-transform
 Z-Transform and ROC for Infinite Duration Sequences

Causality
Causality (Right hand sequence)
Anti Causal (Left hand sequence)
Summery
Non Causal (Two Sided sequence)
Non Causal (Two Sided sequence)
Non Causal (Two Sided sequence)
Stability