(IELTS AT Writing Task 1) THE BOOK by Mastership (Skillshare)

1
Table of Contents
I. Introduction 6. Maps → 176

A. Welcome Aboard → 4 III. Part 2: Recipe
B. Fundamentals → 16 D. Basic Strategy → 184
C. Types of Questions → 20 E. How to Write Introductions
D. How to Get a High Score → 38 1. Basics → 187
E. How This Course is Structured → 45 2. Trend Graphs → 195
II. Part I: Ingredients 3. Comparative Graphs → 209
A. First Ingredient: Task Achievement → 49 4. Process Diagrams → 223
B. Second Ingredient: Coherence & Cohesion → 56 5. Maps → 231
C. Third Ingredient: Grammatical Range & Accuracy F. How to Write Overviews
1. Basics → 66 1. Basics → 236
2. Tenses → 69 2. Trend Graphs → 243
3. Articles & Agreement → 81 3. Comparative Graphs → 265
4. Active vs. Passive Voice → 86 4. Process Diagrams → 285
5. Simple & Compound Sentences → 93 5. Maps → 291
6. Complex Sentences → 103 G. How to Write Specific Details
7. Correlative Conjunctions → 111 1. Basics → 296
8. Relative Clauses → 116 2. Trend Graphs → 303
9. Combining Elements → 121 3. Comparative Graphs → 317
10. Punctuation → 124 4. Process Diagrams → 331
11. Writing Numbers → 134 5. Maps → 339
D. Fourth Ingredient: Lexical Resource IV. Part 3: Cooking - Putting it All Together
1. Basics → 138 D. Practice Question 1 → 345
2. Basic Vocabulary → 142 E. Breakdown of Practice Question 1 → 348
3. Trend Graphs → 150 F. Practice Question 2 → 365
4. Comparative Graphs → 161 G. Breakdown of Practice Question 2 → 368
5. Process Diagrams → 171 H. Final Tips → 385 2
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3
Welcome Aboard!
Introduction
mastership.co Learn from the world’s best IELTS course.

How to meet all task requirements
How to get a
high score
Types of questions How to use cohesive devices
How to use vocabulary
How to use correct Full breakdown of practice

How to write introductions grammar questions
How to write overviews Final tips for your

success
Real exam practice questions
How to write specific details
5
About me
● Hi, I’m Shay

● IELTS instructor and the captain of our ship
● 8+ years of IELTS teaching experience
● CELTA English teaching certification
● B.A. in Communication & Language
● Taught in 11 countries around the world
● Helped many students to score Band 7+
● Read testimonials at mastership.co/testimonials
● Contact us at ielts@mastership.co
6
What is IELTS?
● A test of English proficiency

● It stands for “International English Language Testing System”
● Two main types:
○ Academic (mainly used by college and universities for admission decisions)
○ General (mainly used by employers and for immigration purposes)
● Find out which IELTS test you need before taking it
7
Who makes the IELTS?
IELTS is jointly owned by:

● IDP Education
● The British Council
● Cambridge English Language Assessment
8
Who makes the IELTS?
IELTS is jointly owned by:

● IDP Education
● The British Council
● Cambridge English Language Assessment
For this reason, we will practice using the Cambridge
books. I strongly suggest you get the Cambridge
IELTS books, because IELTS is a paper-based test.
9
How can you take the IELTS?
● Use this link to register: ielts.org/book-a-test/how-do-i-register

● Regular testing dates are available each month
○ You may need to register 2 weeks ahead of time
● Select time/date/location
● Fill out an application and pay the fee
○ Currently, it costs USD 200, EUR 190 or GBP 115
● Provide a copy of your passport
10
Exam Overview
● IELTS takes 2 hours and 45 minutes to finish

● 4 parts (with equal scoring): Reading, Listening, Writing, Speaking
● Exam is divided into two major sections:
○ Paper Exam: Includes Listening, Reading and Writing (all must be finished in one
session)
○ Speaking Exam: Includes Speaking test only (scheduled separately)
● This is an English test. You don’t need any specialized background knowledge
11
Exam Overview
● No breaks in between
○ Develop your stamina by practicing with full-length practice tests
● It is a paper-based exam, so handwriting and spelling are important!

○ You will not get points for wrong spelling
● No penalty for wrong answers. Guess when you don’t know the answer!
12
Listening
4 sections, 40 items
30 minutes
Academic Reading
Breakdown 3 sections, 40 items
60 minutes
of Sections Academic Writing

and Timing 2 tasks, 60 minutes
Speaking
11 to 14 minutes
Total Test Time

2 hours 44 minutes 13
Reading & Listening Answer Sheet Writing Answer Sheet
14
Next stop is…
Fundamentals of IELTS Writing Task 2

15
Academic IELTS
Writing Task 1
Fundamentals

Basics
● Write a report on an infographic - graph, chart, table or diagram
● Worth half as many points as Task 2
● Only spend 20 minutes on Task 1
● 150 words minimum, but try to keep it under 200 words
● Quality of writing is more important than quantity! You can get band 9 with 150 words
● Factual in nature - no opinions are required - Do not use the words, I, you, we, us
● Multiple question types - The same basic strategy applies to every question type
● 4 paragraphs, 8-11 sentences total
● Use a pencil for easier corrections
17
Paragraph Breakdown
1) Introduction 2) Overview 3) Paragraph 3 4) Paragraph 4
Paraphrase Summarize Key details Key details
1-2 sentences 2-3 sentences 2-3 sentences 2-3 sentences
2-3 minutes 3-5 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes

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Next stop is…
Types of Questions
19
Types of Questions
Introduction to Academic IELTS Writing Task 1

4 Main Types of Questions
Trends Comparative Process Map

Some infographics You must compare data You must describe a You must compare maps
require you to compare with all infographics, but process or cycle in a from two different time
the changes over a period especially when no trends number of stages periods with each other
of time are present 21
Trend Graphs
22
Line Graph (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1 US Energy Consumption by Fuel

You should spend about 20 minutes on this (1980-2030)
task.
The graph below gives information from a

2008 report about consumption of energy in
the USA since 1980 with projections until
2030.
Summarize the information by selecting and

reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

23
Bar Graph (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1 UK telephone calls, by category,

You should spend about 20 minutes on this
1995-2002
task.
The chart below shows the total number of

minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the
UK divided into three categories, from
1995-2002.


24
Table (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1 Sales of Fairtrade-labelled* coffee and

You should spend about 20 minutes on this bananas (1999 & 2004)
task. Coffee 1999 (millions of euros) 2004 (millions of euros)
UK 1.5 20
The tables below give information about sales Switzerland 3 6
of Fairtrade*-labelled coffee and bananas in Denmark 1.8 2
1999 and 2004 in five European countries. Belgium 1 1.7
Sweden 0.8 1

Bananas 1999 (millions of euros) 2004 (millions of euros)
Switzerland 15 47
comparisons where relevant. UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Write at least 150 words. Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
*Fairtrade: a category of products for which farmers from developing countries have
been paid an officially agreed fair price. 25
Pie Chart (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1
task.
The charts below give information on the ages

of the populations of Yemen and Italy in 2000
and projections for 2050.

26
Comparative Graphs
27
Bar Graph (Comparative)
WRITING TASK 1 Expenditure on consumer goods by

France and UK - 2010
task.
The chart below shows the expenditure of two

countries on consumer goods in 2010.

28
Table (Comparative)
WRITING TASK 1 Percentage of national consumer

You should spend about 20 minutes on this expenditure by category - 2002
task.
Country Food/ Clothing/ Leisure/
Drinks/ Footwear Education
The table below gives information on Tobacco
consumer spending on different items in five
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
different countries in 2002.
Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
reporting the main features, and make Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%
Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%
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Pie Chart (Comparative)
WRITING TASK 1
task.
The first chart below shows how energy is used

in an average Australian household. The
second chart shows the greenhouse gas
emissions which result from this energy use.


