(IELTS Writing Task 2) The BOOK by Mastership (Udemy)

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Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION D. How to Write Introductions

A. Welcome Aboard → 4 1. Basics → 172
B. Fundamentals → 15 2. Agree/Disagree Questions → 179
C. The 6 Types of Questions → 20 3. Advantage/Disadvantage → 186
D. How to Get a High Score → 33 4. Problem/Solution → 193
E. How This Course is Structured → 41 5. Discuss/Opinion → 200
II. PART I: INGREDIENTS 6. Opinion → 207
A. First Ingredient: Task Achievement → 47 7. Two-Parts → 214
B. Second Ingredient: Coherence & Cohesion → 54 E. How to Write Body Paragraphs
C. Third Ingredient: Grammatical Range & Accuracy 1. Basics → 221
1. Basics → 63 2. Agree/Disagree Questions → 232
2. Tenses → 65 3. Advantage/Disadvantage → 245
3. Articles & Agreement → 72 4. Problem/Solution → 258
4. Active vs. Passive Voice → 75 5. Discuss/Opinion → 271
5. Simple & Compound Sentences → 80 6. Opinion → 284
6. Complex Sentences → 86 7. Two-Parts → 297
7. Correlative Conjunctions → 91 F. How to Write Conclusions
8. Relative Clauses → 95 1. Basics → 310
9. Combining Elements → 99 2. Agree/Disagree Questions → 315
10. Conditional Sentences → 102 3. Advantage/Disadvantage → 322
11. Punctuation → 108 4. Problem/Solution → 329
12. Writing Numbers → 116 5. Discuss/Opinion → 336
D. Fourth Ingredient: Lexical Resource 6. Opinion → 343
1. Get Our Vocab List of 500+ Words → 120 7. Two-Parts → 350
2. Basics → 121 G. How to Check Your Work → 357
3. Useful Phrases → 122 III. PART 3: COOKING - PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
4. Topic Related Vocabulary → 126 D. Practice Question 1 → 363
5. Collocations → 132 1. Breakdown of Strategy → 365
6. Word Formation → 138 2. Breakdown of Ingredients → 391
III. PART 2: RECIPE E. Practice Question 2 → 402
A. Basic Strategy → 150 1. Breakdown of Strategy → 404
B. How to Create Outlines → 156 2. Breakdown of Ingredients → 433
F. Final Tips → 444
C. How to Come Up With Ideas → 167 2
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IELTS Writing Task 1 Academic [MASTERCLASS] IELTS Listening [MASTERCLASS]
IELTS Speaking [MASTERCLASS] IELTS Reading Academic [MASTERCLASS]
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Welcome Aboard!
IELTS Writing Task 2 Course
mastership.co Learn from the

world’s best IELTS course.
How to meet all task requirements
How to get a high
score
Types of questions How to use cohesive devices
How to use vocabulary
How to use correct Real exam practice questions

How to prepare outlines grammar with full breakdown
How to write introductions Final tips for your

success
How to write conclusions
How to write body paragraphs
5
About me
● Hi, I’m Shay

● IELTS instructor and the captain of our ship
● 8+ years of IELTS teaching experience
● CELTA English teaching certification
● B.A. in Communication & Language
● Taught in 11 countries around the world
● Helped many students to score Band 7+
● Read testimonials at mastership.co/testimonials
● Contact us at ielts@mastership.co
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What is IELTS?
● A test of English proficiency

● It stands for “International English Language Testing System”
● Two main types:
○ Academic (mainly used by college and universities for admission decisions)
○ General (mainly used by employers and for immigration purposes)
● Find out which IELTS test you need before taking it
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Who makes the IELTS?
IELTS is jointly owned by:

● IDP Education
● The British Council
● Cambridge English Language Assessment
For this reason, we will practice using the Cambridge
books. I strongly suggest you get the Cambridge
IELTS books, because IELTS is a paper-based test.
8
How can you take the IELTS?
● Use this link to register: ielts.org/book-a-test/how-do-i-register

● Regular testing dates are available each month
○ You may need to register 2 weeks ahead of time
● Select time/date/location
● Fill out an application and pay the fee
○ Currently, it costs USD 200, EUR 190 or GBP 115
● Provide a copy of your passport
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Exam Overview
● IELTS takes 2 hours and 45 minutes to finish

● 4 parts (with equal scoring): Reading, Listening, Writing, Speaking
● Exam is divided into two major sections:
○ Paper Exam: Includes Listening, Reading and Writing (all must be finished in one
session)
○ Speaking Exam: Includes Speaking test only (scheduled separately)
● This is an English test. You don’t need any specialized background knowledge
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Exam Overview
● No breaks in between
○ Develop your stamina by practicing with full-length practice tests
● It is a paper-based exam, so handwriting and spelling are important!

○ You will not get points for wrong spelling
● No penalty for wrong answers. Guess when you don’t know the answer!
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Listening
4 sections, 40 items
30 minutes
Academic Reading
Breakdown of 3 sections, 40 items
60 minutes
Sections and Academic Writing

Timing 2 tasks, 60 minutes
Speaking
11 to 14 minutes
Total Test Time

2 hours 44 minutes 12
Reading & Listening Answer Sheet Writing Answer Sheet
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Next stop is…
Fundamentals of IELTS Writing Task 2

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IELTS Writing Task 2
Fundamentals

Basics
● Write an essay on a certain point of view, issue or problem
● Worth twice as many points as Task 1
● 40 minutes total to finish Task 2
● 4 paragraphs, 13-18 sentences total
● 250 words minimum, but aim for about 280 words
● You can score a band 9 with the minimum requirement of just 250 words.
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Basics
● Quality of writing is more important than quantity!
● Unlike Task 1, you can use the words, I, you, we, us, but don’t overuse them
● 6 question types - The same basic strategy applies to every question type
● Your examples don’t have to be truthful! But they should sound real
● Your position/opinion can never be wrong, so feel free to choose any side!
● Use a pencil for easier corrections

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Basics
Outline Introduction Body Para 1 Body Para 2 Conclusion Check Work
40-50 words 90-100 words 90-100 words 30-40 words
3 sentences 4-6 sentences 4-6 sentences 2-3 sentences
5 minutes 5 minutes 10 minutes 10 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes

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Next stop is…
Types of Questions
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The 6 Types of
Questions
Introduction to IELTS Writing Task 2

Agree/Disagree
WRITING TASK 2
Write about the following topic:
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be compulsory part of high
school programmes (for example working for a charity, improving the neighborhood or
teaching sports to younger children).
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.
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Agree/Disagree
WRITING TASK 2 Choose ONE side! This is not a “discuss both sides”
question. It is possible to write a partly-agree essay,
Write about the following topic: but this is risky. Just simplify it and pick a side.
experience.
Write at least 250 words. Your opinion is required and you

are allowed to strongly express it
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Advantage/Disadvantage
WRITING TASK 2
Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at
primary school rather than secondary school.
Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?
experience.
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WRITING TASK 2 Choose ONE side only!

experience.
Do NOT state your opinion, as it is not required
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Problem/Solution
WRITING TASK 2
In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and
fitness are decreasing.
What do you think are the causes of these problems and what measure could be taken to
solve them?
experience.
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Problem/Solution
WRITING TASK 2
solve them?
experience.
Write at least 250 words. Your opinion is required, but do NOT strongly express it
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Discuss/Opinion
WRITING TASK 2
Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of
sports facilities. Others, however, say that this would have little effect on public health and
that other measures are required.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
experience.
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Discuss/Opinion
WRITING TASK 2 Here, you can agree with one side or both sides.
experience.
Your opinion is required and you
Write at least 250 words. are allowed to strongly express it
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Opinion
WRITING TASK 2
Some people claim that not enough of the waste from homes is recycled. They say that the
only way to increase recycling is for governments to make it a legal requirement.
To what extent do you think laws are needed to make people recycle more of their waste?
experience.
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Opinion
WRITING TASK 2 It is best to just pick one side and express

it strongly, because it’s easier and safer.
experience.
Write at least 250 words. Your opinion is required and you are
allowed to strongly express it
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Two Parts
WRITING TASK 2
Nowadays, the way many people interact with each other has changed because of technology.
In what ways has technology affected the types of relationships people make?
Has this become a positive or negative development?
experience.

Do NOT state your opinion, as it is not required
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Next stop is…
How to Get a High Score
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How to Get a 7+
High Score
Introduction to IELTS Writing Task 2

How Writing Task 2 is Scored
25% 25% 25% 25%

Coherence & Grammatical Range Lexical Resource
Task Achievement
Cohesion & Accuracy (Vocabulary)
Each band descriptor category is scored on a band of 0-9 and then averaged for the total score
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Band Descriptors
● An important resource for preparing for your exam

● It will give you a good sense of how IELTS examiners evaluate and assign band
scores for the Writing tasks
● It tells you exactly what score you will get if you do (or don’t do) certain things
● Let’s see what the Writing Task 2 Band Descriptors look like…
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What you must do to score well
Band Task Achievement
● Fully addresses all parts of the task

9 ● Presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully
extended and well supported ideas
● Sufficiently addresses all parts of the task

8 ● Presents a well-developed response to the question with relevant, extended and
supported ideas
● Addresses all parts of the task

● Presents a clear position throughout the response
7
● Presents, extends and supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to over-
generalise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus
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Band Coherence & Cohesion
● Uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention

9
● Skilfully manages paragraphing
● Sequences information and ideas logically

8 ● Manages all aspects of cohesion well
● Uses paragraphing appropriately and sufficiently
● Logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout

● Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some
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under-/over-use
● Presents a clear central topic within each paragraph
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Band Grammatical Range and Accuracy
● Uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy; rare minor
9
errors occur only as ‘slips’
● Uses a wide range of structures

8 ● The majority of sentences are error-free
● Makes only very occasional errors or inappropriacies
● Uses a variety of complex structures

7 ● Produces frequent error-free sentences
● Has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few errors
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Band Lexical Resource
● Uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of
9
lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as ‘slips’
● Uses a wide range of vocabulary fluently and flexibly to convey precise meanings
● Skilfully uses uncommon lexical items but there may be occasional inaccuracies in
8
word choice and collocation
● Produces rare errors in spelling and/or word formation
● Uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision

7 ● Uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation
● May produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation
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Next stop is…
How This Course Is

Structured
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How This Course
Is Structured
An overview of our Writing Task 2 course

We have split this Writing Task 2 course into 3
parts…
I. Ingredients II. Recipe III. Cooking
4 components of Task 2 The strategy for Task 2: Putting it all together!

● Task Achievement ● Outline ● Answering questions in
● Cohesion & Coherence ● Introduction real-time (exam setting)
● Grammatical Range ● Body Paragraphs ● Breakdown of answers
● Lexical Resource ● Conclusion
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I. Overview of Ingredients
25% 25% 25% 25%

Coherence & Grammatical Range Lexical Resource
Task Achievement
Cohesion & Accuracy (Vocabulary)
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II. Overview of Recipe
Outline Introduction Body Para 1 Body Para 2 Conclusion
How to outline main How to introduce How to discuss How to discuss How to summarize
ideas and topic, paraphrase and/or support your and/or support your the main points of
supporting details the question position with main position with main your essay and
of the body language and state idea #1, supporting idea #2, supporting restate the thesis
paragraphs the thesis details and examples details and
examples
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III. Overview of Cooking
● 2 essays from real IELTS exams from the past

● Real-time setting (exam setting)
● 40 minute timer (per essay)
● Breakdown of strategy
● Breakdown of ingredients
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Next stop is…
First Ingredient: Task

Achievement
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Task Achievement
The first ingredient in Writing Task 2

Basics
According to the Band Descriptors, to achieve band 7 or higher, you must:
1. Cover the requirements of the task by writing about everything in the question
2. Present a clear position/opinion throughout your response
3. Present, extend and support your main ideas with supporting details
4. Don’t overgeneralize
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An Overview of Structure
Paragraphs Requirements
Introduce topic, paraphrase question language and

Introduction
state thesis (main ideas + position/opinion)
Discuss and/or support your position with main idea

Body Paragraph 1
#1, supporting details and examples
Discuss and/or support your position with main idea

Body Paragraph 2
#2, supporting details and examples
Summarize main points of the essay along with your

Conclusion
position/opinion (restate thesis)
Structure allows you address all parts

of the task and clearly present your
ideas 49
What is Overgeneralization?
Overgeneralization is when you make a statement that may be true in some or many cases, but
NOT in all cases!
Example: “Living in big cities is stressful, because they are too overcrowded.”
Is this true for everyone who lives in big cities? No, because some people enjoy big cities
Example: ”Children do not exercise nowadays.”

Is this true for every single child? No, because some children do exercise
Note that we cannot verify these “generalized” statements
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How to Stop Overgeneralizing
To avoid overgeneralizing, you have to soften your statement with the words below:
Modal Language Frequency Adverbs Non-specific Quantifiers
often many
could
sometimes some
may
usually few
might
generally a number of
can
typically a lot of
probable
tend to several
likely
occasionally numerous
Generalization: “Living in big cities is stressful, because they are too overcrowded.”
Correction: “Living in big cities can be stressful, because they tend to be too overcrowded.”
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How to Stop Overgeneralizing
Generalization Correction
Children do not exercise nowadays. Children tend not to exercise nowadays.
Generally speaking, living in another country

Living in another country is difficult.
can be difficult.
Taking an exam is stressful. Taking an exam is often stressful
In many cases, learning a new language can

Learning a new language is challenging.
be challenging.
Living in a city is more convenient. Living in a city is typically more convenient.
Prison is more effective for reform. Prison may be more effective for reform.
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Second Ingredient:
Coherence & Cohesion
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Coherence &
Cohesion
The second ingredient in Writing Task 2

Basics
1. Logically organise your information and ideas with a clear structure
Introduction Body Para 1 Body Para 2 Conclusion
2. Connect sentences and paragraphs together with cohesive devices (words like however,
moreover, furthermore, therefore, etc.)
3. Stay focused by presenting one main idea within each paragraph

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What are Cohesive Devices?
Cohesive devices are words and phrases that link your ideas together to make your essay flow
smoothly. They are the glue that stick your sentences and paragraphs to each other.
Example
To begin with, teaching children a foreign language in primary school does have some drawbacks,
namely the shorter availability of time for other subjects and the delayed development of the
child's first language. Learning another language can take away some time from other subjects,
such as math and science, which are vital for higher education. Additionally, children may mix up
the linguistic structures from the various languages, resulting in a possible delay in the
development of their native language.
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What are Cohesive Devices?
Cohesive devices are words and phrases that link your ideas together to make your essay flow
smoothly. They are the glue that stick your sentences and paragraphs to each other.
Example
To begin with, teaching children a foreign language in primary school does have some drawbacks,
namely the shorter availability of time for other subjects and the delayed development of the
child's first language. Learning another language can take away some time from other subjects,
such as math and science, which are vital for higher education. Additionally, children may mix
up the linguistic structures from the various languages, resulting in a possible delay in the
development of their native language.
Note that relative pronouns and Conjunctions and Relative Pronouns will be
conjunctions also act as cohesive devices discussed in detail in the Grammar section
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Cohesive Devices
Overview Opening Sequence Addition
Overall, Considering… First/Firstly, Additionally,

Generally, Regarding…, Second/Secondly, Furthermore,
Generally speaking, In regards to… Last/Lastly… Moreover,
In general, Moving on to… Initially/Finally ...as well as…
In brief/short, In terms of…, Meanwhile, ...not only _____, but
By and large, Specifically, Subsequently, also...
Basically, To be specific, Eventually, In addition to…,
As a rule, Research shows that… Immediately, On top of that…
Essentially, Research has found… Before/After Besides…
On the whole, When it comes to… During/While… Another point…
All things considered, With respect to… Simultaneously, Another reason is…
Following this…
… followed by…
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Cohesive Devices
Comparison Contrast Cause/Effect Emphasis
Similarly, Alternatively, Thus, Above all,

Likewise, On the contrary, Therefore, Mainly,
Equally, In/by contrast, Consequently, In particular,
Compared with/to On the other hand, As a consequence, ...particularly…
In comparison, Conversely, As a result of… ...especially…
Similar to... Nevertheless, ...due to… ...notably…
… as _____ as… Nonetheless, ...leading to… ...remarkably…
like... Though/Although ...resulting in… Certainly,
Even though... Because of… Absolutely,
Despite/In spite of… Hence… Undoubtedly,
While/Whereas… Thereby… There is no doubt…
Unlike… Owing to… Precisely
Instead, For this reason… Surely
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Cohesive Devices
Illustration Qualification Reference Clarification
As an example, If… ...former/latter To put it simply,

For instance, Although… In relation to… That is to say,
For example, Unless… …, respectively In other words,
Among others, …, except… In proportion to… In short/brief,
…, such as… As long as… Such… In fact,
...namely, Apart from… This/that... To clarify,
To cite an example, Provided that… In essence,
As an evidence, In case… To be more precise,
To illustrate, Whether… To put it another way...
...illustrated by… Regardless of…
In the case of… Despite of…
Otherwise…
Now that…
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Paragraphing
You can either indent each paragraph or skip a line when you start a new paragraph, but do not
mix both formats or change them midway - choose only one format and stick to it
Indent Skip a Line