30
Mixed Charts (Comparative)
WRITING TASK 1
task.
The pie chart below shows the main reasons

why agricultural land becomes less productive.
The table shows how these causes affected
three regions of the world during the 1990s.


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Processes
32
Process (Numbered)
WRITING TASK 1
task.
The diagrams below show the life cycle of a

species of a large fish called the salmon.

33
Process (Unnumbered)
WRITING TASK 1
task.
The diagrams below show the stages and

equipment used in the cement-making
process, and how cement is used to produce
concrete for building purposes.


34
Maps
35
Map
WRITING TASK 1
task.
The two maps below show an island, before

and after the construction of some tourist
facilities.

36
Next stop is…
How to Get a High Score
37
How to Get a 7+
High Score
Introduction to Academic IELTS Writing Task 1

How Writing Task 1 is Scored
25% 25% 25% 25%

Coherence & Grammatical Range Lexical Resource
Task Achievement
Cohesion & Accuracy (Vocabulary)
Each band descriptor category is scored on a band of 0-9 and then averaged for the total score
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Band Descriptors
● An important resource for preparing for your exam

● It will give you a good sense of how IELTS examiners evaluate and assign
band scores for the Writing tasks
● It tells you exactly what score you will get if you do (or don’t do) certain
things
● Let’s see what the Writing Task 1 Band Descriptors look like…
40
What you must do to score well
Band Task Achievement
● Fully satisfies all the requirements of the task

9
● Clearly presents a fully developed response
● Covers all requirements of the task sufficiently

8 ● Presents, highlights and illustrates key features/bullet points clearly and
appropriately
● Covers the requirements of the task

● (Academic) Presents a clear overview of main trends, differences or stages
● (General Training) Presents a clear purpose, with the tone consistent and
7
appropriate
● Clearly presents and highlights key features/bullet points but could be more
fully extended
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Band Coherence & Cohesion
● Uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention

9
● Skilfully manages paragraphing
● Sequences information and ideas logically

8 ● Manages all aspects of cohesion well
● Uses paragraphing sufficiently and appropriately
● Logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression

● throughout
7
● Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some
under-/over-use
42
Band Grammatical Range and Accuracy
● Uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy; rare minor
9
errors occur only as ‘slips’
● Uses a wide range of structures

8 ● The majority of sentences are error-free
● Makes only very occasional errors or inappropriacies
● Uses a variety of complex structures

7 ● Produces frequent error-free sentences
● Has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few errors
43
Band Lexical Resource
● Uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of
9
lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as ‘slips’
● Uses a wide range of vocabulary fluently and flexibly to convey precise

meanings
8 ● Skilfully uses uncommon lexical items but there may be occasional inaccuracies
in word choice and collocation
● Produces rare errors in spelling and/or word formation
● Uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision

7 ● Uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation
● May produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation
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How This Course
Is Structured
Introduction: An overview of this course

We have split this Writing Task 1 course into
3 parts…
I. Ingredients II. Recipe III. Cooking
4 components of Task 1 The strategy for Task 1: Putting it all together!

● Task Achievement ● Introduction ● Answering questions in
● Cohesion & Coherence ● Overview real-time (exam setting)
● Grammatical Range ● Paragraph 3 ● Breakdown of answers
● Lexical Resource ● Paragraph 4
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Next stop is…
First Ingredient: Task

Achievement
47
Part 1: Ingredients
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Task Achievement
The first ingredient in Writing Task 1

Basics
According to the Band Descriptors, to achieve band 7 or higher, you must:
1. Cover the requirements of the task by writing about everything in the

question
2. Present a clear overview of main trends, differences or stages
3. Clearly present and highlight key features
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How to know which information is key?
The following features are important and
should be discussed:
● Starting and ending points

● Highest and lowest points
● Turning point
● Interesting changes
● Striking differences
Striking differences may be or may not be

present in the highest/lowest data points
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How to know which information is key?
The following features are important and
should be discussed:
● Starting and ending points

● Highest and lowest points
● Turning point
● Interesting changes
● Striking differences
These key features are not present in this

type of infographic
52
Accuracy
● Make sure that you use the correct units of measurement
● Use words like approximately, about, around, nearly, to avoid inaccuracy
In 1999, local fixed-line calls reached a peak of 90

billion minutes.
In 1999, local fixed-line calls reached a peak of 90

minutes.
In 1999, local fixed-line calls reached a peak of 90.
Mobiles surged in use from about 3 billion minutes in

1995 to nearly 45 billion minutes in 2002.
Mobiles surged in use from 3 billion minutes in 1995

to 45 billion minutes in 2002.
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An Overview of Structure
Paragraph Requirements
Paraphrase the question language in your own

Introduction
words
Describe the start/end and highest/lowest data

Overview
points
Split the infographic into two halves and describe

Paragraph 3 (Key Details)
the key numeric details of the first half
Describe the key numeric details of the second

Paragraph 4 (Key Details)
half of the infographic
Structure allows you address all parts of

the task and clearly present your ideas
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Second Ingredient:
Cohesion & Coherence
55
Coherence &
Cohesion
The second ingredient in Writing Task 1

Basics
1. Logically organise your information and ideas with a clear structure
Introduction Overview Para 3 (Details) Para 4 (Details)
2. Connect sentences and paragraphs together with cohesive devices (words

like however, moreover, furthermore, therefore, etc.)
57
What are Cohesive Devices?
Cohesive devices are words and phrases that link your ideas together to make your essay
flow smoothly. They are the glue that stick your sentences and paragraphs to each other.
Example
In 1979, apples, which were consumed at an average of 225 grams per person per week,
were by far the most popular of all foods. Oranges and bananas were eaten in similar
quantities (around 150 grams), while much fewer grapes were consumed (just over 50
grams). However, during this 25-year period, the consumption of oranges and bananas fell
dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of
grapes also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although they
remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.
58
What are Cohesive Devices?
Cohesive devices are words and phrases that link your ideas together to make your essay
flow smoothly. They are the glue that stick your sentences and paragraphs to each other.
Example
Note that relative pronouns and Conjunctions and Relative Pronouns will be
conjunctions also act as cohesive devices discussed in detail in the Grammar section
59
Cohesive Devices
Overview Opening Sequence Addition
Overall, Considering… First/Firstly, Additionally,
Generally, Regarding…, Second/Secondly, Furthermore,
Generally speaking, In regards to… Last/Lastly… Moreover,
In general, Moving on to… Initially/Finally ...as well as…
In brief/short, In terms of…, Meanwhile, ...not only _____, but
By and large, Specifically, Subsequently, also...
Basically, To be specific, Eventually, In addition to…,
As a rule, When it comes to… Immediately, On top of that…
Essentially, With respect to… Before/After Besides…
On the whole, During/While… Another point…
All things considered, Simultaneously, Another reason is…
Following this…
… followed by…
60
Cohesive Devices
Comparison Contrast Cause/Effect Emphasis
Similarly, Alternatively, Thus, Above all,
Likewise, On the contrary, Therefore, Mainly,
Equally, In/by contrast, Consequently, In particular,
Compared with/to On the other hand, As a consequence, ...particularly…
In comparison, Conversely, As a result of… ...especially…
Similar to... Nevertheless, ...due to… ...notably…
… as _____ as… Nonetheless, ...leading to… ...remarkably…
like... Though/Although ...resulting in… Certainly,
Even though... Because of… Absolutely,
Despite/In spite of… Hence… Undoubtedly,
While/Whereas… Thereby… There is no doubt…
Unlike… Owing to… Precisely
Instead, For this reason… Surely
61
Cohesive Devices
Illustration Qualification Reference Clarification
As an example, If… ...former/latter To put it simply,
For instance, Although… In relation to… That is to say,
For example, Unless… …, respectively In other words,
Among others, …, except… In proportion to… In short/brief,
…, such as… As long as… Such… In fact,
...namely, Apart from… This/that... To clarify,
To cite an example, Provided that… In essence,
As an evidence, In case… To be more precise,
To illustrate, Whether… To put it another way,
...illustrated by… Regardless of…
In the case of… Despite of…
Otherwise…
Now that…
62
Describing Durations of Time
Beginning During End
At the beginning of the Over the period From 1990 to 2000, By the end of the
period, covered by the graph, period,
Between 1990 and
At the start of the Throughout the 2000, By the period’s end,
period, measured/recorded/
studied period, After/By/In 1990, In the final
Originally, week/month of the
Over/During the period During/In the period,
Commencing from of… 1990s/mid-1990s,
1990, The last quarter of the
During the next two In/By January, year…
In the first half of the months/quarters,
year, Previous month/year,
Within a time span of Next year/ quarter,
For the first quarter, three years,
A year later,
Within two years,
63
Paragraphing
You can either indent each paragraph or skip a line when you start a new paragraph, but do
not mix both formats or change them midway - choose only one format and stick to it
Indent Skip a Line

The pie chart presents the primary causes The pie chart presents the primary causes for
for the degradation of farmland, while the table the degradation of farmland, while the table
highlights the manner in which these factors highlights the manner in which these factors
influenced three areas of the world in the 1990s. influenced three areas of the world in the 1990s.
In brief, over-grazing of land is the leading
cause of global land deterioration, while In brief, over-grazing of land is the leading cause
unspecified reasons account for the lowest of global land deterioration, while unspecified
amount of land decay. Furthermore, Europe has reasons account for the lowest amount of land
experienced the most significant amount of total decay. Furthermore, Europe has experienced the
land degradation, whereas North America has most significant amount of total land
suffered the least. degradation, whereas North America has
suffered the least.
64
Next stop is…
Third Ingredient:
Grammatical Range & Accuracy
65
Grammatical Range
& Accuracy
The third ingredient in Writing Task 1

Basics
1. Use a range of different sentence types and word orders

a. Show off your ability to form a variety of compound and complex sentences
2. Use complex sentences, but also simple sentences to boost accuracy

a. The longer the sentence, the more likely you are to make a mistake. By using some simple
sentences, you can decrease your errors and increase your score.
3. The vast majority of your sentences (over 50%) should be error-free

4. Use punctuation (commas, apostrophes, capital letters, etc.) appropriately
67
Next stop is…
Grammatical Range:
Tenses
68
Tenses
Grammatical Range & Accuracy: Writing Task 1

Which Tense to Use?
● If the year is before the present year (e.g. 1990), use the past tenses
● If the year is after the present year (e.g. 2050), use the future tenses
● If there is no year, use the present simple tense
● In general, don’t change the tenses half way through the sentence unless the
timing of an action requires it
○ Let’s explore this concept in a bit more detail…
70
When NOT to Change the Tense
Do no change the tense when there is NO time change for the action
Incorrect: During the lecture, Jane stood up and drops her phone.
Past Tense Present Tense
Correct: During the lecture, Jane stood up and dropped her phone.
Past Tense Past Tense
Correct: During the lecture, Jane stands up and drops her phone.
Present Tense Present Tense

71
When to Change the Tense
Change the tense only when there is a need to do so
● Usually, the timing of the actions within a sentence will dictate when the tense must
be changed
Correct: When Jane comes here, we will go to the movies.
1st action will happen in the future

2nd action will happen after the first action
Correct: Sam reached for the apple after he had already eaten two oranges.
2nd action happened in the past

(after the first action) 1st action happened in the past
72
Present
Tense
73
UK telephone calls, by category,
1995-2002
Past Tense
74
Future
Tense
75
US Energy Consumption by Fuel
Mixed (1980-2030)
Tenses
76
Present Tenses
Perfect
Simple Continuous Perfect
Continuous
Shows that an action Shows that an action

Shows that an ongoing
Shows repetition, has happened once or started in the past and
Description habit or generalization
action is happening
many times before has continued until
now
now now
XXXXXXXXX X X
Timeline
P Now F P Now F P Now F P Now F
I am eating rice right I have eaten all of the I have been eating rice
Example I eat rice everyday.
now. rice. for 2 hours.
Subject, Verb, S+ ‘am/is/are’ + S + ‘have/has been’ +

S + V1 + O S + ‘have/has’ + V3 + O
Object (V+ing) + O (V+ing) + O
77
Past Tenses
Perfect
Simple Continuous Perfect
Continuous
Shows that a Shows that an action Shows that something Shows that something
completed action took was ongoing in past happened before started in the past and
Description place at a specific time (sometimes this action another action in the continued up until
in the past may be interrupted) past another action in past
X X X X X X
Timeline
I had been eating rice

I was eating rice when I had eaten all of the
Example I ate rice yesterday.
you arrived. rice when you arrived.
for 2 hours when you
arrived.
Subject, Verb, S + ‘was/were’ + S + ‘had been’ +

S + V2 + O S + ’had’ + V3 + O
Object (V+ing) + O (V+ing) + O
78
Future Tenses
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous
Show that an action Shows that something Shows that something

Shows that an action
will continue in the will happen before will continue up until a
Description will happen in the
future (this action may another action in the particular event or time
future
be interrupted) future in the future
X X X X X X
Timeline
I will have eaten the I will have been eating

I will eat rice I will be eating rice
Example tomorrow. when you arrive.
pizza by the time you pizza for 2 hours when
arrive. you arrive.
Subject, Verb, S + ‘will be’ + (V+ing) + S + ‘will have been’ +

S + ‘will’ + V + O S + ‘will have’ + V3 + O
Object O (V+ing) +O
79
Next stop is…
Grammatical Range:
Articles & Agreement
80
Articles &
Agreement

Articles (‘the’)
There are numerous rules to using the definite article ‘the.’ However, for IELTS essays, the
rules listed below are the most relevant:
Use ‘the’ when the reader knows exactly to whom or what you are referring.
1. When mentioning something again. I planted a tree in my garden. The tree is now big.
2. With superlative adjectives: China had the highest growth rate.
3. When making a statement about all things referred to by a singular countable noun:
The dolphin is a very intelligent animal. All dolphins are very intelligent animals.
4. When discussing groups of people: the elderly, the poor, the wealthy, the employed
5. When the figure is an important part of the noun phrase: The number of mangoes sold
in Britain was surprisingly high.
82
Articles (‘a/an’)
There are numerous rules to using the indefinite articles ‘a’ and ‘an.’ However, for the IELTS
essays, the rules listed below are the most relevant:
Use ‘a’ or ‘an’ with singular countable nouns when the reader does not know exactly to
whom or what we are referring:
1. When showing that something or someone is part of a group

○ There is a way to prevent crime rates from rising. One way out of several
2. When saying something about all things of that kind

○ A teacher has the responsibility of educating our children. Not a specific teacher
3. Do not use ‘a/an ’ when referring to uncountable nouns or plurals

○ The price of oil stabilized by January. Uncountable noun
○ There are many Italians living in New York. Plural noun
83
Subject-Verb Agreement
Subjects and Verbs must agree with each other in number (singular or plural). If a subject is
singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
Incorrect Correct
Future discoveries is based on past Future discoveries are based on past

knowledge. knowledge.
People improves their life by learning from People improve their life by learning from
their past mistakes. their past mistakes.
Reflecting on our past help us to make Reflecting on our past helps us to make
better decisions. better decisions.
84
Next stop is…
Grammatical Range:
Active & Passive Voice
85
Active & Passive
Voice

Active vs. Passive Voice
In English, voice refers to the relationship between subject and verb. There are two voices:
Active Voice Passive Voice
Subject does the Verb Verb is done to the subject
Example: The dog bit the boy. Example: The boy was bitten by the dog.
Subject Verb Object Object Verb Subject
87
Active Voice
Active voice is best used for conveying simple, straightforward ideas and actions. This voice
is far more common than the passive voice, because it is:
● more direct and concise (to-the-point)

● easier to understand
● less awkward in structure
● clearer in indicating the relationship between different parts of a sentence
Example: I fed my dog yesterday. (This is clear and simple)
My dog was fed by me yesterday. (This is strange and unnecessarily complicated)
Note that both sentences are grammatically correct, but this particular idea is best
conveyed with active voice.
88
Passive Voice
Passive voice is primarily used in these two situations:
● When we do not want to say, or do not know, who did the action.
● When focusing on the recipient of the action is more important.
Examples: Shoplifters were arrested. (No need to say ‘by the police’’ because it is obvious)
My car was stolen. (By whom? We don’t know)
The road is being repaired. (We are only interested in the road, not in the people
who are repairing it)
The poem was written by Shakespeare.