Every nation needs citizens who display social commitment and Every nation needs citizens who display social commitment and actively
actively work to improve the community for the welfare of its residents. work to improve the community for the welfare of its residents. Since
Since students are the nation’s future, some people have argued that students are the nation’s future, some people have argued that volunteer
volunteer work should be a mandatory part of the school curriculum. I work should be a mandatory part of the school curriculum. I strongly
strongly agree with this view, because volunteering not only improves agree with this view, because volunteering not only improves the
the community as a whole but also builds valuable character traits. community as a whole but also builds valuable character traits.
First and foremost, community service develops
strong-charactered individuals by exposing them to new perspectives First and foremost, community service develops strong-charactered
and encouraging a healthy work ethic. I recall that when I volunteered to individuals by exposing them to new perspectives and encouraging a
clean up the trash in my high school, I gained an immense appreciation healthy work ethic. I recall that when I volunteered to clean up the trash
for the arduous work that janitors went through each day to keep our in my high school, I gained an immense appreciation for the arduous
school tidy. Witnessing such labor with which society members improve work that janitors went through each day to keep our school tidy.
our society can impart valuable lessons about hard work, commitment, Witnessing such labor with which society members improve our society
and meeting goals and deadlines. can impart valuable lessons about hard work, commitment, and meeting
goals and deadlines.
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Next stop is…
Third Ingredient:
Grammatical Range & Accuracy
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Grammatical Range &
Accuracy
The third ingredient in Writing Task 2

Basics
1. Use a range of different sentence types and word orders

a. Show off your ability to form a variety of compound and complex sentences
2. Use complex sentences, but also simple sentences to boost accuracy

a. The longer the sentence, the more likely you are to make a mistake. By using some simple
sentences, you can decrease your errors and increase your score.
3. The vast majority of your sentences (over 50%) should be error-free

4. Use punctuation (commas, apostrophes, capital letters, etc.) appropriately
64
Tenses
Grammatical Range & Accuracy: Writing Task 2

Which Tense to Use?
● The majority of your essay will need to be written in the present simple tense,
since you will often need to give opinions (“I believe taxes are good”) and state
facts/position (“Punishing children does not work”)
● However, be careful to realise when other tenses are required
● In general, don’t change the tenses half way through the sentence unless the
timing of an action requires it
○ Let’s explore this concept in a bit more detail…
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When NOT to Change the Tense
Do no change the tense when there is NO time change for the action
Incorrect: During the lecture, Jane stood up and drops her phone.
Past Tense Present Tense
Correct: During the lecture, Jane stood up and dropped her phone.
Past Tense Past Tense
Correct: During the lecture, Jane stands up and drops her phone.
Present Tense Present Tense

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When to Change the Tense
Change the tense only when there is a need to do so
● Usually, the timing of the actions within a sentence will dictate when the tense must be
changed
Correct: When Jane comes here, we will go to the movies.
1st action will happen in the future

2nd action will happen in the future
Correct: Sam reached for the apple after he had already eaten two oranges.
2nd action happened in the past

1st action happened before the past action
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Present Tenses
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
Shows that an action Shows that an action

Shows repetition, habit Shows that an ongoing has happened once or started in the past and
Description or generalization action is happening now many times before now has continued until now
XXXXXXXX
X X
Timeline X
P Now F P Now F P Now F P Now F
I have eaten all of the I have been eating rice

I am eating rice right rice. for 2 hours.
Example I eat rice everyday.
now.
S + ‘have/has’ + V3 + O S + ‘have/has been’ +

Subject, Verb, S + V1 + O S+ ‘am/is/are’ + (V+ing) + O
Object (V+ing) + O
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Past Tenses
Shows that a completed Shows that an action Shows that something Shows that something
Description action took place at a was ongoing, until it happened before started in the past and
specific time in the past was interrupted by another action in the continued up until
another action in past past another action in past
Timeline X X X X X X X
I had been eating rice

Example I ate rice yesterday. I was eating rice when I had eaten all of the
for 2 hours when you
you arrived. rice when you arrived.
arrived.
Subject, Verb, S + V2 + O S + ‘was/were’ + S + ’had’ + V3 + O S + ‘had been’ +

Object (V+ing) + O (V+ing) + O
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Future Tenses
Show that an action in Shows that something Shows that something

Shows that an action the future will continue will happen before will continue up until a
Description will happen in the future until it will be another action in the particular event or time
interrupted future in the future
X X X X X X X
Timeline
I will have eaten the I will have been eating

I will be eating rice
Example I will eat rice tomorrow. pizza by the time you pizza for 2 hours when
when you arrive.
arrive. you arrive.
Subject, Verb, S + ‘will be’ + (V+ing) S + ‘will have’ + V3 + O S + ‘will have been’ +
S + ‘will’ + V + O +O (V+ing) +O
Object
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Articles &
Agreement

Articles (‘a/an’)
There are numerous rules to using the indefinite articles ‘a’ and ‘an.’ However, for the IELTS
essays, the rules listed below are the most relevant:
Use ‘a’ or ‘an’ with singular countable nouns when the reader does not know exactly to whom
or what we are referring:
1. When showing that something or someone is part of a group

○ There is a way to to prevent crime rates from rising. One way out of several
2. When saying something about all things of that kind

○ A teacher has the responsibility of educating our children. Not a specific teacher
3. Do not use ‘a/an ’ when referring to uncountable nouns or plurals

○ The price of oil stabilized by January. Uncountable noun
○ There are many Italians living in New York. Plural noun
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Subject-Verb Agreement
Subjects and Verbs must agree with each other in number (singular or plural). If a subject is
singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
Incorrect Correct
Future discoveries are based on past

Future discoveries is based on past knowledge.
knowledge.
People improves their life by learning from People improve their life by learning from
their past mistakes. their past mistakes.
Reflecting on our past help us to make better Reflecting on our past helps us to make better
decisions. decisions.
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Active & Passive
Voice

Active vs. Passive Voice
In English, voice refers to the relationship between subject and verb. There are two voices:
Active Voice Passive Voice
Subject does the Verb Verb is done to the subject
Example: The dog bit the boy. Example: The boy was bitten by the dog.
Subject Verb Object Object Verb Subject
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Active Voice
Active voice is best used for conveying simple, straightforward ideas and actions. This voice is far
more common than the passive voice, because it is:
● more direct and concise (to-the-point)
● easier to understand
● less awkward in structure
● clearer in indicating the relationship between different parts of a sentence
Example: I fed our dog yesterday. (This is clear and simple)
The dog was fed by me yesterday. (This is strange and unnecessarily

complicated)
Note that both sentences are grammatically correct, but this particular idea is best conveyed with
active voice.
77
Passive Voice
Passive voice is primarily used in these two situations:
● When we do not want to say, or do not know, who did the action.
● When focusing on the recipient of the action is more important.
Examples: Shoplifters were arrested. (No need to say ‘by the police’’ because it is obvious)
My car was stolen. (By whom? We don’t know)
The road is being repaired. (We are only interested in the road, not in the
people
who are repairing it)
The poem was written by Shakespeare.

Shakespeare wrote the poem.
(Both sentences have the same meaning but in the first one, the emphasis is on ‘the 78
Passive Voice To form passive voice, use different forms of ‘to be’
Tense Passive Formation Examples

Present Simple is/are + past participle The food is eaten.
Present Continuous is/are being + past participle The food is being eaten.
Present Perfect have/has been + past participle The food has been eaten.
Past Simple was/were + past participle The food was eaten.
Past Continuous was/were being + past participle The food was being eaten.
Past Perfect had been + past participle The food had been eaten.
Future Simple will be/going to be + past participle The food will be eaten.
Future Continuous will be being + past participle The food will be being eaten.
Future Perfect will have been + past participle The food will have been eaten.
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Simple & Compound
Sentences

Simple Sentences
If you’re taking this course, you should already know how to construct simple sentences
Subject + Verb + (Object) = Simple Sentence
Taxes should be increased.

Children are the future of our nation.
Community service develops strong-charactered individuals.
As you can see, simple sentences can include other basic elements, such as modal verbs,
prepositions, articles, etc.
81
Compound Sentences
Independent Clause + Independent Clause(s) = Compound Sentence
Idea is complete , coordinating conjunction for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Britain invested over 1 million pounds in books, and France only invested 100,000.
Switzerland ranked the highest in 1999, but it was outranked by Britain the following year.
Coordinating Conjunctions Words that create compound

(placed between two independent sentences
clauses, with a comma)
82
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions Examples
The proposed legislation seems promising, but it has

but
several drawbacks.
It is common knowledge that exercise is healthy, yet many

yet
people never go to gyms.
Germany and France both experienced significant growth

and
in 2002.
Those who are unemployed or underpaid are forced to

or
consume unhealthy foods to save costs.
83
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions Examples
When a coordinating conjunction The proposed legislation seems promising, but it has
but
connects two independent
several drawbacks.
clauses, a comma is always used
It is common knowledge that exercise is healthy, yet many
yet
people never go to gyms.
Germany and France both experienced significant growth

and
When a coordinating conjunction in 2002.
connects words/phrases, then
do not use a comma* Those who are unemployed or underpaid are forced to
or
consume unhealthy foods to save costs.
* Placing a comma before “and” in a list is optional → I love books, movies , and music.
84
List of Coordinating Conjunctions
F for
A and
N nor
B but
O or
Y yet
S so
85
Complex Sentences

Complex Sentences
Dependent Clause(s) + Independent Clause(s) = Complex Sentence
Idea is incomplete Idea is complete
Whereas Britain invested over 1 million pounds in books, France only invested 100,000.
Switzerland ranked the highest in 1999, although it was outranked by Britain the following year.
Subordinating Conjunctions Words that create complex sentences

(placed at the beginning of the
dependent clause)
87
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions Examples
Although this proposal has some drawbacks, its

Although…,
advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
Despite the new regulations, many people still do not

Despite…,
fully disclose their income to the government.
… unless Walking is better than driving unless one is in a hurry.
It is important to consider one’s financial situation before

… before… , unless
travelling abroad, unless one is wealthy.
Certainly this could happen, although the odds are

… although
remote.
88
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions Examples
If dependent clause comes before
independent clause, place the comma Although this proposal has some drawbacks, its
at the end of Although…,
the dependent clause
advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
If the dependent clause comes Despite the new regulations, many people still do not
Despite…,
after the independent clause, the
comma is usually NOT used
fully disclose their income to the government.
… unless Walking is better than driving unless one is in a hurry.

If a subordinating conjunction is
used to give extra information (as It is important to consider one’s financial situation before
… before…
a qualification , unless
or an afterthought),
then you must use a comma
travelling abroad, unless one is wealthy.
Certainly this could happen, although the odds are

‘Although’
… although
is an exception. Comma is remote.
almost always used when ‘although’
appears in the middle of a sentence
89
List of Subordinating Conjunctions
while even until instead of
whereas as unless in order to
though as long as now that within
although as soon as so that without
as though since provided that before
even though because rather than after
if despite when whether
as if except which
even if besides wherever
if only once whenever
90
Correlative
Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions come in pairs, as a team. You must use both of them in different places
in a sentence to make them work. They connect words and phrases together.
Correlative Conjunctions Examples
either...or Many ignore recycling either out of ignorance or laziness.
both...and Vegetables are both nutritious and tasty.
A comma is not usually used between the two components of a correlative conjunction, unless
other elements are present
Relative Pronoun
Neither Germany, which only grew by 2.4%, nor France saw

neither...nor
significant growth in banana sales.
92
Correlative Conjunctions
It is very important that the structure after the first part of the pair should always be exactly
parallel in form to the structure after the second part. In other words, nouns should be linked to
nouns, adjectives to adjectives, prepositional phrases to prepositional phrases, etc.
Incorrect Correct
Parents should neither yell at their children nor be Parents should neither yell at their children nor
punishing them. punish them.
I used to love both swimming competitively and I used to love both swimming competitively and
to play golf. playing golf.
Vegetables not only are delicious but also healthy. Vegetables are not only delicious but also healthy.
Parents can either send their children to a traditional

school or to a home school.
93
List of Correlative Conjunctions
as … as
both … and
either … or
neither … nor
not … but
not only … but also
whether … or
94
Relative Clauses

Relative Clauses
Essential Relative Clause Non-essential Relative Clause
● Necessary in a sentence. Without it, the ● Not necessary in a sentence, because the
noun remains incomplete. idea is complete even without it
● Used to clarify who or what you are ● Used to give extra information about
talking about the noun in a sentence
● No comma before relative pronoun ● Need comma before relative pronoun
Example: Belgium is the country that sold Example: Belgium earned 1.7 million euros
the most coffee. from coffee sales , which made it the most
profitable country.
96
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns They refer to... Examples
The Italians, who form the vast majority of
who people
population, are 15-59 year olds.
Overgrazing represented the primary cause of global
which/that things land depletion, which accounted for approximately
30% of land degradation.
The only country where the population declined was
where places
Australia.
The only period when mobile phones plummeted in
when times
demand was in December.
whose possession The only country whose sales declined was Yemen.
The reason why they migrated to the nearby islands is
why reason
not clear.
97
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns They refer to... Examples
Essential Relative Clause The Italians, who form the vast majority of
who
Clarification of what we’re people
population, are 15-59 year olds.
talking about (use comma)
Overgrazing represented the primary cause of global
which/that things land depletion, which accounted for approximately
30% of land degradation.
The only country where the population declined was
where places
Australia.
Non-essential Relative Clause
Extra information about the The only period when mobile phones plummeted in
when times
noun (no comma) demand was in December.
whose possession The only country whose sales declined was Yemen.
The reason why they migrated to the nearby islands is
why reason
not clear.
98
Combining Elements

Combining Elements
To form even more complex sentences, you can combine subordinating and coordinating
conjunctions, and/or relative pronouns.
I like to sleep in, but I can get up early if I have to go to work or meet up with my friends.
Even though pollution is increasing at an alarming rate, I believe that we can still improve the
health of our planet and reverse the environmental damage that has caused numerous ecosystems
to collapse.
Research has shown that people who consume meat have higher rates of disorders due to
cholesterol, which not only contributes to heart disease but also diabetes, high blood pressure
and a host of other problems, whereas plant-based foods have been shown to alleviate such
disorders.
Subordinating Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Relative Pronouns 100

Next stop is…
Grammatical Range:
Punctuation
101
Conditional Sentences

Conditional Sentences
There are four main conditionals that are often used with “if”
Conditional Use
Zero Always happens (real situations)
First Likely to happen (in the future)
Second Not likely to happen (unreal situations)
Will never happen

Third
(already passed - unreal past situation)
103
Zero Conditional
Used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible.
The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. In zero conditionals, the word "if" can
usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
If clause Main clause
If + simple present simple present
If this thing happens that thing happens.
If you heat ice it melts.
If it rains the grass gets wet.
104
First Conditional
Used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a
possible condition and its probable result.
If + simple present simple future
If this thing happens that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry you will miss the train.
If it rains today you will get wet.
105
Second Conditional
Used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are
used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result.

present conditional
If + simple past
OR present continuous conditional
that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure) OR

If this thing happened
that thing would be happening.
If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.
If it rained you would get wet.
106
Third Conditional
Used to refer to a past situation that is contrary to reality. It refers to an unreal past condition
and its probable past result.

perfect conditional
If + past perfect
OR perfect continuous conditional
that thing would have happened. (but neither of

If this thing had happened those things really happened)
OR that thing would have been happening.
If it had rained you would have gotten wet.
If you had studied harder you would have passed the exam.
107
Punctuation

Punctuation
. 1) Periods: Use a period at the end of informative sentences in your paragraphs
! 2) Exclamation Marks: Do not use them in academic writing
, 3) Commas: Generally, use them whenever you hear a brief audible pause
’ 4) Apostrophes: Only use apostrophes to show possession (e.g. France’s population,

Germany’s cars). Do not use them to show contraction (e.g.
isn’t, doesn’t)
C 5) Capitalization: Only capitalize words at the start of the sentence and proper nouns
; 6) Semicolons: Use them to join two independent clauses that are closely related in ideas
109
Commas
Commas can be very difficult to use in English. However, for the IELTS essays, these 4 rules are
the most relevant:
1. If the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, use a comma at the end of the
dependent clause
○ Even though junk food is unhealthy, many people consume it due to cheaper costs
2. Use comma before any coordinating conjunction that links two independent clauses
○ Teachers should be paid higher wages, because their work is of utmost importance.
3. Use commas to separate the items in a list

○ People can improve their mood with a healthy diet, exercise, and a healthy social life.
4. Use a comma after an introductory cohesive device

○ Finally, … Alternatively, … For example, … As a result, … (NOT It is clear/This is due
to) 110
Apostrophes
Apostrophes are used to show contraction of words (e.g. isn’t, doesn’t, etc.) and possession (e.g.
France’s population, Germany’s cars, etc.). However, in academic writing, you can only use
apostrophes to show possession. Do not use them for contraction.
1. For a singular noun → apostrophe + s

○ Our nation’s population is rapidly increasing.
2. For singular and plural nouns ending in “s” → apostrophe only (without “s”)
○ Ensuring job satisfaction of the employees is the boss’ responsibility.
○ The education of children is their teachers’ responsibility.
3. For irregular plural nouns → apostrophe + s