Shakespeare wrote the poem.
(Both sentences have the same meaning but in the first one, the emphasis is on ‘the
poem,’ whereas in the second one, the emphasis on Shakespeare) 89
Passive Voice To form passive voice, use different forms of ‘to be’
Tense Passive Formation Examples

Present Simple is/are + past participle The food is eaten.
Present Continuous is/are being + past participle The food is being eaten.
Present Perfect have/has been + past participle The food has been eaten.
Past Simple was/were + past participle The food was eaten.
Past Continuous was/were being + past participle The food was being eaten.
Past Perfect had been + past participle The food had been eaten.
Future Simple will be/going to be + past participle The food will be eaten.
Future Continuous will be being + past participle The food will be being eaten.
Future Perfect will have been + past participle The food will have been eaten.
90
Example
Active Voice . Passive Voice . 91

Next stop is…
Grammatical Range:
Simple & Compound
Sentences
92
Simple & Compound
Sentences

Simple Sentences
If you’re taking this course, you should already know how to construct simple sentences
Subject + Verb + (Object) = Simple Sentence
Taxes should be increased.

Children are the future of our nation.
Community service develops strong-charactered individuals.
As you can see, simple sentences can include other basic elements, such as prepositions,
articles, etc.
94
Compound Sentences
Independent Clause + Independent Clause(s) = Compound Sentence
Idea is complete , coordinating conjunction for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Britain invested over 1 million pounds in books, and France only invested 100,000.
Switzerland ranked the highest in 1999, but it was outranked by Britain the following year.
Coordinating Conjunctions Words that create compound

(placed between two independent sentences
clauses, with a comma)
95
Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions Examples
The proposed legislation seems promising, but it has

but
several drawbacks.
It is common knowledge that exercise is healthy, yet

yet
many people never go to gyms.
Germany and France both experienced significant

and
growth in 2002.
Those who are unemployed or underpaid are forced to

or
consume unhealthy foods to save costs.
96
Coordinating Conjunctions Examples
When a coordinating conjunction
The proposed legislation seems promising, but it has
but
connects two independent
clauses, a comma is always used several drawbacks.
It is common knowledge that exercise is healthy, yet

yet
many people never go to gyms.
Germany and France both experienced significant

and conjunction
When a coordinating
growth in 2002.
connects words/phrases, then
do not use a comma*
Those who are unemployed or underpaid are forced to
or
consume unhealthy foods to save costs.
* Placing a comma before “and” in a list is optional → I love books, movies, and music.
97
List of Coordinating Conjunctions
F
98
List of Coordinating Conjunctions
F for
A and
N nor
B but
O or
Y yet
S so
99
When to Use Compound Sentences?
Use them to give details and add richness to your sentences
1999 (millions of 2004 (millions of

Bananas
euros) euros)
Switzerland 15 47
UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
Example: Oceania experienced a 13% land Example: Considering bananas, Switzerland

degradation, but none from over-cultivation. earned the highest revenue in 1999, and it also
more than tripled its sales in 2004.
100
Example
The most important coordinating conjunctions are the

ones that join two independent clauses together, because
they help us form Compound Sentences
. Coordinating Conjunctions . 101

Grammatical Range:
Complex Sentences
102
Complex Sentences

Complex Sentences
Dependent Clause(s) + Independent Clause(s) = Complex Sentence
Idea is incomplete Idea is complete
Whereas Britain invested over 1 million pounds in books, France only invested 100,000.
Switzerland ranked the highest in 1999, although it was outranked by Britain the following
year.
Subordinating Conjunctions Words that create complex sentences

(placed at the beginning of the
dependent clause)
104
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions Examples
Although this proposal has some drawbacks, its

Although…,
advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
Despite the new regulations, many people still do not

Despite…,
fully disclose their income to the government.
… unless Walking is better than driving unless one is in a hurry.
It is important to consider one’s financial situation

… before… , unless
before travelling abroad, unless one is wealthy.
Certainly this could happen, although the odds are

… although
remote.
105
Subordinating Conjunctions Examples
If dependent clause comes before
independent clause, place the comma
at the end of Although…,
the dependent clause
Although this proposal has some drawbacks, its
advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
If the dependent clause comes
after the independent clause, the Despite the new regulations, many people still do not
Despite…,
comma is usually NOT used fully disclose their income to the government.
… conjunction
If a subordinating unless is Walking is better than driving unless one is in a hurry.
used to give extra information (as a
qualification or an afterthought), It is important to consider one’s financial situation
… before…
then you must , unless
use a comma before travelling abroad, unless one is wealthy.
‘Although’ is an exception. Comma is Certainly this could happen, although the odds are
… although
almost always used when ‘although’ remote.
appears in the middle of a sentence
106
List of Subordinating Conjunctions
while even until instead of
whereas as unless in order to
though as long as now that within
although as soon as so that without
as though since provided that before
even though because rather than after
if despite when whether
as if except which
even if besides wherever
if only once whenever
107
When to Use Complex Sentences?
Use them to compare and contrast two pieces of data
Example: In general, it is evident that in 1995, Example: Although the island used to be vacant
local fixed-line calls were the most prominent and undeveloped in the past, it is now fully
choice, whereas mobiles were the least popular. developed and equipped with tourist facilities.
108
Example
Note the use of Comma is placed at the end of Comma is used when
subordinating conjunctions to the dependent clause if the subordinating conjunction is
make comparisons dependent clause comes before used to add an afterthought
the independent clause
. Subordinating Conjunctions . 109

Next stop is…
Grammatical Range:
Correlative Conjunctions
110
Correlative
Conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions come in pairs, as a team. You must use both of them in different
places in a sentence to make them work. They connect words and phrases together.
Correlative Conjunctions Examples
either...or Many ignore recycling either out of ignorance or laziness.
both...and Vegetables are both nutritious and tasty.
A comma is not usually used between the two components of a correlative conjunction, unless
other elements are present
Relative Pronoun
Neither Germany, which only grew by 2.4%, nor France saw

neither...nor
significant growth in banana sales.
112
It is very important that the structure after the first part of the pair should always be
exactly parallel in form to the structure after the second part. In other words, nouns should
be linked to nouns, adjectives to adjectives, prepositional phrases to prepositional phrases, etc.
Incorrect Correct
Parents should neither yell at their children nor Parents should neither yell at their children nor
be punishing them. punish them.
I used to love both swimming competitively and I used to love both swimming competitively and
to play golf. playing golf.
Vegetables not only are delicious but also healthy. Vegetables are not only delicious but also healthy.
Parents can either send their children to a Parents can send their children to either a
traditional school or to a home school. traditional school or a home school
113
List of Correlative Conjunctions
as … as
both … and
either … or
neither … nor
not … but
not only … but also
whether … or
114
Next stop is…
Grammatical Range: Relative Clauses
115
Relative Clauses