○ Children’s views are usually shaped by their parents. (NOT childrens’)
4. Do not use an apostrophe for pluralizing a regular noun

○ There are numerous tradition’s in the world. There are numerous traditions in the world. 111
Capitalization
1. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence
○ Every country has a rich and unique history.
2. Capitalize proper nouns (names and places)

○ Research conducted by Harvard University in Massachusetts, shows that...
3. Months (January, February) and days of the week (Sunday, Monday) are treated as proper
nouns and are thus capitalized, but seasons (summer, winter) are not
○ After a sharp growth in March, the profit from banana sales plummeted in December
but recovered by the following summer.
4. Names of school subjects (math, algebra, geology, psychology) are not capitalized, with the
exception of the names of languages (French, English)
○ My favorite subjects in high school were Spanish and psychology.
112
Semicolons
Semicolons indicate an audible pause that is longer than a comma, but shorter than a period. You
probably will not need to use it in your essay, but here are the main rules, just in case:
1. Semicolon is usually used to link two independent clauses that are closely related
○ Some people write on computers; others prefer to write by hand.
2. Avoid a semicolon when a dependent clause comes before an independent clause

○ Although they tried; they failed. Although they tried, they failed.
3. Use a semicolon before words/terms like namely, however, therefore, that is, for example, for
instance, etc., when they introduce a complete sentence (followed by a comma)
○ Science is one of the most significant subjects; however, the arts are just as important.
4. Do not capitalize ordinary words after a semicolon

○ I am here; You are over there. I am here; you are over there.
113
Fix the Punctuation Errors
Pause and fix the mistakes!
The paragraph below contains 12 punctuation errors. Can you find them all?
Example
To begin with teaching children a foreign language in primary school, does have some drawbacks;
Namely, the shorter availability of time for other subjects and the delayed development of the
childs first language. learning another language can take away some time from other subjects, such
as Math and Science which are vital for higher education. Additionally children may mix up the
linguistic structure’s from the various languages, resulting in a possible delay in the development
of their native language! However, these drawbacks are temporary and outweighed by the benefits
that can be reaped from this arrangement
114
Fix the Punctuation Errors
The paragraph below contains 12 punctuation errors. Can you find them all?
Example
To begin with, teaching children a foreign language in primary school does have some drawbacks;
namely, the shorter availability of time for other subjects and the delayed development of the
child’s first language. Learning another language can take away some time from other subjects,
such as math and science, which are vital for higher education. Additionally, children may mix up
the linguistic structures from the various languages, resulting in a possible delay in the
development of their native language. However, these drawbacks are temporary and outweighed
by the benefits that can be reaped from this arrangement.
115
Writing Numbers

Writing Numbers
10 & Below 10 & Above Decimals
Spell out numbers between 0-9. Write numbers that are 10 & Write decimals in numerals.
Note that when numbers are in a above in numerals (unless they Avoid starting your sentences
list it is best to spell them out. are at the start of a sentence) with decimals
Correct: It was found that four Middle of sentence: Residents Incorrect: There was zero point
out of 10 students failed. aged 60 and above should receive eighty six inches of rain this
free medical insurance. month.
Incorrect: She has four sisters
aged six, eight, 13, and 17. Beginning of sentence: Seventy Correct: There was 0.86 inches of
children came to the class trip this rain this month.
Correct: She has four sisters aged year, but last year there were 90.
6, 8, 13, and 17.
117
Writing Numbers
Dates Fractions Percentages
Dates are written in numerals. Always spell out simple fractions Percentages should be written in
Do not use ordinal numbers (i.e. (use hyphens) numerals (unless they appear at
1st, 2nd, 3rd with full dates). the beginning of a sentence)
Incorrect: School begins on Incorrect: About 1/3 of the Middle of sentence: According to
September 2nd, 2019. science class comes from Japan. the latest research, 63% of
professors live in the city.
Correct: School begins on Correct: About one-third of the
September 2, 2019. science class comes from Japan. Beginning of sentence: Eighty
and one-half percent of students
drive to school.
Whenever you are in doubt, it’s usually best to spell out the number in words
118
Lexical Resource
(Vocabulary)
The fourth ingredient in Writing Task 2

Get Our List of 500+ IELTS Vocab Words
We have created an interactive list of IELTS vocabulary words for you on Quizlet.
Click here to get the interactive version: https://quizlet.com/class/8957279/
If you want to download the

PDF version of our vocab list,
then click here:
https://bit.ly/2UnpSGw
120
Basics
1. Use a wide range of vocabulary (i.e. synonyms and paraphrasing) to convey

precise meaning
2. Use less common vocabulary and phrases (including collocations)
3. Show that you know how to correctly fit words and phrases together
4. Make very few mistakes with spelling or word formation
121
Useful Phrases
Lexical Resource: Writing Task 2

Phrases for... Also act as Cohesive Devices
Personal Opinion Strong Opinion Expressing Time

In my opinion/view/experience, I wholeheartedly believe... Then/Now
My opinion is that… I am strongly for/against... At the moment
I am of the opinion that... Under no circumstances should... At present
Personally speaking, On no account should... Right now
From my point of view, I am a vehement/ardent/staunch These days
As far as I am concerned, supporter of... Nowadays
From my perspective, It can hardly be denied that... In the past/future
It seems to me that... I strongly opine that... At that time
My own view on the matter is... I strongly agree/disagree with the Years ago
I feel/think/believe that... idea that... Before/After
I tend to believe that... About a year ago
My personal view is that... Back in 2016
It seems to me that...
I would argue that...
123
Phrases for...
Agreement Disagreement Impersonal Argument
I quite agree that... I disagree with the opinion that... There are those who say that...
I strongly agree... I strongly disagree... It is often said that...
I totally/completely agree with the I totally/completely disagree with Many commentators are of the
given idea that..... the given idea that... view that...
I agree with the opinion that... I disagree with the statement... A common opinion is that...
I am quite inclined to the opinion I quite oppose the opinion that... A popular belief is that...
that... I disapprove that... It is often said that...
I could not agree more... My own opinion contradicts... One argument put forward is that...
I concur with the view that... However, my opinion is It can be argued that...
I approve the idea..... different… It is generally accepted that...
I am in agreement..... My opinion differs in that... Some people argue that...
I consent that.....
124
Next stop is…
Lexical Resource: Topic
Related Vocabulary
125
Topic Related
Vocabulary

Use Topic-Related Vocabulary
Read the two sentences below and decide which sounds better:
Universities are great places for people to get an education, thanks to the knowledge of their
staff, well-designed agenda and spaces for studying different things.
Uses such general vocabulary that it
can be used for other topics!
Universities are great places for students to pursue higher education, thanks to the knowledge
of their faculty, well-designed course curriculums and research facilities for varied disciplines.
Both sentences are saying the same thing, but this second sentence uses topic-
related vocabulary, which can only be used for discussing universities
127
Read the two sentences below and decide which sounds better:
Museums are great places for people to get an education, thanks to the knowledge of their staff,
well-designed agenda and spaces for studying different things.
For example, if we replace ‘universities’ with
‘museums,’ the sentence still makes sense.
Universities are great places for students to pursue higher education, thanks to the knowledge
of their faculty, well-designed course curriculums and research facilities for varied disciplines.
Limit the use of general vocabulary which can be used for other subjects. Instead, throw in
some topic-related vocabulary to show off your English (without overusing it).
128
Create vocabulary lists for
Use Topic-Related Vocabulary common topics
Health Education Environment Society
Obesity (n.) Kindergarten (n.) Global warming (n.p) Cultural values (n.p)
Eating Disorder (n.p) Post-graduate (n.p) To dump waste (coll.) Perceptions (n.)
To be on a diet (coll.) Syllabus (n.) Pollution (n.) Conformity (n.)
Overweight (adj.) Curriculum (n.) Clean energy (n.p) Ethnocentrism (n.)
Overeating (n.) Research facility (n.p) Burn fossil fuels (coll.) Segregation (n.)
Prescribe (v.) Diploma (n.) Natural resources (n.p) Diversity (n.)
Medical (adj.) Faculty (n.) Rainforests (n.) Ethnicity (n.)
Wellness (n.) Dissertation (n.) Deforestation (n.) Interdependence (n.)
Depression (n.) Scholarship (n.) Ecosystem (n.) Globalization (n.)
Nutrition (n.) Distance learning (n.p) Species (n.) Cultural heritage (n.p)
Dehydration (n.) Higher education (n.p) Biodiversity (n.) Etiquette (n.)
Sleep deprivation (n.p) Literacy/Illiteracy (n.) Habitat (n.) Residents (n.)
n. (noun) adj. (adjective) v. (verb) n.p. (noun phrase) coll. (collocation) 129
Below is a list of the 20 most common topics that often appear on IELTS Writing Task 2. You
should practice the topic-related vocabulary for each of these 20 topics:
1. Health 11. Business & Money

2. Education 12. Communication & Personality
3. Environment 13. Media & Advertising
4. Society 14. Food & Diet
5. Globalization 15. Work
6. Public Transport 16. Sports & Exercise
7. Crime & Punishment 17. Tourism
8. Family & Children 18. Art
9. Technology 19. Language
10. Government Spending 20. Housing
130
Next stop is…
Lexical Resource:
Collocations
131
Collocations

Use Collocations
A collocation is a set of 2 or more words that are commonly used together.
These “chunks” of words express a particular meaning and are important because they
make language more fluent and natural. For example, compare:
a. “The best way to get knowledge is through education.”
b. “The best way to gain knowledge is through education.”
The wrong version will immediately jump out to native speakers and show your weak
English.
Let’s look at some examples...
133
Use Collocations
Verb-Noun Collocations
1. There are some people who have a raised a question.
2. The government is giving priority to the issue of water quality in cities.
Verb-Adverb Collocations
3. Many customers have complained bitterly about the terrible service.
4. She apologised profusely after bumping into her boss and spilling his drink.
Adjective-Noun collocations
5. Due to the heavy snow overnight, all roads were blocked.
6. There is a strong possibility that ocean levels will rise due to climate change.
134
Use Collocations
Adverb-Adjective Collocations
1. I was utterly shocked by her bad behaviour.
2. It is incredibly stupid to drink and drive.
Noun-Noun Collocations
3. She got a round of applause after her performance.
4. It can be challenging to work in the service industry for several reasons.
Collocations with ‘Have’ or ‘Take’

5. I had a bath, but she took a shower before we both went out to have lunch.
6. If you’re having a tough time, you should take a rest.
135
How to Learn Collocations?
When you learn a new word, you should also learn what words are commonly used in
combination with it. For example, let’s say you are learning the word “have.”
Don’t learn new words in isolation!
have lunch have a good time
Instead, learn them in “chunks.”
have a bath have a relationship
have a rest have a holiday
For example, instead of learning “have” and
have a meeting have sympathy
“problem” separately, it’s much better to
have a haircut have a problem learn them as a ‘set’ - ‘have a problem.’
have a drink
As you can see, collocations can come in countless varieties. Therefore, the best way to learn
them is to immerse yourself in English by reading books, listening to audiobooks and
conversing with native speakers.
136
Next stop is…
Lexical Resource:
Word Formation
137
Word Formation

Word Formation
Word formation is the modification of root words with suffixes, prefixes and compounds
Suffixes Prefixes Compounds

A suffix is a letter or a group of A prefix is a group of letters Compounding is the linking of
letters added to the end of a word added to the start of a root word two or more base words to create
to change its word class: to change its meaning: a new word:
mastery prewar stomach + ache = stomachache

masterful postwar head + ache = headache
masterfully prowar back + ache = backache
mastership antiwar neck + ache = neckache
Let’s explore each of these modification in more detail…

139
Suffixes
A suffix is a group of letters added to the end of a root word to change its word class
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb

beauty beautify beautiful beautifully
creation create creative creatively
access access accessible X
weakness weaken weak weakly
Root words cannot be Some root words have By adding a suffix to Not every word can be
broken down further suffixes; others don’t the root word, we can changed into every
change its word class word class
Example: Drinking alcohol makes the body weaker. → Drinking alcohol weakens the body.
140
How to Form Nouns
Nouns (Suffix) Examples

-age baggage, village, postage
-al arrival, burial, deferral
-ance/-ence reliance, defence, insistence
-dom boredom, freedom, kingdom
-ee employee, payee, trainee
-er/-or driver, writer, director
-hood brotherhood, childhood, neighbourhood
-ism capitalism, socialism, terrorism
-ist capitalist, socialist, terrorist
-ity/-ty brutality, equality, cruelty
-ment amazement, disappointment, parliament
-ness happiness, kindness, usefulness
-ry entry, ministry, robbery
-ship friendship, membership, workmanship
-sion/-tion/-xion expression, population, complexion
141
How to Form Adjectives
Adjectives (Suffix) Examples

-able/-ible drinkable, portable, flexible
-al brutal, formal, postal
-en broken, golden, wooden
-ed inflated, complicated, situated
-ese Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese
-ful forgetful, helpful, useful
-i Iraqi, Pakistani, Yemeni
-ic classic, Islamic, poetic
-ish British, childish, Spanish
-ive active, passive, productive
-ian Canadian, Malaysian, Peruvian
-less homeless, hopeless, useless
-ly daily, monthly, yearly
-ous cautious, famous, nervous
-y cloudy, rainy, windy
142
How to Form Verbs & Adverbs
Verbs (Suffix) Examples

-ate complicate, dominate, irritate
-en harden, soften, shorten
-ify beautify, clarify, identify
-ise/-ize economise, realise, industrialize
Note that ‘-ise’ is used in British English, whereas ‘-ize’ is used in American English.
Both spellings are accepted on the IELTS exam.
Adverbs (Suffix) Examples

-ly calmly, easily, quickly
-ward(s) downwards, homeward(s), upwards
-wise anti-clockwise, clockwise, edgewise

143
Prefixes
A prefix is a group of letters added to the start of a root word to change its meaning
Root word en- de- re- un- dis-

code encode decode recode X X
able enable X X unable disable
list enlist X relist unlist X
repeat X X X X X
Some root words contain By adding a prefix to the root Not every prefix can be
prefixes; others don’t. word, you change its meaning applied to every word
Example: I do not agree with this view. → I disagree with this view.
144
How to Make New Words
Prefix Meaning Examples

ab- away, from abnormal, absent, abduct
anti- against/opposed to anti-government, anti-racist, anti-war
auto- self autobiography, automobile
bi- two bicycle, binoculars, bilateral
co- with co-worker, co-pilot, cooperation
de- reverse or change de-classify, detour, demotivate
dis- reverse or remove disagree, displeasure, disqualify
down- reduce or lower downgrade, downhearted
em-, en- cause to, put into embrace, encode, embed, enclose, engulf
ex- former, out of ex-president, ex-boyfriend, exterminate
extra- beyond extraordinary, extraterrestrial
fore- before forecast, foresee, forehead, foremost
homo- same homosexual, homogenous
hyper- extreme, over, above hyperactive, hypertension 145

im-, in- into insert, import, inside
il-, im-, in-, ir- not illegal, impossible, insecure, irregular
inter- between interactive, international
macro- large macroeconomics, macromolecule
mega- very big, important megabyte, mega-deal, megaton
micro- small microscope, microbiology, microwave
mid- middle midday, midnight, mid-October
mis- incorrectly, badly misaligned, mislead, misspelt
mono- one, singular monotone, monolithic
non- not non-payment, non-smoking
omni- all, every omnibus, omnivore, omnipotent
over- too much overcook, overcharge, overrate
out- go beyond outdo, out-perform, outrun
post- after post-election, post-war 146

pre- before prehistoric, pre-war
pro- in favour of pro-communist, pro-democracy
re- again reconsider, redo, rewrite
semi- half semicircle, semi-retired
sub- under, below submarine, sub-Saharan
super- above, beyond super-hero, supermodel
tele- at a distance television, telepathic
therm- heat thermometer, thermostat, thermodynamic
trans- across transatlantic, transfer, transport
tri- three triangle, tripod, tricycle
ultra- extremely ultra-compact, ultrasound
un- remove, reverse, not undo, unpack, unhappy
under- less than, beneath undercook, underestimate
up- make or move higher upgrade, uphill
147
Compounds
Compounding is the linking of two or more base words to create a new word:
tooth + brush = toothbrush eco + friendly = eco-friendly
Nouns: car park, soap opera

There are no specific rules about when
Adjectives: environmentally-friendly, fat-free to use hyphens in words. But you can
Verbs: daydream, dry-clean consult a dictionary if you’re unsure.
Adverbs: nevertheless, nowadays
Pronouns: anyone, everything, nobody
Numerals: twenty-seven, three-quarters
Prepositions: into, onto
Conjunctions: although, however
148
Next stop is…
Part 2: The Recipe
149
Part 2: Recipe
Basic Strategy for Writing Task 2

How to approach Writing Task 2…
Understand Identify Outline Write Essay Check Work

Read the question Figure out the Outline the main Use the outline and Check your work to
and underline question type to use ideas & supporting template to correct mistakes if
keywords to ensure the correct strategy details of the body construct your essay you have leftover
you understand it paragraphs time 151
Template #1
1 Give general statement

Introduction 2 Paraphrase question statement
3 State thesis (position + main ideas)
1 State main idea #1

2 Give 2 supporting details
Body Paragraph 1 3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
5 Transition into paragraph (optional)

4 Explain detail #2
5 Transition into conclusion (optional)
1 Summarize main points/restate thesis

Conclusion 2 Give suggestion or recommendation
152
Template #2


2 Give supporting detail
Body Paragraph 1 3 Explain/give example
4 Explain more or transition


153
Structure of The Essay
General
Give general statement

Introduction
1
2 Paraphrase question statement

3 State thesis (essay overview)/opinion
1 State main idea Per body para

Body Paragraphs 3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
5 Transition into next body paragraph
Conclusion 1 Summarize main points/restate thesis

2 Give suggestion or recommendation
Specific
You must refine your ideas and go from general to specific

154
Next stop is…
Recipe: How to Create

Outlines
155
How to Create
Outlines
Recipe for IELTS Writing Task 2

Basics
● Spend about 3-5 minutes on creating an outline

● Only create outline for body paragraphs - main ideas and supporting details
● Do not outline introduction & conclusion, since we have templates for those
● Outline will save you time, keep your writing focused, organize thoughts, reduce
anxiety and boost your score
● Coherence and Task Completion form 50% of your score, so always outline!
157
Template #1 Format of Outline
1 State main idea #1 I. Main Idea #1

1) Supporting Detail #1
4 Explain detail #2 2) Supporting Detail #2
5 Transition (optional)
1 State main idea #2 II. Main Idea #2

1) Supporting Detail #1
4 Explain detail #2 2) Supporting Detail #2
158
Agree/Disagree Outline - Template #1
Position/Opinion: Strongly agree that

Some people believe that unpaid community service should be compulsory
community service should be
compulsory part of high school I. Builds character
programmes (for example working 1. Adds new perspective
for a charity, improving the 2. Builds work ethic
neighborhood or teaching sports to
II. Improves community
younger children).
1. Creates unity
To what extent do you agree or 2. Can inspire solutions to problems
disagree?
Choose ONE side only! You can partly agree, but

it’s easier to just simplify it and pick one side
159
Template #2 Format of Outline
1 State main idea #1 I. Main Idea #1

2 Give supporting detail 1) Supporting Detail
Body Paragraph 1 3 Explain more/give example
4 Explain more or transition ⤷ Explain/Example
1 State main idea #2 II. Main Idea #2

Body Paragraph 2 3 Explain more/give example 1) Supporting Detail
4 Explain more or transition ⤷ Explain/Example
160
Advantage/Disadvantage Outline - Template #2
Position: Yes, advantages outweigh

Some experts believe that it is better disadvantages
for children to begin learning a
foreign language at primary school I. Dis.
1. Underperformance in math, science
rather than secondary school.
⤷ Ex. → Digitalization → Job
Do the advantages of this outweigh Security
the disadvantages?
II. Adv.
1. Cultural edu. → healthy social life
Choose ONE side only! ⤷ → happier state → more important
The answer is either “yes” or “no” Pro tip: Write the paragraph you disagree with
first, so that you can refute it in the next
paragraph - this will make your essay flow better
161
Problem/Solution Outline - Template #1
Opinion: The problem/solution for

In some countries the average weight declining health are…
of people is increasing and their
levels of health and fitness are I. Causes of the problem
decreasing. 1. Lack of time
2. Lack of money
What do you think are the causes of
these problems and what measure II. Solutions → Government initiative
1. National campaigns
could be taken to solve them?
2. Subsidies
Pro tip: Write the paragraph about

causes/problems first, so that you can address
how to solve them in the next paragraph
162
Discuss/Opinion Outline - Template #2
Position/Opinion: Gyms are not the best

Some people say that the best way to way to improve health
improve public health is by
increasing the number of sports I. Benefits of more gyms
1. Easier accessibility
facilities. Others, however, say that
⤷ → increased motivation
this would have little effect on public
health and that other measures are II. Other measures are needed
required. 1. Gov. initiatives
⤷ → education + help poor areas
Discuss both these views and give
Your opinion will go in this paragraph
your own opinion.
You must discuss both sides. You Pro tip: Write the paragraph you disagree with
cannot pick just one side! first, so that you can refute it in the next
paragraph - this will make your essay flow better
163
Opinion Outline - Template #1
Opinion: Strongly believe that recycling

Some people claim that not enough laws are paramount
of the waste from homes is recycled.
They say that the only way to I. Many ignore recycling
increase recycling is for governments 1. People will take recycling seriously
to make it a legal requirement. 2. Law → build good habits
To what extent do you think laws are II. Critical for improving planet’s health
needed to make people recycle more 1. ↓ Env. pollution
2. Conserves natural resources
of their waste?
164
Two Parts Outline - Template #2
Position: Technology has had a positive

Nowadays, the way many people impact on our relationships
interact with each other has changed
because of technology. I. How technology shapes relationships
1. Form new relationships
In what ways has technology affected ⤷ Ex. → FB groups, forums, dating
the types of relationships people app
make?
II. Pos. dev.
Has this become a positive or negative 1. Phones, email → brings us closer
development? ⤷ Ex. → stay updated, work meetings
Choose ONE side only!

This is not a “discuss both sides” question
165
Next stop is…
How to Come up with

Ideas
166
“I don’t know how to
come up with ideas”

3 Questions for Generating Ideas
It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is
necessary to help them learn this distinction. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Position: Punishment does not teach children right from wrong.
1 Why? (support) 2 Alternative? (example) 3 What if (not)? (scenario)
Example: Infants will not Example: Instead of harshly Example: If a child is punished,
understand what is happening or punishing negative behavior, it will teach the child that it is
why he or she is being punished, children should be rewarded for acceptable for larger people to
because their brains are good behavior for positive hit smaller ones, which may
underdeveloped. reinforcement. This kind of result in the child starting to
approach is more effective. bully others.
Use these 3 questions to outline your main ideas and supporting details
168
3 Questions for Generating Ideas
Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. Others, however,
believe that school is the place to learn this. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
Position: Child’s education is not the responsibility of the parents alone.
1 Why? (support) 2 Alternative? (example) 3 What if (not)? (scenario)
Example: Once a child goes to Example: At school, children Example: If a child’s education
school, they are entering a wider will experience working with becomes the responsibility of
community where teachers and people from various parents alone, then children will
peers will have just as much backgrounds. This experience miss out on the opportunity to
influence as their parents do at should teach them how to be learn valuable lessons from
home. good members of society. others.
Use these 3 questions to outline your main ideas and supporting details
169
Next stop is…
How to Write
Introductions
170
How to Write
Introductions

Basics
● Spend about 5 minutes on introduction

● Should be 3 sentences (40-50 words)
172
Template


4 Explain detail #2

4 Explain detail #2

173
3 Ways to Write the General Statement
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be compulsory part of high school
programmes (for example working for a charity, improving the neighborhood or teaching
sports to younger children). To what extent do you agree or disagree?
1 State why the topic is 2 Write about recent 3 Write about the impact of
important development in the topic topic on daily life or society
Example: Every nation needs Example: In the last few years, Example: Volunteer work
citizens who display social numerous approaches to directly benefits the society by
commitment and actively work to improve society and reinforce increasing the productivity of its
improve the community for the the ties between community residents and imparting valuable
welfare of its residents. members have taken root. life skills.
174
Phrases for Starting Introductions
● Many/some people claim/opine/believe that...
● There is no denying/doubt that...
● It is often said that...
● These days.../ Nowadays...
● In this day and age...
● Recently,.../Lately,...
● In the last few years, ...
● It is universally accepted that...
● We live in an age when many of us are...
● People are divided in their opinion regarding...
● .... is one of the most important issues...
● Whether .... or .... is a controversial issue/subject...
175
How to Paraphrase
① Use Synonyms ② Change Word Order
shows Australian people
demonstrates presents People of Australia
176
How to Write the Thesis
Some people believe that unpaid community service should be compulsory part of high school
programmes (for example working for a charity, improving the neighborhood or teaching
sports to younger children). To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Position/Opinion
+ Main Ideas
I strongly agree with this view, because volunteering not only improves the
community as a whole but also builds valuable character traits.
Note that your position is not required in Problem/Solution questions.

177
Next stop is…
How to Write Introductions for

Agree/Disagree Questions
178
How to Write
Introductions
Agree/Disagree: Recipe for IELTS Writing Task 2

Agree/Disagree
WRITING TASK 2
Question Statement
experience.

180
Agree/Disagree Introduction
Some people believe that unpaid community

Every nation needs citizens who display social
service should be compulsory part of high
commitment and actively work to improve the
school programmes
community for the welfare of its residents.
Template
1 Give general statement This general statement tells us
2 Paraphrase question statement why the topic is important
181

school programmes
Since students are the nation’s future, some
Template
people have argued that volunteer work
2 Paraphrase question statement should be a mandatory part of the school
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) curriculum.
Paraphrase
182

school programmes
Template
people have argued that volunteer work should
2 Paraphrase question statement be a mandatory part of the school curriculum.
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) I strongly agree with this view, because
volunteering not only improves the
Outline community as a whole but also builds
I. Builds character valuable character traits.
1) Adds new perspective
2) Builds work ethic
Position Main Ideas
1) Creates unity
2) Can inspire solutions to problems
183

school programmes
Template
people have argued that volunteer work should
2 Paraphrase question statement be a mandatory part of the school curriculum.
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) I strongly agree with this view, because
Outline community as a whole but also builds valuable
I. Builds character character traits.
1) Creates unity
184
Next stop is…
How to Write Introductions

for Advantage/Disadvantage
Questions
185
How to Write
Introductions
Advantage/Disadvantage: Recipe for Task 2

WRITING TASK 2
Question Statement
experience.
187
Advantage/Disadvantage Introduction
Some experts believe that it is better for

A growing number of parents are enrolling
children to begin learning a foreign language
their children in foreign language classes for
at primary school rather than secondary school.
well-rounded linguistic development.
Template
This general statement
1 Give general statement tells us about a recent
2 Paraphrase question statement development in the topic
188

In this regard, some educators propose that
Template
primary school is the best place for learning
2 Paraphrase question statement another language instead of secondary
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) school.
Paraphrase
189

Template
2 Paraphrase question statement another language instead of secondary school.
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) This essay will explore both, the advantages
and disadvantages of this proposal, and
Outline demonstrate why its proponents are correct.
I. Dis.
1) Underperformance in math, science
⤷ Ex. → Digitalization → Job Security Position Main Ideas
II. Adv.
1) Cultural edu. → healthy social life
⤷ → happier state → more important
190

Template
2 Paraphrase question statement another language instead of secondary school.
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) This essay will explore both, the advantages
and disadvantages of this proposal, and
Outline demonstrate why its proponents are correct.
I. Dis.
⤷ Ex. → Digitalization → Job Security
II. Adv.
191
Next stop is…

Problem/Solution Questions
192
How to Write
Introductions
Problem/Solution: Recipe for Writing Task 2

Problem/Solution
WRITING TASK 2
Question Statement
solve them?
experience.

194
Problem/Solution Introduction
In some countries the average weight of people

Maintaining optimal health is crucial for living
is increasing and their levels of health and
a healthy lifestyle and avoiding diseases and
disorders.
Template
1 Give general statement This general statement tells us
2 Paraphrase question statement why the topic is important
195

disorders. Unfortunately, some nations are
now witnessing an increase in the average
Template
weight of their population and a decline in
2 Paraphrase question statement their health and well-being.
Paraphrase
196

Template
2 Paraphrase question statement their health and well-being. This essay will
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) highlight the principal causes of these issues
and possible solutions to resolve them.
Outline
I. Causes of the problem
1) Lack of time
2) Lack of money Main Ideas
II. Solutions → Government initiative
1) National campaigns Note that your position is not required in
2) Subsidies Problem/Solution questions.
197

Template
2 Paraphrase question statement their health and well-being. This essay will
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) highlight the principal causes of these issues
and possible solutions to resolve them.
Outline
I. Causes of the problem
1) Lack of time
2) Lack of money
1) National campaigns
2) Subsidies
198
Next stop is…

Discuss/Opinion Questions
199
How to Write
Introductions
Discuss/Opinion: Recipe for IELTS Writing Task 2

Discuss/Opinion
WRITING TASK 2
Question Statement
experience.

201
Discuss/Opinion Introduction
Some people say that the best way to improve

public health is by increasing the number of In many nations, the average weight of people
sports facilities. Others, however, say that this is increasing, and their level of well-being is
would have little effect on public health and declining.
This general statement
Template tells us about a recent
1 Give general statement development in the topic
202

would have little effect on public health and declining. In this regard, it is proposed that
that other measures are required. expanding the number of gyms is the most
effective way to boost the health of the
Template
general public, although many disagree and
2 Paraphrase question statement contend that other measures are needed.
203

effective way to boost the health of the general
Template
public, although many disagree and contend
2 Paraphrase question statement that other measures are needed. In my
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) opinion, the proposal of expanding the
number of gyms is an insufficient measure;
Outline
however, this essay will explore both aspects
I. Benefits of more gyms
1) Easier accessibility
of this discussion.
Position Main Ideas
II. Other measures are needed
1) Gov. initiatives
⤷ → education + help poor areas 204

effective way to boost the health of the general
Template
public, although many disagree and contend
2 Paraphrase question statement that other measures are needed. In my opinion,
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) the proposal of expanding the number of gyms
is an insufficient measure; however, this essay
Outline
will explore both aspects of this discussion.
1) Gov. initiatives
⤷ → education + help poor areas 205
Next stop is…
How to Write
Introductions for
Opinion Questions
206
How to Write
Introductions
Opinion: Recipe for IELTS Writing Task 2

Opinion
WRITING TASK 2
Question Statement
experience.
208
Opinion Introduction
Some people claim that not enough of the waste

The growing pollution and the resulting
from homes is recycled. They say that the only
environmental concerns have stirred a crucial
way to increase recycling is for governments to
make it a legal requirement. debate.
Template This general statement

tells us about a recent
development in the topic
209

make it a legal requirement. debate. Some environmentalists claim that
due to public's negligence towards proper
Template waste disposal, recycling should be legally
1 Give general statement enforced.
210

make it a legal requirement. debate. Some environmentalists claim that due
to public's negligence towards proper waste
Template disposal, recycling should be legally enforced.
1 Give general statement I strongly agree with this proposal, since a
2 Paraphrase question statement legal mandate will compel citizens to take
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) recycling more seriously and result in the
recovery of our planet’s health.
Outline
I. Many ignore recycling
1) People will take recycling seriously
Position Main Ideas
2) Law → build good habits
II. Critical for improving planet’s health
1) ↓ Env. pollution
2) Conserves natural resources 211

make it a legal requirement. debate. Some environmentalists claim that due
to public's negligence towards proper waste
Template disposal, recycling should be legally enforced.
1 Give general statement I strongly agree with this proposal, since a
2 Paraphrase question statement legal mandate will compel citizens to take
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) recycling more seriously and result in the
Outline
II. Critical for improving planet’s health
2) Conserves natural resources 212
Next stop is…
How to Write
Introductions for Two-
Parts Questions
213
How to Write
Introductions
Two Parts: Recipe for IELTS Writing Task 2

Two Parts
WRITING TASK 2
Question Statement
experience.