Relative Clauses
Defining Relative Clause Non-defining Relative Clause
● Necessary in a sentence. Without it, ● Not necessary in a sentence, because

the noun remains incomplete. the idea is complete even without it
● Used to clarify who or what you are ● Used to give extra information about
talking about the noun in a sentence
● No comma before relative pronoun ● Need comma before relative pronoun
Example: Belgium is the country that sold Example: Belgium earned 1.7 million euros
the most coffee. from coffee sales, which made it the most
profitable country.
117
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns They refer to... Examples
Sam’s mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6
who people
grandchildren.
Overgrazing represented the primary cause of
which/that things global land depletion, which accounted for
approximately 30% of land degradation.
The only country where the population declined
where places
was Australia.
The period when mobile phones plummeted in
when times
demand was the month of December.
whose possession The only country whose sales declined was Yemen.
The reason why they migrated to the nearby
why reason
islands is not clear.
118
Relative Pronouns
Relative Pronouns They refer to... Examples
Non-defining Relative Clause Sam’s mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6
who
Extra information about the people
grandchildren.
noun (use comma)
Overgrazing represented the primary cause of
which/that things global land depletion, which accounted for
approximately 30% of land degradation.
The only country where the population declined
where places
Defining Relative Clause was Australia.
Clarification of what we’re
The period when mobile phones plummeted in
talking about
when(no comma) times
demand was the month of December.
whose possession The only country whose sales declined was Yemen.
The reason why they migrated to the nearby
why reason
islands is not clear.
119
Next stop is…
Grammatical Range: Combining Elements
120
Combining Elements

Combining Elements
To form even more complex sentences, you can combine subordinating and coordinating
conjunctions, and/or relative pronouns.
The consumption of grapes also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so
although they remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.
The production of coal not only declined in 2006, but also remained at an all-time low for the
next five years, whereas solar energy, which was the most popular energy source, doubled in
demand in the same year and remained at an all-time high for the following decade.
Subordinating Conjunctions . Coordinating Conjunctions . Correlative Conjunctions . Relative Pronoun. Active Voice 122
Next stop is…
Grammatical Range:
Punctuation
123
Punctuation

Punctuation
. 1) Periods: Use a period at the end of informative sentences in your paragraphs
! 2) Exclamation Marks: Do not use them in academic writing
, 3) Commas: Generally, use them whenever you hear a brief audible pause
’ 4) Apostrophes: Only use apostrophes to show possession (e.g. France’s population,

Germany’s cars). Do not use them to show contraction (e.g. isn’t, doesn’t)
C 5) Capitalization: Only capitalize words at the start of the sentence and proper nouns
; 6) Semicolons: Use them to join two independent clauses that are closely related in ideas
125
Commas
Commas can be very difficult to use in English. However, for the IELTS essays, these 4 rules
are the most relevant:
1. If the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, use a comma at the end
of the dependent clause
○ Even though junk food is unhealthy, many people consume it due to cheaper costs
2. Use comma before any coordinating conjunction that links two independent clauses
○ Computers doubled in sales from 2003 to 2004, but their price had dropped to half.
3. Use commas to separate the items in a list

○ People can improve their mood with a healthy diet, exercise, and a healthy social life.
4. Use a comma after an introductory cohesive device

○ Finally, … Alternatively, … For example, … As a result, … (NOT It is clear/This is due to)
126
Apostrophes
Apostrophes are used to show contraction of words (e.g. isn’t, doesn’t, etc.) and possession
(e.g. France’s population, Germany’s cars, etc.). However, in academic writing, you can only use
apostrophes to show possession. Do not use them for contraction.
1. For a singular noun → apostrophe + s

○ Our nation’s population is rapidly increasing.
2. For singular and plural nouns ending in “s” → apostrophe only (without “s”)
○ Ensuring job satisfaction of the employees is the boss’ responsibility.
○ The education of children is their teachers’ responsibility.
3. For irregular plural nouns → apostrophe + s
○ Children’s views are usually shaped by their parents. (NOT childrens’)
4. Do not use an apostrophe for pluralizing a regular noun

○ There are numerous tradition’s in the world. There are numerous traditions in the world.
127
Capitalization
1. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence
○ Every country has a rich and unique history.
2. Capitalize proper nouns (names and places)

○ Research conducted by Harvard University in Massachusetts, shows that...
3. Months (January, February) and days of the week (Sunday, Monday) are treated as
proper nouns and are thus capitalized, but seasons (summer, winter) are not
○ After a sharp growth in March, the profit from banana sales plummeted in December
but recovered by the following summer.
4. Names of school subjects (math, algebra, geology, psychology) are not capitalized, with
the exception of the names of languages (French, English)
○ My favorite subjects in high school were Spanish and psychology.
128
Capitalization
The graph projects that petrol The pie charts illustrate the past It is evident that local fixed line
and oil will continue to rise in and projected demographics of calls were the most prominent
demand. Yemen’s and Italy’s population. choice, whereas mobiles were
the least popular.
129
Semicolons
Semicolons indicate an audible pause that is longer than a comma, but shorter than a period.
You probably will not need to use it in your essay, but here are the main rules, just in case:
1. Semicolon is usually used to link two independent clauses that are closely related
○ Some people write on computers; others prefer to write by hand.
2. Avoid a semicolon when a dependent clause comes before an independent clause

○ Although they tried; they failed. Although they tried, they failed.
3. Use a semicolon before words/terms like namely, however, therefore, that is, for example,
for instance, etc., when they introduce a complete sentence (followed by a comma)
○ Science is one of the most significant subjects; however, the arts are just as important.
4. Do not capitalize ordinary words after a semicolon

○ I am here; You are over there. I am here; you are over there.
130
Fix the Punctuation Errors
Pause and fix the mistakes!
The paragraph below contains 12 punctuation errors. Can you find them all?
Example
To begin with teaching children a foreign language in primary school, does have some
drawbacks; Namely, the shorter availability of time for other subjects and the delayed
development of the childs first language. learning another language can take away some
time from other subjects, such as Math and Science which are vital for higher education.
Additionally children may mix up the linguistic structure’s from the various languages,
resulting in a possible delay in the development of their native language! However, these
drawbacks are temporary and outweighed by the benefits that can be reaped from this
arrangement
131
Fix the Punctuation Errors Answers
The paragraph below contains 12 punctuation errors. Can you find them all?
Example
To begin with, teaching children a foreign language in primary school does have some
drawbacks; namely, the shorter availability of time for other subjects and the delayed
development of the child’s first language. Learning another language can take away some
time from other subjects, such as math and science, which are vital for higher education.
Additionally, children may mix up the linguistic structures from the various languages,
resulting in a possible delay in the development of their native language. However, these
drawbacks are temporary and outweighed by the benefits that can be reaped from this
arrangement.
132
Next stop is…
Grammatical Range:
Writing Numbers
133
Writing Numbers

Writing Numbers
10 & Below 10 & Above Times
Spell out numbers between 0-9. Write numbers that are 10 & Use numerals for time of the
But, when numbers are in a list above in numerals (unless they day. AM and PM are also
it is best to write numerically. are at the start of a sentence) written A.M. and P.M., a.m. and
p.m., and am and pm.
Correct: It was found that four Middle of sentence: Residents Common:

out of 10 students failed. aged 60 and above should It starts at five o’clock in the
receive free medical insurance. morning.
Incorrect: She has four sisters It starts at 5:35 am.
aged six, eight, 13, and 17. Beginning of sentence: Seventy
It starts at 6:00 am.
children came to the class trip
Correct: She has four sisters this year, but last year there It starts at 4 PM.
aged 6, 8, 13, and 17. were 90.
Uncommon: It starts at four
thirty-five.
135
Writing Numbers
Dates Percentages Fractions Decimals
Dates are written in Write percentages in Always spell out Write decimals in
numerals. Do not use numerals (unless they simple fractions (use numerals. Avoid
ordinal numbers (i.e. appear at beginning of hyphens) starting your sentences
1st, 2nd, 3rd with full a sentence) with decimals
dates).
Middle of sentence: Incorrect: About 1/3 of Incorrect: There was
Incorrect: School According to the latest the science class zero point eighty six
begins on September study, 63% of teachers comes from Japan. inches of rain this
2nd, 2019. live in the city. month.
Correct: About
Correct: School begins Beginning of sentence: one-third of the Correct: There was 0.86
on September 2, 2019. Eighty and one-half science class comes inches of rain this
percent of students from Japan. month.
drive to school.
Whenever you are in doubt, it’s usually best to spell out the number in words 136
Next stop is…
Lexical Resource
137
Lexical Resource
The fourth ingredient in Writing Task 1