215
Two Parts Introduction
Nowadays, the way many people interact with There is no doubt that technology has had a
each other has changed because of technology.
significant bearing on all facets of our life,
including work, education, and
Template communication.
2 Paraphrase question statement This general statement tells us
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) about the impact that this
topic has had on society
216
Template communication. This impact is particularly
1 Give general statement noticeable in modern-day relationships,
2 Paraphrase question statement which have been remarkably enhanced
through telephones, video-conferencing,
emails, and social media platforms.
217
1 Give general statement noticeable in modern-day relationships, which
2 Paraphrase question statement have been remarkably enhanced through
telephones, video-conferencing, emails, and
social media platforms. This essay will
Outline explore how technology has impacted our
I. How technology shapes relationships relationships and why this has been a
1) Form new relationships positive development.
⤷ Ex. → FB groups, forums, dating app
II. Pos. dev. Main ideas Position
1) Phones, email → brings us closer
⤷ Ex. → stay updated, work meetings
218
1 Give general statement noticeable in modern-day relationships, which
2 Paraphrase question statement have been remarkably enhanced through
telephones, video-conferencing, emails, and
social media platforms. This essay will
Outline explore how technology has impacted our
I. How technology shapes relationships relationships and why this has been a positive
1) Form new relationships development.
II. Pos. dev.
1) Phones, email → brings us closer
219
Next stop is…
How to Write Body

Paragraphs
220
How to Write Body
Paragraphs

Basics
● Spend about 10 minutes on each body paragraph
● Each body paragraph should be 4-5 sentences (90-100 words)
● Body paragraphs are the most important part of the essay
● Template #1 and Template #2 are both used in the examples that follow to give
you a better understanding of both methods
222
Specific General
Explain Supporting Detail #1

Main Idea #1

Essay
Structure of a Body Paragraph

Main Idea #2

223
Template #1


4 Explain detail #2

4 Explain detail #2

224
Template #2




225
Phrases for Starting Body Paragraphs
Body Paragraph 1 Body Paragraph 2
First and foremost,... Second(ly),...(not 'Second of all')

In essence, Then.../Next,.../After that...
It is true that.../ Besides,...
Though it is true that... Likewise,...
To begin/start with,... In addition,.../Additionally,...
In regards to.../Regarding... Consequently,...
It is worth considering… What is more is that…
Initially,.../In the first place,... Furthermore,... /Moreover,...
Some people believe/think that... Other people think/believe that...
According to many... On the other hand...
Many support the view that... Apart from that...
On the one hand,… Finally,…/Lastly,...
Without a doubt,.../Undoubtedly,... Last but not the least…
First,.../First of all,.../Firstly,... The proponents/opponents of this proposal...
226
How to Explain Supporting Details
Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same
products anywhere in the world. Do you think this is a positive or negative development?
Outline Template #1
I. Loss of cultural diversity 1 State main idea #1
1) Cultural artifacts will lose their value 2 Give 2 supporting details
2) It will prevent cultural learning 3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
II. Loss of jobs for local people 5 Transition into next para (optional)
1) Decline in sales of local products
2) Decline in tourism
227
1 Why/Why not? 2 Example 3 Personal Experience
Example: A country's history, Example: An illustration of this Example: For instance, I once
language, and ethos are all so loss of heritage is visible in travelled to South Africa and
inextricably bound up in its India, where local citizens have found that local artifacts were
manufactured artifacts that buying replaced traditional attires with near impossible to locate and I
a cultural item non-locally would western clothing, like jeans, was instead forced to purchase a
be devoid of richness and jackets, and t-shirts. generic souvenir devoid of
meaning. cultural richness.
4 Research 5 Elaboration 6 Question

Example: As cross-cultural Example: Globalization Example: What would a
studies have shown that many undermines a nation of its Japanese tea ceremony be
countries are steadily losing their history, traditions, cultural without its specially crafted
traditions and languages, the role richness and meaning by teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual
of cultural artifacts in preserving stripping it of its cultural without its bowl made from a
local heritage is more important artifacts. certain type of tree bark?
than ever.
228
7 Trend Over Time 8 Speculation/Prediction 9 Comparison
Example: For instance, Example: International brands Example: The loss of cultural
anthropologists have found that may introduce more artefacts is visible in India
consumers’ interest in local technologically advanced where the younger generation
artifacts has plummeted in Asia versions of products that may has replaced traditional attires
over the last 50 years and has make local items obsolete and with western clothing. In
reached an all-time low over the undesirable, thereby leading to a contrast, Fiji is an island where
past year. possible discontinuation of the natives still wear traditional
use of cultural artifacts. skirts, gowns and other garments
10 Scenario/Consequence due to a lack of globalization.
Example: If the relentless
advance of international brands
into every corner of the world
continues, generic packages might Note that all these methods for explaining the
one day completely oust the supporting details can overlap with each other and
traditional objects of a nation. appear as a combination
229
Transitions
● You only need one transition between two paragraphs
Transition
● A transition can take two forms:
Paragraph
○ End a paragraph with a sentence that leads forward
Paragraph
to the next paragraph, or
○ Start the new paragraph in a way that links back to
the previous paragraph
● Transitions are sandwiched between two paragraphs

● Transitions are optional, but sometimes, it is important to use them, especially when there is
a contrast between the two paragraphs:
○ Such as in Advantage/Disadvantage, Problem/Solution, or Discuss Both Sides essays
230
Next stop is…
How to Write Body Paragraphs

for Agree/Disagree Questions
231
How to Write Body
Paragraphs

Agree/Disagree
WRITING TASK 2
experience.

233
Template #1
Body Paragraph #1 Outline

1 State main idea #1 I. Builds character
2 Give 2 supporting details 1) Adds new perspective
3 Explain detail #1 2) Builds work ethic
4 Explain detail #2
Body Paragraph #2 II. Improves community

1) Creates unity
1 State main idea #2 2) Can inspire solutions to problems
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
5 Transition (optional) 234
Agree/Disagree Body Para 1
Template #1 First and foremost, community service

develops strong-charactered individuals
2 Give 2 supporting details Main Idea #1
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
I. Builds character
235

develops strong-charactered individuals by
exposing them to new perspectives and
2 Give 2 supporting details encouraging a healthy work ethic.
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2 2 Supporting Details
Outline
I. Builds character
236

2 Give 2 supporting details encouraging a healthy work ethic. I recall that
3 Explain detail #1 when I volunteered to clean up the trash in
4 Explain detail #2 my high school, I gained an immense
5 Transition (optional) appreciation for the arduous work that
janitors went through each day to keep our
Outline school tidy.
I. Builds character Detail #1 is explained with

1) Adds new perspective Personal Experience
237

2 Give 2 supporting details encouraging a healthy work ethic. I recall that
3 Explain detail #1 when I volunteered to clean up the trash in my
4 Explain detail #2 high school, I gained an immense appreciation
5 Transition (optional) for the arduous work that janitors went
through each day to keep our school tidy.
Outline Witnessing such labor with which society
members improve our society can impart
I. Builds character
valuable lessons about hard work,
1) Adds new perspective commitment, and meeting goals and
2) Builds work ethic deadlines.
Detail #2 is explained with
Speculation/Consequence 238
Template #1 Moreover, volunteering actively improves

one's community as a whole.
2 Give 2 supporting details Main Idea #2
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
1) Creates unity
239

develops strong-charactered individuals. It
serves as a bridge that connects community
2 Give 2 supporting details members with each other and can inspire
3 Explain detail #1 solutions to community problems.
4 Explain detail #2
5 Transition (optional) 2 Supporting Details
Outline
1) Creates unity
240

one's community as a whole. It serves as a
bridge that connects community members
2 Give 2 supporting details with each other and can inspire solutions to
3 Explain detail #1 community problems. In my experience, the
4 Explain detail #2 volunteering program at my high school
5 Transition (optional) allowed me to form lifelong friendships with
fellow volunteers, which has strengthened my
Outline relationship with my neighborhood.

1) Creates unity Detail #1 is explained with
Personal Experience
241

one's community as a whole. It serves as a
bridge that connects community members
2 Give 2 supporting details with each other and can inspire solutions to
3 Explain detail #1 community problems. In my experience, the
4 Explain detail #2 volunteering program at my high school
5 Transition (optional) allowed me to form lifelong friendships with
Detail #2 is explained
fellow volunteers, which has strengthened my
Outline with Scenario/ relationship with my neighborhood. It is also
Speculation worth noting that such exposure can put
students in touch with the obstacles their
1) Creates unity community faces, which can inspire them to
2) Can inspire solutions to problems choose a significant line of work that directly
benefits their community.
242
Agree/Disagree: Body Paragraphs
First and foremost, community service develops strong-charactered individuals by exposing them to
new perspectives and encouraging a healthy work ethic. I recall that when I volunteered to clean up
the trash in my high school, I gained an immense appreciation for the arduous work that janitors
went through each day to keep our school tidy. Witnessing such labor with which society members
improve our society can impart valuable lessons about hard work, commitment, and meeting goals
and deadlines.
Moreover, volunteering actively improves one's community as a whole. It serves as a bridge that
connects community members with each other and can inspire solutions to community problems. In
my experience, the volunteering program at my high school allowed me to form lifelong friendships
with fellow volunteers, which has strengthened my relationship with my neighborhood. It is also
worth noting that such exposure can put students in touch with the obstacles their community faces,
which can inspire them to choose a significant line of work that directly benefits their community.
243
Next stop is…
How to Write Body Paragraphs for

Advantage/Disadvantage Questions
244
How to Write Body
Paragraphs
Advantage/Disadvantage: Recipe for IELTS Writing Task 2

WRITING TASK 2
experience.
246
Template #2

1 State main idea #1 I. Dis.
2 Give supporting detail 1) Underperformance in math, science
3 Explain or give example ⤷ Ex. → Digitalization → Job Security
Body Paragraph #2 II. Adv.

1 State main idea #2 1) Cultural edu. → healthy social life
3 Explain or give example
247
Advantage/Disadvantage Body Para 1
In regards to the disadvantages, the main

Template #2 drawback of teaching a foreign language at
1 State main idea #1 primary school is that it may result in
2 Give supporting detail underperformance in other vital subjects.
3 Explain or give example Main Idea #1
Outline
I. Dis.
248

Subjects like math, science and computer
programming have real world applications,
and allocating time away from these subjects
can lower our children’s employability in the
Outline future.
I. Dis. Supporting detail uses

Scenario and Speculation
249

Outline future. For example, digitalization is now
displacing more and more jobs with
I. Dis.
automation, and as a result, many favor
1) Underperformance in math, science scientific subjects over creative ones, in order
⤷ Ex. → Digitalization → Job Security to ensure their children’s job security.
Supporting Detail is explained with

Example and Trend Over Time250

Outline Transition + Position future. For example, digitalization is now
displacing more and more jobs with
I. Dis.
automation, and as a result, many favor
1) Underperformance in math, science scientific subjects over creative ones, in order
⤷ Ex. → Digitalization → Job Security to ensure their children’s job security.
However, although this is an understandable
concern, this viewpoint undermines the true
251
value of bilingualism.
Template #2 Knowing a foreign language will result in

significant advantages to the child’s overall
1 State main idea #2 development.
Main Idea
3 Explain or give example #2
Outline
II. Adv.
252

1 State main idea #2 development. One of the biggest benefits
2 Give supporting detail would be that children will learn to appreciate
3 Explain or give example other cultures from an early age.
Supporting detail is presented
with a general statement
Outline
II. Adv.
253

3 Explain or give example other cultures from an early age. This is likely
4 Explain more or transition to lead to a healthy social life and improved
psychological and emotional state, which are
far more vital than job security.
Outline
II. Adv.
Supporting detail is explained
1) Cultural edu. → healthy social life with Prediction/Consequence
254

3 Explain or give example other cultures from an early age. This is likely
4 Explain more or transition to lead to a healthy social life and improved
psychological and emotional state, which are
far more vital than job security. In fact,
Outline
research proves that the level of one’s
II. Adv. happiness and his/her income are directly
1) Cultural edu. → healthy social life correlated.
Research does not have to be true. You
just have to make it sound true!
255
Advantage/Disadvantage: Body Paragraphs
In regards to the disadvantages, the main drawback of teaching a foreign language at primary school
is that it may result in underperformance in other vital subjects. Subjects like math, science and
computer programming have real world applications, and allocating time away from these subjects
can lower our children’s employability in the future. For example, digitalization is now displacing
more and more jobs with automation, and as a result, many favor scientific subjects over creative
ones, in order to ensure their children’s job security. However, although this is an understandable
concern, this viewpoint undermines the true value of bilingualism.
Knowing a foreign language will result in significant advantages to the child’s overall development.
One of the biggest benefits would be that children will learn to appreciate other cultures from an
early age. This is likely to lead to a healthy social life and improved psychological and emotional
state, which are far more vital than job security. In fact, research proves that the level of one’s
happiness and his/her income are directly correlated.
256
Next stop is…

for Problem/Solution Questions
257
How to Write Body
Paragraphs
Problem/Solution: Recipe for IELTS Writing Task 2

Problem/Solution
WRITING TASK 2
solve them?
experience.

259
Template #1
1 State main idea #1 I. Causes

2 Give 2 supporting details 1) Lack of time
3 Explain detail #1 2) Lack of money
4 Explain detail #2
Body Paragraph #2 II. Solutions → Government initiative

2) Subsidies
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Problem/Solution Body Para 1
Template #1 In essence, the principal causes of obesity are

two-fold
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
I. Causes
1) Lack of time
2) Lack of money
261

two fold - the fast-paced modern lifestyle
and the poor economic condition endured by
many.
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
I. Causes
1) Lack of time
2) Lack of money
262

two fold - the fast-paced modern lifestyle and
the poor economic condition endured by
many. Firstly, a typical day of average
3 Explain detail #1
working people is marked by a substantial
4 Explain detail #2 lack of time, which can cause them to
5 Transition (optional) prioritize convenience and ease of
accessibility over health.
Outline
I. Causes Detail #1 is explained with
Scenario/Consequence
1) Lack of time
2) Lack of money
263

two fold - the fast-paced modern lifestyle and
the poor economic condition endured by
many. Firstly, a typical day of average
3 Explain detail #1
working people is marked by a substantial
4 Explain detail #2 lack of time, which can cause them to
5 Transition (optional) prioritize convenience and ease of
accessibility over health. Alternatively, there
Outline are those who are unemployed or underpaid
I. Causes and are forced to consume detrimental foods
in an attempt to conserve their short supply
1) Lack of time
of funds.
2) Lack of money
Scenario/Consequence
264
Template #1 Despite these challenges, it is possible to

resolve this health crisis
Transition
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
2) Subsidies
265

resolve this health crisis through educational
campaigns and government subsidies.
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
2) Subsidies
266

National campaigns, which can be promoted
3 Explain detail #1
through social media and street outreach,
4 Explain detail #2 have the power to educate people about the
5 Transition (optional) importance of prioritizing their health over
convenience and time-saving.
Outline
Detail #1 is explained
1) National campaigns with Elaboration (impact)
2) Subsidies
267

National campaigns, which can be promoted
3 Explain detail #1
through social media and street outreach, have
4 Explain detail #2 the power to educate people about the
5 Transition (optional) importance of prioritizing their health over
convenience and time-saving. Moreover, if the
Outline government were to subsidize healthy foods,
II. Solutions → Government initiative it would allow farmers to produce them at a
cheaper cost and lower the price for
consumers as a result.
2) Subsidies
Detail #2 is explained with Scenario/Consequence

268
Problem/Solution: Body Paragraphs
In essence, the principal causes of obesity are two fold - the fast-paced modern lifestyle and the poor
economic condition endured by many. Firstly, a typical day of average working people is marked by
a substantial lack of time, which can cause them to prioritize convenience and ease of accessibility
over health. Alternatively, there are those who are unemployed or underpaid and are forced to
consume detrimental foods in an attempt to conserve their short supply of funds.
Despite these challenges, it is possible to resolve this health crisis through educational campaigns
and government subsidies. National campaigns, which can be promoted through social media and
street outreach, have the power to educate people about the importance of prioritizing their health
over convenience and time-saving. Moreover, if the government were to subsidize healthy foods, it
would allow farmers to produce them at a cheaper cost and lower the price for consumers as a result.
269
Next stop is…

for Discuss/Opinion Questions
270
How to Write Body
Paragraphs

Discuss/Opinion
WRITING TASK 2
experience.

272
Template #2

1 State main idea #1 I. Benefits of more gyms
2 Give supporting detail 1) Easier accessibility
3 Explain or give example ⤷ → increased motivation
Body Paragraph #2 II. Other measures are needed

1 State main idea #2 1) Gov. initiatives
273
Discuss/Opinion Body Para 1
Template #2 It is true that this proposition does offer some

benefits.
Outline
274

benefits. For instance, if a sports facility was
1 State main idea #1 established in every zip code of a city, people
2 Give supporting detail would find it quite convenient and time-
3 Explain or give example efficient to commute to the nearby gym and
4 Explain more or transition as a result would be more likely to work out.
Outline Supporting detail is

explained with Consequence
275

3 Explain or give example efficient to commute to the nearby gym and as
4 Explain more or transition a result would be more likely to work out.
Additionally, gym-goers may come into
contact with other like-minded individuals
Outline
who share similar health goals, which could
I. Benefits of more gyms result in an increased motivation to
1) Easier accessibility exercise.
Supporting detail is further explained
with Speculation and Consequence
276

3 Explain or give example efficient to commute to the nearby gym and as
4 Explain more or transition a result would be more likely to work out.
Additionally, gym-goers may come into
contact with other like-minded individuals
Outline Transition + Position
who share similar health goals, which could
I. Benefits of more gyms result in an increased motivation to exercise.
1) Easier accessibility However, despite these benefits, merely
⤷ → increased motivation increasing the number of gyms is not the
ideal solution.
277
Template #2 In my view, more effective strategies are

needed to promote public health.
State your opinion in the body
3 Explain or give example paragraph that you agree with
Outline
1) Gov. initiatives
278

needed to promote public health. The
1 State main idea #2 government should take the initiative to
2 Give supporting detail promote healthy eating, because research has
3 Explain or give example shown that food plays a larger role in fitness
4 Explain more or transition than exercise.
Outline Here, we have presented our Supporting

Detail, and we have backed it up with
II. Other measures are needed scientific research
1) Gov. initiatives
279

4 Explain more or transition than exercise. National campaigns should be
launched to educate people about their food
choices and economic stability should be
Outline
promoted in underserved communities,
II. Other measures are needed since malnourishment rates tend to be the
1) Gov. initiatives highest in poor areas.
Supporting detail is further explained with
examples of how the gov. can help and the
reasons why the govt. should do this.
280

4 Explain more or transition than exercise. National campaigns should be
launched to educate people about their food
choices and economic stability should be
Outline
promoted in underserved communities, since
II. Other measures are needed malnourishment rates tend to be the highest in
1) Gov. initiatives poor areas. I believe that these measures have
⤷ → education + help poor areas the potential to have the most profound impact
on public health.
281
Discuss/Opinion: Body Paragraphs
It is true that this proposition does offer some benefits. For instance, if a sports facility was
established in every zip code of a city, people would find it quite convenient and time-efficient to
commute to the nearby gym and as a result would be more likely to work out. Additionally, gym-
goers may come into contact with other like-minded individuals who share similar health goals,
which could result in an increased motivation to exercise. However, despite these benefits, merely
increasing the number of gyms is not the ideal solution.
In my view, more effective strategies are needed to promote public health. The government should
take the initiative to promote healthy eating, because research has shown that food plays a larger role
in fitness than exercise. National campaigns should be launched to educate people about their food
choices and economic stability should be promoted in underserved communities, since
malnourishment rates tend to be the highest in poor areas. I believe that these measures have the
potential to have the most profound impact on public health.
282
Next stop is…
How to Write Body Paragraphs for
Opinion Questions
283
How to Write Body
Paragraphs

Opinion
WRITING TASK 2
experience.
285
Template #1

1 State main idea #1 I. Many ignore recycling
2 Give 2 supporting details 1) People will take recycling seriously
3 Explain detail #1 2) Law → build good habits
4 Explain detail #2
Body Paragraph #2 II. Critical for improving planet health

2) Conserves natural resources
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Opinion Body Para 1
Template #1 It is an unfortunate fact that many ignore

recycling either out of ignorance or laziness
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
287
Opinion Body Para 1

recycling either out of ignorance or laziness;
1 State main idea #1 however, legally enforcing this practice would
2 Give 2 supporting details compel residents to pay more attention to
3 Explain detail #1 recycling and result in the formation of
4 Explain detail #2 positive behavior.
Outline
288
Opinion Body Para 1

4 Explain detail #2 positive behavior. Research has shown that
5 Transition (optional) punishing negative behaviors with monetary
penalties motivates people to correct their
Outline behavior in an attempt to preserve their hard-
earned funds.
2) Law → build good habits Detail #1 is explained
with Research
289
Opinion Body Para 1

4 Explain detail #2 positive behavior. Research has shown that
5 Transition (optional) punishing negative behaviors with monetary
penalties motivates people to correct their
Outline behavior in an attempt to preserve their hard-
earned funds. Moreover, consistently
repeating the act of recycling would reinforce
1) People will take recycling seriously it into a lifelong positive habit, which can
2) Law → build good habits inspire others to follow in similar footsteps.
Detail #2 is explained with Prediction/Speculation 290

Opinion Body Para 2
Template #1 The opponents of this proposal should realize

that our environment directly bears the
1 State main idea #2 burden of any residents' negligence toward
2 Give 2 supporting details waste management.
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
II. Critical for improving planet health
291
Opinion Body Para 2

that our environment directly bears the burden
1 State main idea #2 of any residents' negligence toward waste
2 Give 2 supporting details management. In recent years, we have
3 Explain detail #1 witnessed the collapse of ecosystems and
4 Explain detail #2 depletion of natural resources.
Outline
292
Opinion Body Para 2

4 Explain detail #2 depletion of natural resources. Recycling
5 Transition (optional) regulations would ensure that hazardous waste
like chemicals and plastics do not upset any
Outline ecosystems or endanger any marine or
terrestrial species.
1) ↓ Env. pollution Detail #1 is explained with
a Scenario/Speculation
293
Opinion Body Para 2

4 Explain detail #2 depletion of natural resources. Recycling
5 Transition (optional) regulations would ensure that hazardous waste
like chemicals and plastics do not upset any
Outline ecosystems or endanger any marine or
terrestrial species. Additionally, if people
recycled their waste, it would result in the
1) ↓ Env. pollution conservation of natural resources like trees,
2) Conserves natural resources which are routinely cut down to produce our
Detail #2 is explained with everyday items like paper and rubber.
Speculation and a factual example 294
Opinion: Body Paragraphs
It is an unfortunate fact that many ignore recycling either out of ignorance or laziness; however,
legally enforcing this practice would compel residents to pay more attention to recycling and result
in the formation of positive behavior. Research has shown that punishing negative behaviors with
monetary penalties motivates people to correct their behavior in an attempt to preserve their hard-
earned funds. Moreover, consistently repeating the act of recycling would reinforce it into a lifelong
positive habit, which can inspire others to follow in similar footsteps.
The opponents of this proposal should realize that our environment directly bears the burden of any
residents' negligence toward waste management. In recent years, we have witnessed the collapse of
ecosystems and depletion of natural resources. Recycling regulations would ensure that hazardous
waste like chemicals and plastics do not upset any ecosystems or endanger any marine or terrestrial
species. Additionally, if people recycled their waste, it would result in the conservation of natural
resources like trees, which are routinely cut down to produce our everyday items like paper and
rubber.
295
Next stop is…

for Two-Parts Question
296
How to Write Body
Paragraphs

Two Parts
WRITING TASK 2
experience.

298
Template #2

1 State main idea #1 I. How technology shapes relationships
2 Give supporting detail 1) Form new relationships
3 Explain or give example ⤷ Ex. → FB groups, forums, dating app
Body Paragraph #2 II. Pos. dev.

1. Phones, email → brings us closer
299
Two Parts Body Para 1
Template #2 Modern technology has shaped our

relationships in a myriad of ways.
Outline
I. How technology shapes relationships
1) Form new relationships
300
Template #2 Modern technology has shaped our relationships

in a myriad of ways. Social media platforms
1 State main idea #1 have enabled us to not only maintain ties with
2 Give supporting detail the people in our lives, but also to form new
3 Explain or give example relationships.
Outline
1) Form new relationships
301

3 Explain or give example relationships. For example, we can now meet
4 Explain more or transition like-minded people through Facebook groups
and online forums, and even meet potential
mates through dating applications.
Outline
1) Form new relationships Supporting detail is explained
⤷ Ex. → FB groups, forums, dating app with an example
302

3 Explain or give example relationships. For example, we can now meet
4 Explain more or transition like-minded people through Facebook groups
and online forums, and even meet potential
mates through dating applications. In fact, I
Outline
have found three of my business partners on
I. How technology shapes relationships LinkedIn and I first met my wife through a
1) Form new relationships matrimonial website, so it is evident that
⤷ Ex. → FB groups, forums, dating app technology has had a positive influence on our
relationships.
Supporting detail is further explained with
personal experience + position + transition 303
Template #2 Perhaps the most constructive contribution of

technology to relationships has been to bring
1 State main idea #2 people closer to each other, irrespective of
2 Give supporting detail physical distances.
Outline
II. Pos. dev.
304

2 Give supporting detail physical distances. Phones, emails and social
3 Explain or give example media have allowed us to exchange information
4 Explain more or transition at phenomenal speeds.
Outline
II. Pos. dev.
305

4 Explain more or transition at phenomenal speeds. For example, we can
now stay updated with the daily ongoings of
our loved ones, conduct business meetings over
Outline
Skype or collaborate remotely via task
II. Pos. dev. management software.
⤷ Ex. → stay updated, work meetings Supporting detail is
explained with an example
306

4 Explain more or transition at phenomenal speeds. For example, we can now
stay updated with the daily ongoings of our
loved ones, conduct business meetings over
Outline
Skype or collaborate remotely via task
II. Pos. dev. management software. All of these possibilities
1. Phones, email → brings us closer have enhanced personal relationships and
⤷ Ex. → stay updated, work meetings increased work productivity.
Transition + Position
307
Two Parts: Body Paragraphs
Modern technology has shaped our relationships in a myriad of ways. Social media platforms have
enabled us to not only maintain ties with the people in our lives, but also to form new relationships.
For example, we can now meet like-minded people through Facebook groups and online forums,
and even meet potential mates through dating applications. In fact, I have found three of my
business partners on LinkedIn and I first met my wife through a matrimonial website, so it is evident
that technology has had a positive influence on our relationships.
Perhaps the most constructive contribution of technology to relationships has been to bring people
closer to each other, irrespective of physical distances. Phones, emails and social media have
allowed us to exchange information at phenomenal speeds. For example, we can now stay updated
with the daily ongoings of our loved ones, conduct business meetings over Skype or collaborate
remotely via task management software. All of these possibilities have enhanced personal
relationships and increased work productivity.
308
Next stop is…
How to Write Conclusions
309
How to Write
Conclusions

Basics
● Spend about 5 minutes on conclusion

● Should be 2-3 sentences (30-40 words)
● If you’re running out of time, focus on finishing the conclusion. It is very
important to finish the essay for a good score! It is okay to write a 1 sentence
conclusion.
311
Template


4 Explain detail #2

4 Explain detail #2

312
Phrases for Starting Conclusions
● In conclusion,.../To conclude,...
● In summary,.../To summarise,.../To sum up,...
● In general,...
● In short/brief,...
● All in all,...
● Overall,...
● On the whole,...
● To draw the conclusion,...
● All things considered,...
● By and large,...
● Taking everything into consideration/account,...
● Weighing up both sides of the argument,...
● Personally,.../In my view/opinion,.../ (use to express your opinion)
313
Next stop is…
How to Write Conclusions for

Agree/Disagree Questions
314
How to Write
Conclusions

Agree/Disagree
WRITING TASK 2
experience.

316
Our Answer So Far...
Every nation needs citizens who display social commitment and actively work to improve the community for the
welfare of its residents. Since students are the nation’s future, some people have argued that volunteer work
should be a mandatory part of the school curriculum. I strongly agree with this view, because volunteering not
only improves the community as a whole but also builds valuable character traits.
First and foremost, community service develops strong-charactered individuals by exposing them to new
perspectives and encouraging a healthy work ethic. I recall that when I volunteered to clean up the trash in my
high school, I gained an immense appreciation for the arduous work that janitors went through each day to keep
our school tidy. Witnessing such labor with which society members improve our society can impart valuable
lessons about hard work, commitment, and meeting goals and deadlines.
Moreover, volunteering actively improves one's community as a whole. It serves as a bridge that connects
community members with each other and can inspire solutions to community problems. In my experience, the
volunteering program at my high school allowed me to form lifelong friendships with fellow volunteers, which
has strengthened my relationship with my neighborhood. It is also worth noting that such exposure can put
students in touch with the obstacles their community faces, which can inspire them to choose a significant line of
work that directly benefits their community.
317
Agree/Disagree Conclusion
Thesis Position To sum up, teenagers should be made to

partake in volunteer work as part of their
I strongly agree with this view, because high school curriculum, since it will build
strong character traits while simultaneously
community as a whole but also builds
valuable character traits. progressing the community.
Main ideas
Template
318
Agree/Disagree Conclusion
Thesis Position To sum up, teenagers should be made to

partake in volunteer work as part of their high
I strongly agree with this view, because school curriculum, since it will build strong
character traits while simultaneously
community as a whole but also builds
valuable character traits. progressing the community. As a firm believer
in this approach, I suggest that every high
Main ideas school across the nation should take this
proposal into serious consideration and
Template implement it into their school agenda.

319
Full Essay (294 words)
Every nation needs citizens who display social commitment and actively work to improve the community for the welfare of its
residents. Since students are the nation’s future, some people have argued that volunteer work should be a mandatory part of the
school curriculum. I strongly agree with this view, because volunteering not only improves the community as a whole but also
builds valuable character traits.
First and foremost, community service develops strong-charactered individuals by exposing them to new perspectives and
encouraging a healthy work ethic. I recall that when I volunteered to clean up the trash in my high school, I gained an immense
appreciation for the arduous work that janitors went through each day to keep our school tidy. Witnessing such labor with which
society members improve our society can impart valuable lessons about hard work, commitment, and meeting goals and
deadlines.
Moreover, volunteering actively improves one's community as a whole. It serves as a bridge that connects community members
with each other and can inspire solutions to community problems. In my experience, the volunteering program at my high school
allowed me to form lifelong friendships with fellow volunteers, which has strengthened my relationship with my neighborhood.
It is also worth noting that such exposure can put students in touch with the obstacles their community faces, which can inspire
them to choose a significant line of work that directly benefits their community.
To sum up, teenagers should be made to partake in volunteer work as part of their high school curriculum, since it will build
strong character traits while simultaneously progressing the community. As a firm believer in this approach, I suggest that every
high school across the nation should take this proposal into serious consideration and implement it into their school agenda.
320
Next stop is…

Questions
321
How to Write
Conclusions
Advantage/Disadvantage: Recipe for Task 2

WRITING TASK 2
experience.
323
A growing number of parents are enrolling their children in foreign language classes for well-rounded linguistic
development. In this regard, some educators propose that primary school is the best place for learning another
language instead of secondary school. This essay will explore both, the advantages and disadvantages of this
proposal, and demonstrate why its proponents are correct.
In regards to the disadvantages, the main drawback of teaching a foreign language at primary school is that it may
result in underperformance in other vital subjects. Subjects like math, science and computer programming have
real world applications, and allocating time away from these subjects can lower our children’s employability in
the future. For example, digitalization is now displacing more and more jobs with automation, and as a result,
many favor scientific subjects over creative ones, in order to ensure their children’s job security. However,
although this is an understandable concern, this viewpoint undermines the true value of bilingualism.
Knowing a foreign language will result in significant advantages to the child’s overall development. One of the
biggest benefits would be that children will learn to appreciate other cultures from an early age. This is likely to
lead to a healthy social life and improved psychological and emotional state, which are far more vital than job
security. In fact, research proves that the level of one’s happiness and his/her income are directly correlated.
324
Advantage/Disadvantage Conclusion
Thesis In conclusion, while studying a foreign

language in primary school does have some
This essay will explore both, the advantages drawbacks, they are temporary and
and disadvantages of this proposal, and outweighed by the significant benefits of
demonstrate why its proponents are correct. this approach
Position Main ideas
Template
325
Advantage/Disadvantage Conclusion
Thesis In conclusion, while studying a foreign

language in primary school does have some
This essay will explore both, the advantages drawbacks, they are temporary and
and disadvantages of this proposal, and outweighed by the significant benefits of this
demonstrate why its proponents are correct. approach, which is why I would urge school
boards to introduce foreign language classes
Position Main ideas
as early as possible.
Template
326
Full Essay (272 Words)
A growing number of parents are enrolling their children in foreign language classes for well-rounded linguistic
development. In this regard, some educators propose that primary school is the best place for learning another language
instead of secondary school. This essay will explore both, the advantages and disadvantages of this proposal, and
demonstrate why its proponents are correct.
In regards to the disadvantages, the main drawback of teaching a foreign language at primary school is that it may result in
underperformance in other vital subjects. Subjects like math, science and computer programming have real world
applications, and allocating time away from these subjects can lower our children’s employability in the future. For
example, digitalization is now displacing more and more jobs with automation, and as a result, many favor scientific
subjects over creative ones, in order to ensure their children’s job security. However, although this is an understandable
concern, this viewpoint undermines the true value of bilingualism.
Knowing a foreign language will result in significant advantages to the child’s overall development. One of the biggest
benefits would be that children will learn to appreciate other cultures from an early age. This is likely to lead to a healthy
social life and improved psychological and emotional state, which are far more vital than job security. In fact, research
proves that the level of one’s happiness and his/her income are directly correlated.
In conclusion, while studying a foreign language in primary school does have some drawbacks, they are temporary and
outweighed by the significant benefits of this approach, which is why I would urge school boards to introduce foreign
language classes as early as possible.
327
Next stop is…

Problem/Solution Questions
328
How to Write
Conclusions
Problem/Solution: Recipe for IELTS Writing Task 2

Problem/Solution
WRITING TASK 2
solve them?
experience.

330
Maintaining optimal health is crucial for living a healthy lifestyle and avoiding diseases and disorders.
Unfortunately, some nations are now witnessing an increase in the average weight of their population and a
decline in their health and well-being. This essay will highlight the principal causes of these issues and possible
solutions to resolve them.
In essence, the principal causes of obesity are two fold - the fast-paced modern lifestyle and the poor economic
condition endured by many. Firstly, a typical day of average working people is marked by a substantial lack of
time, which can cause them to prioritize convenience and ease of accessibility over health. Alternatively, there are
those who are unemployed or underpaid and are forced to consume detrimental foods in an attempt to conserve
their short supply of funds.
Despite these challenges, it is possible to resolve this health crisis through educational campaigns and government
subsidies. National campaigns, which can be promoted through social media and street outreach, have the power
to educate people about the importance of prioritizing their health over convenience and time-saving. Moreover, if
the government were to subsidize healthy foods, it would allow farmers to produce them at a cheaper cost and
lower the price for consumers as a result.
331
Problem/Solution Conclusion
Thesis To conclude, although many nations are

currently experiencing declining health, such
This essay will highlight the principal causes challenges can be resolved with careful
of these issues and possible solutions to planning.
resolve them.
Main ideas
Template
332
Problem/Solution Conclusion
Thesis To conclude, although many nations are

currently experiencing declining health, such
This essay will highlight the principal causes challenges can be resolved with careful
of these issues and possible solutions to planning. I would advise the food and health
resolve them. administrations of nations facing such issues
to allocate a significant portion of taxpayer
Main ideas
funds to improve the well-being of their
citizens through educational campaigns and
Template subsidies.