Basics
1. Use a wide range of vocabulary (i.e. synonyms and paraphrasing) to convey

precise meaning
2. Use less common vocabulary and phrases (including collocations)
3. Show that you know how to correctly fit words and phrases together
4. Make very few mistakes with spelling or word formation
139
Next stop is…
Lexical Resource:
Basic Vocabulary
140
Basic Vocabulary
Lexical Resource: Writing Task 1

How much amount?
Similar Much more Much less Just over Just under
about well/far above well/far below just above just below
almost well/far beyond well/far under just bigger just beneath
nearly well/far over well/far short just beyond just short
roughly well/far across well/far beneath just across just a little
approximately far more far less
around
Make sure to use this “approximation” language
roughly
when you are estimating the numbers!
142
Percentages, Fractions & Proportions
Percentages Fractions Proportions
_____% increase/decrease 4% - A tiny fraction 2% - A tiny portion; a very

24% - Almost a quarter small proportion
increased/decreased by ___%
25% - Exactly a quarter 4% - An insignificant minority;
dropped by _____% 26% - Roughly one quarter an insignificant proportion
reached (to) _____% 32% - Nearly one-third; nearly a third 16% - A small minority; a
declined to about _____% 49% - Around a half; just under a half small portion
50% - Exactly half
stood at exactly _____% 70% - A large proportion
51% - Just over a half
_____ times higher/lower 73% - Nearly three quarters 72% - A significant
proportion; vast majority
doubled/tripled/halved 77% - Approximately three quarter;
more than three-quarter 89% - A very large proportion
79% - Well over three quarters
143
Synonyms for Numbers
50 fewer students study art

50% less students study art
Half as many students study art
100
students
50 more students study science
50
50% more students study science students
Twice as many students study science
Art Science
144
Synonyms for Numbers
Wind constitutes about Solar power constitutes

one-fifths of all energy Solar
Wind almost a tenth of all energy
9%
19%
Gas
31%
Coal
41%
Coal constitutes a little over Gas constitutes just under

two-fifths of all energy a third of all energy
145
Describing Composition of Data
Wind constitutes 19% of total energy Active Voice
Solar
makes up Wind 9%
comprises 19%
composes
accounts for Gas
consists of 31%
Coal
41%
ce
Wind is composed of 19% of total energy
i
Vo
e
is made up of
ssiv
Pa
is formed of
is comprised of
146
Synonyms for Time Periods
Amount of time Vocabulary
100 years A century
50 years A half-century
25 years A quarter-century
10 years A decade
5 years A half-decade
12 months A year
6 months Half a year
15 days Half a month; about two weeks
147
Next stop is…
Lexical Resource:
Trend Graphs
148
Trend Graphs

Trend Graphs
Line Graph Bar Graph Table
1999 (millions 2004 (millions

Coffee
of euros) of euros)
UK 1.5 20
Switzerland 3 6
Denmark 1.8 2
Belgium 1 1.7
Sweden 0.8 1
Describe data over a period of time

150
Types of Changes
Constant
Dec
rea
se
rease
Big
Big inc
decr
Fluctuation
ease
ent
se em
e a ov
Incr p r
Im
Time 151
Types of Changes Verb (Noun)
Increase Big increase Decrease Big decrease Stability Improvement
plummet stabilize improve

rise (a rise) jump (a jump) fall (a fall)
(a plummet) (stabilization) (improvement)
tumble level off recover
climb (a climb) surge (a surge) drop (a drop)
(a tumble) (leveling off) (recovery)
elevate double decline (a collapse plateau
(elevation) (doubling) decline) (a collapse) (a plateau) Fluctuation
grow (growth) shoot up dip (a dip) slump (a slump) stay/remain +
steady/stable/ fluctuate
incline
soar sink (sinking) plunge (a plunge) constant (fluctuation)
(an incline)
152
Stea d y chan
e g
Fast/surprising change
Slow chang
e
Quality of Changes
Time
Small change
Medium change
Big change
153
Quality of Changes
Describes... Adjectives Adverbs
rapidly, sharply, quickly, steeply,
Fast change rapid, sharp, quick, steep, swift
swiftly
Surprising change sudden, striking, abrupt suddenly, strikingly, abruptly
Slow change slow, gradual slowly, gradually
Steady change steady, consistent steadily, consistently
Small change marginal, slight marginally, slightly
significant, considerable, significantly, considerably,
Medium change
substantial, marked substantially, markedly
dramatically, drastically,
Big change dramatic, drastic, remarkable
remarkably
154
Mix and Match Adjectives and Nouns
A B (adjectives) C (nouns) D
There was a marginal increase in the price of _____
We can observe a modest rise in the number of _____
significant growth in the population of _____
drastic decrease in the amount of _____
gradual decline
steady fall
155
Mix and Match Adjectives and Nouns
A B (adjectives) C (nouns) D
There was a marginal increase in the price of _____
We can observe a modest rise in the number of _____
significant growth in the population of _____
drastic decrease in the amount of _____
gradual decline
steady fall
Example: There was a significant growth in the price of cars.

156
Mix and Match Adverbs and Verbs
A B (adverbs) C (verbs) D
The price marginally increased from _____ to _____
The number modestly rose between _____ and _____
The population significantly grew up to _____
The amount drastically decreased until _____
gradually declined to _____
steadily fell during _____
157
Mix and Match Adverbs and Verbs
A B (adverbs) C (verbs) D
The price marginally increased from _____ to _____
The number modestly rose between _____ and _____
The population significantly grew up to _____
The amount drastically decreased until _____
gradually declined to _____
steadily fell during _____
Example: The population marginally declined from 120,000 to 118,200.

158
Next stop is…
Lexical Resource:
Comparative Graphs
159
Comparative Graphs

You must compare data in all types of writing
questions, but comparisons are particularly
important for “comparative graphs”
Comparative Graphs
Bar Graph Pie Chart Table

Tobacco
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%
Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%
Describes static snapshot in time; not a trend 161

Making Comparisons (Short Adjectives)
Comparing three or more
Adjective Comparing two items (-er)
items (-est)
high higher than the highest
low lower than the lowest
big bigger than the biggest
great greater than the greatest
large larger than the largest
small smaller than the smallest
strong stronger than the strongest
162
Making Comparisons (Short Adjectives)
items (-est)
short shorter than the shortest
slow slower than the slowest
quick quicker than the quickest
fast faster than the fastest
sharp sharper than the sharpest
slight slighter than the slightest
long longer than the longest
163
Making Comparisons (Long Adjectives)
items (-est)
popular more popular than the most popular
rapid more rapid than the most rapid
sudden more sudden than the most sudden
striking more striking than the most striking
abrupt more abrupt than the most abrupt
gradual more gradual than the most gradual
consistent more consistent than the most consistent
164
Making Comparisons (Long Adjectives)
items (-est)
marginal more marginal than the most marginal
significant more significant than the most significant
considerable more considerable than the most considerable
substantial more substantial than the most substantial
dramatic more dramatic than the most dramatic
drastic more drastic than the most drastic
remarkable more remarkable than the most remarkable
165
Making Comparisons (Irregular Adjectives)
Adjective Comparing two items
items
good better best
bad worse worst
much/many/some more most
little (amount) less least
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
166
Negative Comparatives
Instead of only using positive comparisons, you can also use negative comparisons to show
off your range:
Positive Comparisons Negative Comparisons
The United States has a larger size than The size of Australia is not as large as United
Australia. States.
Mobiles are more popular than fixed line calls. Fixed line calls are not as popular as mobiles.
The demand for apples did not grow as fast as for

The demand for bananas grew faster than apples.
bananas.
167
Degree of Difference
In the same way that we use much, slightly, significantly to describe the degree of difference
with positive comparatives, we can do the same with negative comparatives.
Degree Expressions Negative Comparisons
The growth of hydropower

not quite as
Small is not quite as much as
_____ as
nuclear energy.
not nearly as Coal is not nearly as

Big
_____ as popular as petrol and oil.
nowhere near Hydropower is nowhere

Very Big
as _____ as near as popular as petrol.
168
Next stop is…
Lexical Resource:
Process Diagrams
169
Process Diagrams

Process Diagrams
171
Describing Composition
The diagram shows how salmon develop from
eggs to adults.
the process by which...
This process is composed of 3 steps
cycle is made up of steps

is formed of stages
is comprised of phases
172
Describing Stages
Start Middle Same time End Repetition
Initially, After this stage, Meanwhile, Finally, The cycle/
After that, process then
To begin with, Next, Simultaneously, Lastly, repeats itself
The process begins Following this, At the same time, The last stage is
At this point, The cycle/
when... process is then
Subsequently, As this is The process ends
At the beginning, As soon as... happening, when repeated
Just after that,
Once this stage/
Soon after...
step is completed,
…, at which point
…, and then
…, followed by
…, after which
...immediately
173
Next stop is…
Lexical Resource: Maps
174
Maps

Maps
176
Types of Changes (Maps) Verb (Noun)
Add Take away Make bigger Make smaller Change Types of change
introduce remove expand reduce transform urbanize
(introduction) (removal) (expansion) (reduction) (transformation) (urbanization)
construct demolish extend shrink rebuild pedestrianise
(construction) (demolition) (extension) (shrinking) (rebuilding) (pedestrianization)
enlarge diminish reconstruct modernize
build (building) knock down
(enlargement) (diminution) (reconstruction) (modernization)
establish lengthen shorten redevelop industrialize
cut down
(establishment) (lengthening) (shortening) (redevelopment) (industrialization)
develop decrease ruralize
pull down add to (addition) turn into
(development) (a decrease) (ruralization)
These words can also be used as adjectives (i.e. residential, urban, modern, industrial, rural)
177
Directions
North
North-west North-east
West Center East
South-west South-east
South
178
Directions Vocab in Use A park has been established
just east of the new hospital.
A new hospital has been

A restaurant has been
built in the north-west of
constructed to the east of
the town.
the new hospital.
To the south-east of the town, a

hotel has been developed.
A new street has been

laid, stretching from east
to south-west.
179
Describing Maps
The parking area is across the chemistry block.
across from...
in front of...
The chemistry block is behind the parking area.
to the back of...
The main road runs through the center of the map.

goes through…
passes through… middle
crosses...
runs along...
180
Describing Maps
The physics block is next to the library.
adjacent to…
beside...
opposite to…
near...
close...
The biology block is between the library and

parking area.
in the middle of...
The admin building is located in the south-east

area.
region is situated...
sector lies...
section is...
part
181
Describing Maps The lecture theater overlaps the science
laboratories.
The library connects to the shuttle bus terminal.
joins...
leads to...
Two footpaths adjacent to the shuttle bus

terminal run parallel to each other.
are parallel to…
run along/alongside...
A footpath intersects the main road leading

from the terminal.
cuts through...
182
Next stop is…
Part 2: Recipe!
183
Part 2: Recipe
Basic Strategy for Writing Task 1

Basic Strategy
Introduction Overview Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4 Check Work

Paraphrase the Summarize the Describe the key Describe the key Check your work if
description in the start/end and numeric details of numeric details of you have leftover
question in your highest/lowest the first half of the the second half of time
own words data points infographic the infographic 185
Next stop is…
Recipe: How to Write

Introductions
186
How to Write
Introductions
Basics: The Recipe for Writing Task 1

Basics
● Paraphrase the question language in your own words

● Never copy the question language exactly!
● Use synonyms and change word order to paraphrase in your own words
● Keep it short and to-the-point
● 1-2 sentences, 2-3 minutes
188
Sample Answer (Example)
The graph shows data from 1980 with forecasts up to 2030 on the US population’s energy
consumption.
Generally, in 1980, petrol and oil were the dominant energy sources, while nuclear, solar, wind and
hydropower were the least utilized fuels. Additionally, in 2030, gasoline and oil are forecasted to
remain the leading sources of energy, whereas hydropower is predicted to take the bottom-most
position.
Over a 28-year period, starting at 1980, petrol and oil rose in consumption from 35 quadrillion
units to about 40 quadrillion units. Coal and natural gas performed similarly, as both increased from
around 17 quadrillion units and 20 quadrillion units, respectively, to about 23 quadrillion units.
During the same period, nuclear energy gradually climbed from nearly three quadrillion units to
seven quadrillion units, while solar, wind and hydropower fuels remained static at approximately
three quadrillion units.
Over the duration of the forecasts, ranging from 2008 to 2030, petrol and oil consumption are
expected to elevate up to 48 quadrillion units. Coal and natural gas are estimated to increase up to
about 32 quadrillion units and 25 quadrillion units, respectively. Finally, nuclear, solar, wind, and
hydropower energy will stay nearly constant throughout the projected period.
189
Intro
consumption.
Overview
position.
Para 3
Para 4
190
Ideas for Starting Introduction Paragraphs
A (starting) B (data type) C (verb) D (description)
The graph shows/depicts the comparison of…
The given chart represents the differences…
The supplied table illustrates the changes...
The presented diagram describes the number of…
The shown figure denotes the information on…
The provided illustration presents the proportion of…
pictorial demonstrates the data about...
bar/line graph compares/contrasts comparative data...
bar/pie chart provides the trend of...
flowchart delineates the percentages of...
bar graph and pie chart outlines the amount/ratio of...
pie chart and table expresses the process by which...
191
Ideas for Starting Introduction Paragraphs
A (starting) B (data type) C (verb) D (description)
The graph shows/depicts the comparison of…
The given chart represents the differences…
The supplied table illustrates the changes...
The presented diagram describes the number of…
The shown figure denotes the information on…
The provided illustration presents the proportion of…
pictorial demonstrates the data about...
bar/line graph compares/contrasts comparative data...
bar/pie chart provides the trend of...
flowchart delineates the percentages of...
bar graph and pie chart outlines the amount/ratio of...
pie chart and table expresses the process by which...
Example: The supplied illustration outlines the process by which... Mix and Match
192
How to Paraphrase
① Use Synonyms ② Change Word Order
shows Australian people
demonstrates presents People of Australia
193
Next stop is…

Introductions for Trend Graphs
194
How to Write
Introductions
Trend Graphs: Recipe for Writing Task 1

Line Graph (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1
(1980-2030)
task.

2030.


196
Line Graph (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1
(1980-2030)
task.

2030.


197
The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in
the USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.
shows data US population We can delete this on energy consumption
from forecasts up to Use Synonyms
The graph shows data on energy consumption by the US population

from 1980 with forecasts up to 2030. Change Word Order
The graph shows data from 1980 with forecasts up to 2030 on the US population’s
energy consumption.
198
Bar Graph (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1 1995-2002
task.

1995-2002.


199
Bar Graph (Trend)
task.

1995-2002.