333
Maintaining optimal health is crucial for living a healthy lifestyle and avoiding diseases and disorders. Unfortunately, some
nations are now witnessing an increase in the average weight of their population and a decline in their health and well-
being. This essay will highlight the principal causes of these issues and possible solutions to resolve them.
In essence, the principal causes of obesity are two fold - the fast-paced modern lifestyle and the poor economic condition
endured by many. Firstly, a typical day of average working people is marked by a substantial lack of time, which can cause
them to prioritize convenience and ease of accessibility over health. Alternatively, there are those who are unemployed or
underpaid and are forced to consume detrimental foods in an attempt to conserve their short supply of funds.
Despite these challenges, it is possible to resolve this health crisis through educational campaigns and government
subsidies. National campaigns, which can be promoted through social media and street outreach, have the power to educate
people about the importance of prioritizing their health over convenience and time-saving. Moreover, if the government
were to subsidize healthy foods, it would allow farmers to produce them at a cheaper cost and lower the price for consumers
as a result.
To conclude, although many nations are currently experiencing declining health, such challenges can be resolved with
careful planning. I would advise the food and health administrations of nations facing such issues to allocate a significant
portion of taxpayer funds to improve the well-being of their citizens through educational campaigns and subsidies.
334
Next stop is…

Discuss/Opinion Questions
335
How to Write
Conclusions

Discuss/Opinion
WRITING TASK 2
experience.

337
In many nations, the average weight of people is increasing, and their level of well-being is declining. In this regard, it
is proposed that expanding the number of gyms is the most effective way to boost the health of the general public,
although many disagree and contend that other measures are needed. In my opinion, the proposal of expanding the
number of gyms is an insufficient measure; however, this essay will explore both aspects of this discussion.
It is true that this proposition does offer some benefits. For instance, if a sports facility was established in every zip
code of a city, people would find it quite convenient and time-efficient to commute to the nearby gym and as a result
would be more likely to work out. Additionally, gym-goers may come into contact with other like-minded individuals
who share similar health goals, which could result in an increased motivation to exercise. However, despite these
benefits, merely increasing the number of gyms is not the ideal solution.
In my view, more effective strategies are needed to promote public health. The government should take the initiative to
promote healthy eating, because research has shown that food plays a larger role in fitness than exercise. National
campaigns should be launched to educate people about their food choices and economic stability should be promoted in
underserved communities, since malnourishment rates tend to be the highest in poor areas. I believe that these measures
have the potential to have the most profound impact on public health.
338
Discuss/Opinion Conclusion
Thesis Position All things considered, while increasing the

number of gyms would have some benefits, it
In my opinion, this proposal is an insufficient would be an inadequate measure.
measure; however, this essay will explore
both aspects of this discussion.
Main ideas
Template
339
Discuss/Opinion Conclusion
Thesis Position All things considered, while increasing the

number of gyms would have some benefits, it
In my opinion, this proposal is an insufficient would be an inadequate measure. I would
measure; however, this essay will explore advise health committees to instead focus on
both aspects of this discussion. exploring more effective measures, such as
education and incentivization.
Main ideas
Template
340
In many nations, the average weight of people is increasing, and their level of well-being is declining. In this regard, it is
proposed that expanding the number of gyms is the most effective way to boost the health of the general public, although
many disagree and contend that other measures are needed. In my opinion, the proposal of expanding the number of gyms is
an insufficient measure; however, this essay will explore both aspects of this discussion.
It is true that this proposition does offer some benefits. For instance, if a sports facility was established in every zip code of
a city, people would find it quite convenient and time-efficient to commute to the nearby gym and as a result would be more
likely to work out. Additionally, gym-goers may come into contact with other like-minded individuals who share similar
health goals, which could result in an increased motivation to exercise. However, despite these benefits, merely increasing
the number of gyms is not the ideal solution.
In my view, more effective strategies are needed to promote public health. The government should take the initiative to
promote healthy eating, because research has shown that food plays a larger role in fitness than exercise. National
campaigns should be launched to educate people about their food choices and economic stability should be promoted in
underserved communities, since malnourishment rates tend to be the highest in poor areas. I believe that these measures
have the potential to have the most profound impact on public health.
All things considered, while increasing the number of gyms would have some benefits, it would be an inadequate measure. I
would advise health committees to instead focus on exploring more effective measures, such as education and
incentivization.
341
Next stop is…
Ho w t
Concl o Write
Opini usi o n
o n Q u s fo r
estion
s
342
How to Write
Conclusions

Opinion
WRITING TASK 2
experience.
344
The growing pollution and the resulting environmental concerns have stirred a crucial debate. Some
environmentalists claim that due to public's negligence towards proper waste disposal, recycling should be legally
enforced. I strongly agree with this proposal, since a legal mandate will compel citizens to take recycling more
seriously and result in the recovery of our planet’s health.
It is an unfortunate fact that many ignore recycling either out of ignorance or laziness; however, legally enforcing
this practice would compel residents to pay more attention to recycling and result in the formation of positive
behavior. Research has shown that punishing negative behaviors with monetary penalties motivates people to
correct their behavior in an attempt to preserve their hard-earned funds. Moreover, consistently repeating the act
of recycling would reinforce it into a lifelong positive habit, which can inspire others to follow in similar
footsteps.
The opponents of this proposal should realize that our environment directly bears the burden of any residents'
negligence toward waste management. In recent years, we have witnessed the collapse of ecosystems and
depletion of natural resources. Recycling regulations would ensure that hazardous waste like chemicals and
plastics do not upset any ecosystems or endanger any marine or terrestrial species. Additionally, if people recycled
their waste, it would result in the conservation of natural resources like trees, which are routinely cut down to
produce our everyday items like paper and rubber. 345
Opinion Conclusion
Thesis Position All in all, I firmly believe that recycling

should be mandated by law and enforced
I strongly agree with this proposal, since a with hefty fines to encourage the public to
legal mandate will compel citizens to take take recycling seriously and aid in the
recycling more seriously and result in the recovery of our planet’s health.
Main ideas
Template
346
Opinion Conclusion
Thesis Position All in all, I firmly believe that recycling

should be mandated by law and enforced with
I strongly agree with this proposal, since a hefty fines to encourage the public to take
legal mandate will compel citizens to take recycling seriously and aid in the recovery of
recycling more seriously and result in the our planet's health. I would suggest the
recovery of our planet’s health. government to make this legislation a top
Main ideas priority and urgently implement it for the
benefit of all.
Template
347
The growing pollution and the resulting environmental concerns have stirred a crucial debate. Some environmentalists claim
that due to public's negligence towards proper waste disposal, recycling should be legally enforced. I strongly agree with
this proposal, since a legal mandate will compel citizens to take recycling more seriously and result in the recovery of our
planet’s health.
It is an unfortunate fact that many ignore recycling either out of ignorance or laziness; however, legally enforcing this
practice would compel residents to pay more attention to recycling and result in the formation of positive behavior.
Research has shown that punishing negative behaviors with monetary penalties motivates people to correct their behavior in
an attempt to preserve their hard-earned funds. Moreover, consistently repeating the act of recycling would reinforce it into
a lifelong positive habit, which can inspire others to follow in similar footsteps.
The opponents of this proposal should realize that our environment directly bears the burden of any residents' negligence
toward waste management. In recent years, we have witnessed the collapse of ecosystems and depletion of natural
resources. Recycling regulations would ensure that hazardous waste like chemicals and plastics do not upset any ecosystems
or endanger any marine or terrestrial species. Additionally, if people recycled their waste, it would result in the conservation
of natural resources like trees, which are routinely cut down to produce our everyday items like paper and rubber.
All in all, I firmly believe that recycling should be mandated by law and enforced with hefty fines to encourage the public to
take recycling seriously and aid in the recovery of our planet's health. I would suggest the government to make this
legislation a top priority and urgently implement it for the benefit of all.
348
Next stop is…

Two-Parts Questions
349
How to Write
Conclusions

Two Parts
WRITING TASK 2
experience.

351
There is no doubt that technology has had a significant bearing on all facets of our life, including work, education, and
communication. This impact is particularly noticeable in modern-day relationships, which have been remarkably
enhanced through telephones, video-conferencing, emails, and social media platforms. This essay will explore how
technology has impacted our relationships and why this has been a positive development.
Modern technology has shaped our relationships in a myriad of ways. Social media platforms have enabled us to not
only maintain ties with the people in our lives, but also to form new relationships. For example, we can now meet like-
minded people through Facebook groups and online forums, and even meet potential mates through dating applications.
In fact, I have found three of my business partners on LinkedIn and I first met my wife through a matrimonial website,
so it is evident that technology has had a positive influence on our relationships.
Perhaps the most constructive contribution of technology to relationships has been to bring people closer to each other,
irrespective of physical distances. Phones, emails and social media have allowed us to exchange information at
phenomenal speeds. For example, we can now stay updated with the daily ongoings of our loved ones, conduct
business meetings over Skype or collaborate remotely via task management software. All of these possibilities have
enhanced personal relationships and increased work productivity.
352
Two Parts Conclusion
Thesis In summary, technology has had a significant

impact on every aspect of our relationships
This essay will explore how technology has and has enhanced our social ties by bridging
impacted our relationships and why this has the distance between people.
been a positive development.
Main ideas Position
Template
353
Two Parts Conclusion
Thesis In summary, technology has had a significant

impact on every aspect of our relationships
This essay will explore how technology has and has enhanced our social ties by bridging
impacted our relationships and why this has the distance between people. As such, we
been a positive development. should embrace the role of technology in our
lives and encourage new developments in this
Main ideas Position
field.
Template
354
There is no doubt that technology has had a significant bearing on all facets of our life, including work, education, and
communication. This impact is particularly noticeable in modern-day relationships, which have been remarkably enhanced
through telephones, video-conferencing, emails, and social media platforms. This essay will explore how technology has
impacted our relationships and why this has been a positive development.
Modern technology has shaped our relationships in a myriad of ways. Social media platforms have enabled us to not only
maintain ties with the people in our lives, but also to form new relationships. For example, we can now meet like-minded
people through Facebook groups and online forums, and even meet potential mates through dating applications. In fact, I
have found three of my business partners on LinkedIn and I first met my wife through a matrimonial website, so it is evident
that technology has had a positive influence on our relationships.
Perhaps the most constructive contribution of technology to relationships has been to bring people closer to each other,
irrespective of physical distances. Phones, emails and social media have allowed us to exchange information at phenomenal
speeds. For example, we can now stay updated with the daily ongoings of our loved ones, conduct business meetings over
Skype or collaborate remotely via task management software. All of these possibilities have enhanced personal relationships
and increased work productivity.
In summary, technology has had a significant impact on every aspect of our relationships and has enhanced our social ties
by bridging the distance between people. As such, we should embrace the role of technology in our lives and encourage new
developments in this field.
355
Next stop is…
How to Check Your Work
356
Check Your Essay

Basics
● Ideally, you should have 5 minutes left over for checking your work
● Use this time to correct small errors that are easy to fix
What is the difference between a Band 6 and a Band 7?
“To help child learn the difference between right and wrong teachers and parents should provide
first good role modelling in their own behevior.”
“To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong , teachers and parents should first
provide good role modelling in their own behavior.”
358
To Check or Not to Check
5 minutes is short amount of time. You should not check the elements which take too long to find
or fix (unless you have extra time). Focus on correcting small errors.
What NOT to Check What to Check

● The structure of your essay ● Word order/missing words
● How strong your arguments are ● Plurality (singular/plural/countable)
● Main ideas, supporting details and ● Subject-verb agreements
examples ● Articles (a/an/the)
● Synonyms and paraphrasing ● Prepositions
● Tenses ● Spelling
● Word formation
● Punctuation
359
Checking Exercise Pause and fix the mistakes!
Employees get job satisfaction in number of ways. Firstly a person need to feel that
they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback with superiors is very
importance in this respect. A sense of fulfilling is also encouraged if an worker feel the
is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole.
Secondly, the amount right of challenge are also important for enjoying ones work.
when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills at training
opurtunities, there is a sense of progression and purpose that rewards a worker.
Word order/missing words Plurality Subject-verb agreements Articles (a/an/the)

Prepositions Spelling Word formation Punctuation 360
Checking Exercise
Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways. Firstly, a person needs to feel that
they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superiors is very
important in this respect. A sense of fulfilment is also encouraged if an the worker
feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a
whole. Secondly, the right amount of challenge are is also important for enjoying
one’s work. When someone feels they are improving or developing their skills at
through training opportunities, there is a sense of progression and purpose that
rewards a worker.
Word order/missing words Plurality Subject-verb agreements Articles (a/an/the)

Prepositions Spelling Word formation Punctuation 361
Next stop is…
Part 3: Putting It All

Together!
362
Practice Question 1
Cooking: Real exam question answered in real-time

The subject of male to female student ratio in university classes has been a trending topic in recent debates on gender equality.
In this regard, it is proposed that university seats should be equally allocated between male and female students for every
course. However, I strongly disagree with this view, because focusing on gender would undermine national progress and lead to
inequality towards well-qualified students.
To begin with, implementing this proposal would degrade the productivity of our nation by wasting the talents of skilled
individuals and setting up students to underperform. Disqualifying deserving students from a class simply to maintain the set
ratio of male to female students will waste their precious time and delay their graduation and employment, which will
negatively impact our national economy. Furthermore, such a proposal would undermine the importance of hard work and result
in underperformance as students learn to rely more on their gender for acceptance into university classes than their competence.
Ironically, such an attempt to create gender equality in universities would give rise to a new form of inequality. Many deserving
students would be deprived of equal educational opportunity and this can demotivate students to pursue further education.
Numerous hardworking students take their education very seriously and to disqualify them from a class only because of their
gender would be a great injustice. In fact, such injustice can easily demotivate students as they lose faith in the educational
system or begin to doubt their abilities.
In conclusion, university seats should not be equally distributed between male and female students, because focusing on gender
would undermine national progress and result in inequality towards well-qualified students. As such, I strongly urge school
boards across our nation to reject such proposals.
364
Breakdown of
Strategy
Practice Question 1: Cooking for Writing Task 2

Template #1


4 Explain detail #2

4 Explain detail #2

366
Practice Question #1
WRITING TASK 2 Underlining keywords can help to make

sure that you understand the question
Universities should accept equal numbers of male and female students in every subject.
experience.
Write at least 250 words. Choose ONE side only! You can partly agree, but it’s easier to
just simplify it and pick one side
367
Outline
I. Undermine national progress

Universities should accept equal numbers
1. Wasting talents/time
of male and female students in every
2. Lead to underperformance
subject.
II. Create inequality
To what extent do you agree or disagree? 1. Deprive deserving students
2. Demotivate students
Position/Opinion: Strongly disagree
368
Introduction
Universities should accept equal numbers of The subject of male to female student ratio in
male and female students in every subject. university classes has been a trending topic in
recent debates on gender equality.
Template
This general statement tells us
about the recent development
2 Paraphrase question statement related to the topic
369
Introduction
Template
2 Paraphrase question statement related to the topic
370
Introduction
recent debates on gender equality. In this
regard, it is proposed that university seats
Template
should be equally allocated between male and
2 Paraphrase question statement female students for every course.
371
Introduction
Template
2 Paraphrase question statement female students for every course.
Outline
1) Wasting talents/time
2) Lead to underperformance
1) Deprive deserving students
2) Demotivate students
372
Introduction
Template
2 Paraphrase question statement female students for every course. However, I
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) strongly disagree with this view, because
focusing on gender would undermine
national progress and lead to inequality
Outline
towards well-qualified students.
373
Our Essay So Far...
374
Body Para 1
To begin with, implementing this proposal

Template #1 would degrade the productivity of our
1 State main idea #1 nation
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
375
Body Para 1

Template #1 would degrade the productivity of our
1 State main idea #1 nation
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
376
Body Para 1

Template #1 would degrade the productivity of our nation
1 State main idea #1 by wasting the talents of skilled individuals
2 Give 2 supporting details and setting up students to underperform.
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
377
Body Para 1

3 Explain detail #1 Disqualifying deserving students from a class
simply to maintain the set ratio of male to
4 Explain detail #2
female students will waste their precious time
and delay their graduation and employment,
which will negatively impact our national
Outline
economy.
1) Wasting talents/time Elaboration/Consequence
378
Body Para 1

3 Explain detail #1 Disqualifying deserving students from a class
simply to maintain the set ratio of male to
4 Explain detail #2
female students will waste their precious time
and delay their graduation and employment,
which will negatively impact our national
Outline
economy. Furthermore, such a proposal would
I. Undermine national progress undermine the importance of hard work and
1) Wasting talents/time result in underperformance as students learn to
2) Lead to underperformance rely more on their gender for admission than
their competence.
Explained with Speculation/Consequence 379
Our Essay So Far...
380
Body Para 2
Ironically, such an attempt to create gender

Template #1 equality in universities would give rise to a
1 State main idea #2 new form of inequality.
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
381
Body Para 2

1 State main idea #2 new form of inequality.
3 Explain detail #1
4 Explain detail #2
Outline
382
Body Para 2

1 State main idea #2 new form of inequality. Many deserving
2 Give 2 supporting details students would be deprived of equal
3 Explain detail #1 educational opportunity and this can
demotivate students to pursue further
4 Explain detail #2
education.
Outline
383
Body Para 2

4 Explain detail #2
education. Numerous hardworking students
take their education very seriously and to
disqualify them from a class only because of
Outline
their gender would be a great injustice.
2) Demotivate students Detail #1 is explained with Elaboration
384
Body Para 2

4 Explain detail #2
education. Numerous hardworking students
take their education very seriously and to
disqualify them from a class only because of
Outline
their gender would be a great injustice. In fact,
II. Create inequality such injustice can easily demotivate students
1) Deprive deserving students as they lose faith in the educational system or
2) Demotivate students begin to doubt their abilities.
Explained with Speculation/Consequence

385
Our Essay So Far...
Ironically, such an attempt to create gender equality in universities would give rise to a new form of inequality. Many deserving
386
Conclusion
Thesis Position In conclusion, university seats should not be

equally distributed between male and female
However, I strongly disagree with this view, students, because focusing on gender would
because focusing on gender would undermine
undermine national progress and result in
towards well-qualified students. inequality towards well-qualified students.
Main ideas
Template
387
Conclusion
Thesis Position In conclusion, university seats should not be

equally distributed between male and female
However, I strongly disagree with this view, students, because focusing on gender would
because focusing on gender would undermine
undermine national progress and result in
towards well-qualified students. inequality towards well-qualified students. As
such, I strongly urge school boards across our
Main ideas nation to reject such proposals.
Template
388
Ironically, such an attempt to create gender equality in universities would give rise to a new form ofParagraphing/spacing
inequality. Many deserving
In conclusion, university seats should not be equally distributed between male and female students, because focusing on gender
would undermine national progress and result in inequality towards well-qualified students. As such, I strongly urge school
boards across our nation to reject such proposals.
389
Breakdown of Ingredients for
Practice Question 1
390
Breakdown of
Ingredients

The subject of male to female student ratio in university classes has been a trending topic in recent debates on gender
equality. In this regard, it is proposed that university seats should be equally allocated between male and female
students for every course. However, I strongly disagree with this view, because focusing on gender would undermine
national progress and lead to inequality towards well-qualified students.
To begin with, implementing this proposal would degrade the productivity of our nation by wasting the talents of
skilled individuals and setting up students to underperform. Disqualifying deserving students from a class simply to
maintain the set ratio of male to female students will waste their precious time and delay their graduation and
employment, which will negatively impact our national economy. Furthermore, such a proposal would undermine the
importance of hard work and result in underperformance as students learn to rely more on their gender for acceptance
into university classes than their competence.
Ironically, such an attempt to create gender equality in universities would give rise to a new form of inequality. Many
deserving students would be deprived of equal educational opportunity and this can demotivate students to pursue
further education. Numerous hardworking students take their education very seriously and to disqualify them from a
class only because of their gender would be a great injustice. In fact, such injustice can easily demotivate students as
they lose faith in the educational system or begin to doubt their abilities.
In conclusion, university seats should not be equally distributed between male and female students, because focusing on
gender would undermine national progress and result in inequality towards well-qualified students. As such, I strongly
urge school boards across our nation to reject such proposals.
392
Cohesive Devices
In conclusion, university seats should not be equally distributed between male and female students, because focusing on
gender would undermine national progress and result in inequality towards well-qualified students. As such, I strongly
urge school boards across our nation to reject such proposals.
393
Coordinating Conjunctions (Compound Sentences)
In conclusion, university seats should not be equally distributed between male and female students, because focusing
on gender would undermine national progress and result in inequality towards well-qualified students. As such, I
strongly urge school boards across our nation to reject such proposals.
These don’t form compound sentences. Instead, they form complex verb phrases, so use them too! 394
Subordinating Conjunctions (Complex Sentences)
395
Relative Pronouns
396
Voice
Active Voice . Passive Voice . 397
Tenses
. Present Simple . . Present Perfect . . Future Simple . . Modal Tenses . 398
Collocations
strongly urge + urge school boards + school boards across + across our nation + urge to reject + reject such proposals 399
Vocabulary
. Vocabulary from Question . . New Vocabulary . You’ll only score points for vocabulary by using new words 400
Next stop is…
Practice Question 2 in
Real-Time
401
Practice Question 2
Cooking: Real exam question answered in real-time

There are many competing views on the pedagogy of raising children. In this regard, some educators believe that
encouraging children to compete is most beneficial to their development, whereas others argue in favor of teaching
cooperation. It is my view that both skills are essential to the well-rounded development of children, and as such, this
essay will explore both facets of this debate and show why both are necessary.
Teaching competition serves an important role in kids’ development. A competitive attitude can compel children to
push beyond their current limitations. For example, in my childhood, it was the drive to be better than the competing
team at soccer that motivated me and my team to put in extra hours of practice, which eventually led to our victory in
many soccer tournaments and helped us to discover our athletic potential. Let us now turn to the other side of this
debate.
No less important is the role of teaching students to cooperate with each other. Such cooperation can prepare students
to be good team players and understand the value of other people’s perspectives. For example, I remember that in my
early childhood education, our teachers assigned us projects in which all the kids were required to collectively
brainstorm solutions to various problems. As a result, we were able to solve puzzles faster and accelerate our learning.
In summary, a healthy balance of both, competition and cooperation, is vital for the well-rounded maturation of
children. Therefore, I would advise schools to introduce a wide range of activities that incorporate both these essential
skills into their teaching curriculum.
403
Breakdown of
Strategy

Template #2




405
Practice Question #2
WRITING TASK 2 Underlining keywords can help to make

sure that you understand the question
Some people think that a sense of competition in children should be encouraged. Others
believe that children who are taught to co-operate rather than compete become more useful
adults.
experience.
406
Outline
I. Benefits of competition
Some people think that a sense of
1. Push their boundaries
competition in children should be
⤷ Ex. → Soccer
encouraged. Others believe that children
who are taught to co-operate rather than II. Benefits of cooperation
compete become more useful adults. 1. Teamwork
⤷ Ex. → Brainstorming projects
Discuss both these views and give your
own opinion.
Position/Opinion: Both are important
407
Introduction
Some people think that a sense of competition in There are many competing views on the
children should be encouraged. Others believe that pedagogy of raising children.
children who are taught to co-operate rather than
compete become more useful adults.
Template about the recent development
1 Give general statement related to the topic
408
Introduction
Some people think that a sense of competition in The subject of male to female student ratio in
children should be encouraged. Others believe that university classes has been a trending topic in
Template This general statement tells us

1 Give general statement related to the topic
409
Introduction
children should be encouraged. Others believe that pedagogy of raising children. In this regard,
some educators believe that encouraging
children to compete is most beneficial to their
Template development, whereas others argue in favor of
1 Give general statement teaching cooperation.
410
Introduction
1 Give general statement teaching cooperation.
Outline
1) Push their boundaries
⤷ Ex. → Soccer
II. Benefits of cooperation
1) Teamwork
⤷ Ex. → Brainstorming projects 411
Introduction
1 Give general statement teaching cooperation. It is my view that both
2 Paraphrase question statement skills are essential to the well-rounded
3 State thesis (position + main ideas) development of children, and as such, this
essay will explore both facets of this debate
Outline and show why both are necessary.
⤷ Ex. → Soccer
1) Teamwork
⤷ Ex. → Brainstorming projects 412
Our Essay So Far...
413
Body Para 1
Teaching competition serves an important role

Template #2 in kids’ development.
Outline
⤷ Ex. → Soccer
414
Body Para 1

Template #2 in kids’ development.
Outline
⤷ Ex. → Soccer
415
Body Para 1

Template #2 in kids’ development. A competitive attitude
1 State main idea #1 can compel children to push beyond their
2 Give supporting detail current limitations.
Outline
⤷ Ex. → Soccer
416
Body Para 1

2 Give supporting detail current limitations.
Outline
⤷ Ex. → Soccer
417
Body Para 1

2 Give supporting detail current limitations. For example, in my
childhood, it was the drive to be better than
the competing team at soccer that motivated
me and my team to put in extra hours of
practice, which eventually led to our victory in
Outline many soccer tournaments and helped us to
discover our athletic potential.
Explained with an example
⤷ Ex. → Soccer from personal experience and
consequence
418
Body Para 1

2 Give supporting detail current limitations. For example, in my
childhood, it was the drive to be better than
the competing team at soccer that motivated
me and my team to put in extra hours of
practice, which eventually led to our victory in
Outline many soccer tournaments and helped us to
discover our athletic potential. Let us now turn
to the other side of this debate.
⤷ Ex. → Soccer
419
Our Essay So Far...
debate.
420
Body Para 2
No less important is the role of teaching

Template #2 students to cooperate with each other.
Outline
1) Teamwork
421
Body Para 2

Template #2 students to cooperate with each other.
Outline
1) Teamwork
422
Body Para 2

Template #2 students to cooperate with each other. Such
1 State main idea #2 cooperation can prepare students to be good
2 Give supporting detail team players and understand the value of
other people’s perspectives.
Outline
1) Teamwork
423
Body Para 2

2 Give supporting detail team players and understand the value of
other people’s perspectives.
Outline
1) Teamwork
424
Body Para 2

2 Give supporting detail team players and understand the value of other
people’s perspectives. For example, I
remember that in my early childhood
education, our teachers assigned us projects in
which all the kids were required to
Outline collectively brainstorm solutions to various
problems.
1) Teamwork Explained with an example
⤷ Ex. → Brainstorming projects from personal experience
425
Body Para 2

2 Give supporting detail team players and understand the value of other
people’s perspectives. For example, I
remember that in my early childhood
education, our teachers assigned us projects in
which all the kids were required to
Outline collectively brainstorm solutions to various
problems. As a result, we were able to solve
puzzles faster and accelerate our learning.
1) Teamwork
Further explained with
consequence
426
Our Essay So Far...
Teaching competition serves as important role in kids’ development. A competitive attitude can compel children to
debate.
427
Conclusion
Thesis Position In summary, a healthy balance of both,

competition and cooperation, is vital for the
It is my view that both, competition and well-rounded maturation of children.
cooperation, are essential to the well-rounded
development of children, and as such, this
essay will explore both facets of this debate
and show why both skills are necessary.
Main ideas
Template
428
Conclusion
Thesis Position In summary, a healthy balance of both,

competition and cooperation, is vital for the
It is my view that both, competition and well-rounded maturation of children. As a
cooperation, are essential to the well-rounded
result, I would advise schools to introduce a
development of children, and as such, this
essay will explore both facets of this debate wide range of activities that incorporate both
and show why both skills are necessary. these essential skills into their teaching
curriculum.
Main ideas
Template
429
debate.
430
debate. Paragraphing/spacing
‘Softener words’ to avoid overgeneralization431
Next stop is…
Breakdown of Ingredients for

Practice Question 2
432
Breakdown of
Ingredients

cooperation. In my view, both skills are essential to the well-rounded development of children, and as such, this essay
will explore both facets of this debate and show why both are necessary.
debate.
children. As a result, I would advise schools to introduce a wide range of activities that incorporate both these
essential skills into their teaching curriculum.
434
Cohesive Devices
debate.
brainstorm solutions to various problems. As a result, we were able to solve puzzles faster and accelerate our
learning.
435
Coordinating Conjunctions (Compound Sentences)
debate.
These don’t form compound sentences. Instead, they form complex verb phrases, so use them too! 436
Subordinating Conjunctions (Complex Sentences)
debate.
437
Relative Pronouns
debate.
438
Voice
debate.
Active Voice . Passive Voice . 439

Tenses
debate.
. Past Simple . . Present Simple . . Future Simple . . Modal Tenses . 440

Collocations
many soccer tournaments, and helped us to discover our athletic potential. Let us now turn to the other side of this
debate.
brainstorm solutions to various problems. As a result, we were able to solve puzzles faster and accelerate our
learning.
advise schools to introduce + introduce a wide range + a wide range of activities + activities that incorporate + ... 441
Vocabulary
encouraging children to compete is most beneficial to their development, whereas others argue in favor
of teaching cooperation. In my view, both skills are essential to the well-rounded development of children, and as
such, this essay will explore both facets of this debate and show why both are necessary.
many soccer tournaments, and helped us to discover our athletic potential. Let us now turn to the other side of this
debate.
. Vocabulary from Question . . New Vocabulary . You’ll only score points for vocabulary by using new words 442
Next stop is…
Final Tips for Your

Success!
443
Final Tips
What to do before your exam…

The Day Before the Test
● Lightly review any content you’re still struggling with

○ Don’t use this day (or night) as an intense study session
○ Spend no more than 1-2 hours for review
○ Use this day to relax and refresh your mind and body
● Know where the test is and how to get there

○ Check the map and make sure you know how long it will take to get there
● Don’t stay up at night to prepare for your exam! Get a good night’s sleep
○ Research shows that students who sleep at least seven hours the night before a test
typically score higher than those who get only six hours of sleep.
○ Get as much sleep as you need to feel well rested and prepared for your test.
445
The Day Before the Test
● Set an alarm (or two or three)

○ Try not to set more than three alarms, and keep them at most 10-15 minutes apart so
that you don't end up accidentally oversleeping.
● Get together everything you’ll need for the test

○ Prepare all the materials you’ll need for your test the night before
○ So what do you need to bring to the test?
446
What things to bring for the IELTS exam?
● Your original and valid passport.

○ Driving licences and student IDs are not accepted as identification.
● Print out of the confirmation email for the test
○ This document will be stamped
● 2 colored photocopies of your passport
○ In case you have not sent the photocopies or uploaded them with your application
● 4 colored passport-sized photographs of yourself
○ In case the photo uploaded in the registration form is not clear
447
What things to bring for the IELTS exam?
● Stationary items
○ Carry your own pencils, sharpener, erasers and pens (ballpoint pen with black/blue
ink) in case your test center does not provide them
● Water bottle (optional)
○ Should be transparent without any writing or labels on it
○ Not allowed in some test centers. In this case, a water facility will most probably be
available.
● Snacks (optional)
○ Not allowed in the test room, but you can eat while waiting to go into the examination
hall (sometimes, it can be a long wait)
448
The Day of the Test
● Eat a healthy, filling breakfast

○ Good brain foods to eat before a test include:
■ Whole grains (oatmeal, granola, quinoa, etc.)
■ Fresh fruit and vegetables
● Confirm that you have everything you need to take with you to the test
● Be on time
○ Aim to get to your test center at least 30 minutes before your test
○ If you arrive after the test starts, you will not be allowed to take the test
● Go to the bathroom
○ Use the restroom before leaving your house 449
Right Before the Test
● Gotta pee?
○ Use bathroom before the test, as there are no bathroom breaks in the exam.
○ To use the restroom during the test, raise your hand to ask the examiner.
○ Don’t go during your listening test, because the listening test will not stop and you
will miss the answers (and get a lower score as a result).
○ If you must, then go to the toilet during your reading or writing test.
● Stay calm and positive

○ It’s normal to feel nervous before an exam, just relax and do your best
○ Focus on deep breathing to calm your nerves and reduce your anxiety
○ If possible, stretch your arms and legs to get your blood flowing.
450
We have arrived!
451
Congratulations!
452
Get Our Other IELTS Courses On Udemy 👇
IELTS Writing Task 1 Academic [MASTERCLASS] IELTS Listening [MASTERCLASS]
IELTS Speaking [MASTERCLASS] IELTS Reading Academic [MASTERCLASS]
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1

I. INTRODUCTION D. How to Write Introductions

IELTS Writing Task 1 Academic [MASTERCLASS] IELTS Listening [MASTERCLASS]

IELTS Speaking [MASTERCLASS] IELTS Reading Academic [MASTERCLASS]

mastership.co Learn from the

How to use vocabulary

How to use correct Real exam practice questions

How to write introductions Final tips for your

● Hi, I’m Shay

● A test of English proficiency

● Find out which IELTS test you need before taking it

IELTS is jointly owned by:

● Use this link to register: ielts.org/book-a-test/how-do-i-register

● IELTS takes 2 hours and 45 minutes to finish

● It is a paper-based exam, so handwriting and spelling are important!

Sections and Academic Writing

Total Test Time

Fundamentals of IELTS Writing Task 2

mastership.co Learn from the

● Write an essay on a certain point of view, issue or problem

● Worth twice as many points as Task 1

● 40 minutes total to finish Task 2

● 4 paragraphs, 13-18 sentences total

● 250 words minimum, but aim for about 280 words

● Quality of writing is more important than quantity!

● Use a pencil for easier corrections

Outline Introduction Body Para 1 Body Para 2 Conclusion Check Work

40-50 words 90-100 words 90-100 words 30-40 words

3 sentences 4-6 sentences 4-6 sentences 2-3 sentences

5 minutes 5 minutes 10 minutes 10 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes

mastership.co Learn from the

Write about the following topic:

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Write at least 250 words.

To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Write at least 250 words. Your opinion is required and you

Write about the following topic:

Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

Write at least 250 words.

WRITING TASK 2 Choose ONE side only!

Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?

Write at least 250 words.

Do NOT state your opinion, as it is not required

Write about the following topic:

Write at least 250 words.

Write about the following topic:

Write about the following topic:

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Write at least 250 words.

Write about the following topic:

Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

Write about the following topic:

Write at least 250 words.

WRITING TASK 2 It is best to just pick one side and express

Write about the following topic:

Has this become a positive or negative development?

Write at least 250 words.

How to Get a High Score

mastership.co Learn from the

25% 25% 25% 25%

● An important resource for preparing for your exam

● Fully addresses all parts of the task