200
The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the
UK, divided into three categories, from 1995-2002.
demonstrates different types between _____ and _____ time spent phone
British residents
We can insert it here
The chart demonstrates the time spent on phone calls by British residents between 1995
and 2002. Change Word Order
The chart demonstrates the time spent by British residents on different types of phone
calls between 1995 and 2002.
201
Tables (Trend)
Sales of Fairtrade-labelled* coffee and
bananas (1999 & 2004)
WRITING TASK 1
Coffee 1999 (millions of euros) 2004 (millions of euros)
UK 1.5 20
task.
Switzerland 3 6
The tables below give information about sales Denmark 1.8 2
of Fairtrade*-labelled coffee and bananas in Belgium 1 1.7
1999 and 2004 in five European countries. Sweden 0.8 1
Summarize the information by selecting and Bananas 1999 (millions of euros) 2004 (millions of euros)
reporting the main features, and make Switzerland 15 47

UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
*Fairtrade: a category of products for which farmers from developing countries have Denmark 2 0.9
Tables (Trend)
bananas (1999 & 2004)
WRITING TASK 1
UK 1.5 20
task.
Switzerland 3 6

UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in
1999 and 2004 in five European countries.
two tables contain data nations for Fairtrade
The two tables contain data about sales for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and
2004 in five European nations. Change Word Order
The two tables contain sales data for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in
five nations of Europe.
204
Pie Charts (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1

task.



205
Pie Charts (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1

task.



206
The charts below give information on the ages of the populations of Yemen and Italy in
2000 and projections for 2050.
provide forecasts about data residents over a 50-year period
We can insert it here
The charts provide data about the ages of the residents of Yemen and Italy
over a 50-year period. Change Word Order
The charts provide data over a 50-year period, including forecasts, about the ages of the
residents of Yemen and Italy.
207
Next stop is…

Introductions for
Comparative Graphs
208
How to Write
Introductions
Comparative Graphs: Recipe for Task 1

Expenditure on consumer goods by
WRITING TASK 1

task.


210
WRITING TASK 1

task.


211
The chart below shows the expenditure of two countries on consumer goods in 2010.
illustrates amount of money spent France and the UK products
The chart illustrates the amount of money spent in France and the UK Change Word Order
on consumer products in 2010.
We can also specify the five consumer products -
cars, computers, books, perfume, and cameras.
The chart illustrates the amount of money spent on five consumer goods (cars,
computers, books, perfume, and cameras) in France and the UK in 2010.
212
Table (Comparative)
Percentage of national consumer
WRITING TASK 1 expenditure by category - 2002
task. Country Food/ Clothing/ Leisure/
Tobacco
The table below gives information on
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
different countries in 2002. Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
Summarize the information by selecting and Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%

comparisons where relevant. Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%

213
Table (Comparative)
Tobacco
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%

Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%

214
The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in
five different countries in 2002.
illustrates data about how much consumers spent various
Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey products and services
The table illustrates data about how much consumers spent on various products and
services in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Turkey in 2002. Change Word Order
The table illustrates data about how much consumers in Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden,
and Turkey spent on various products and services in 2002.
215
Pie Charts (Comparative)
WRITING TASK 1

task.



216
WRITING TASK 1

task.



217
The first chart below shows how energy is used in an average Australian household. The
second chart shows the greenhouse gas emissions which result from this energy use.
The two charts represent the use of energy typical household in Australia
emissions of greenhouse gas resulting consumption
The two charts represent the use of energy by a typical household in Australia and
emissions of greenhouse gas resulting from this energy consumption.
Change Word Order
The two charts represent the use of energy by a typical household in Australia and the
resulting emissions of greenhouse gas from this energy consumption.
218
WRITING TASK 1

task.



219
WRITING TASK 1

task.



220
The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural land becomes less productive.
The table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s.
presents primary causes farmland areas in degraded
highlights the manner in which factors influenced

Subordinating Conjunction
Change Word Order
The pie chart presents the primary causes why farmland becomes degraded. The table
highlights the manner in which these factors influenced three areas of the world in the 1990s.
The pie chart presents the primary causes for the degradation of farmland, while the table
highlights the manner in which these factors influenced three areas of the world in the
1990s.
221
Next stop is…

Introductions for Process Diagrams
222
How to Write
Introductions
Process: Recipe for Writing Task 1

Process (Numbered)
WRITING TASK 1

task.


224
Process (Numbered)
WRITING TASK 1

task.


225
The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of a large fish called the salmon.
illustrations highlight cycle of life sizable known as
This useful phrase can be used to

the process by which
paraphrase any process!
The illustrations highlight the cycle of life of a sizable fish known as the salmon.
Change Word Order
The illustrations highlight the process by which a sizable fish known as the salmon
complete their cycle of life.
226
WRITING TASK 1

task.



227
WRITING TASK 1

task.



228
The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process,
and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.
two representations illustrate steps tools required
converting it into construction needs for producing cement
Changing word order is not always required
The two representations illustrate the steps and tools required for producing cement
and converting it into concrete for construction needs.
229
Next stop is…

Introductions for Maps
230
How to Write
Introductions
Maps: Recipe for Writing Task 1

Maps
WRITING TASK 1

task.

facilities.

232
Maps
WRITING TASK 1

task.

facilities.

233
The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some
tourist facilities.
tourism purposes compare prior to and following developments
“carried out”
The two maps compare an island prior to and following some developments for
tourism purposes.
The two maps compare an island prior to and following some developments carried out
for tourism purposes.
234
Next stop is…
Recipe: How to
Write Overviews
235
How to Write
Overviews
The Recipe for Writing Task 1

Basics
● The overview paragraph should not include any specific or numeric details
● It should only describe general information about trends, differences, stages
● The best way to do this is to describe the highest/lowest data points at both,
the beginning and end
● 2-3 sentences, 3-5 minutes
● Though you cannot include numeric details in the overview, it is okay to
include dates
237
consumption.
position.
238
Intro
consumption.
Overview
position.
Para 3
Para 4
239
Phrases for Starting Overview Paragraphs
A (Opening) B (Introductory Language) - optional
Generally, it is clear/evident that...
In general, it is conspicuous that...
Overall, it can be (clearly) observed that...
On the whole, it can be (clearly) seen that...
In brief, it is apparent that...
In short, the data/diagram illustrates that...
240
Phrases for Starting Overview Paragraphs
A (Opening) B (Introductory Language) - optional
Generally, it is clear/evident that...
In general, it is conspicuous that...
Overall, it can be (clearly) observed that...
On the whole, it can be (clearly) seen that...
In brief, it is apparent that...
In short, the data/diagram illustrates that...
Example: In general, it can be clearly observed that... Mix and Match

241
Next stop is…

Overviews for Trend
Graphs
242
How to Write
Overviews

Line Graph (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1
(1980-2030)
task.

2030.


244
Line Graph (Trend)
(1980-2030)
Generally, in 1980, petrol and oil were the
dominant energy sources, while nuclear,
solar, wind and hydropower were the least
utilized fuels.
245
Line Graph (Trend)
(1980-2030)
utilized fuels.
246
Line Graph (Trend)
(1980-2030)
utilized fuels. Additionally, in 2030,
gasoline and oil are forecasted to remain
the leading sources of energy, whereas
hydropower is predicted to take the
bottom-most position.
247
Bar Graph (Trend)
task.

1995-2002.


248
Bar Graph (Trend)
1995-2002
In general, it is evident that in 1995, local

fixed-line calls were the most prominent
choice, whereas mobiles were the least
popular.
249
Bar Graph (Trend)
1995-2002

popular.
250
Bar Graph (Trend)
1995-2002

popular. By the year 2002, although mobile
calls grew in popularity, they remained the
least popular choice, while local fixed-line
calls maintained their top position.
251
Tables (Trend)
bananas (1999 & 2004)
WRITING TASK 1
UK 1.5 20
task.
Switzerland 3 6

UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Tables (Trend)
bananas (1999 & 2004)
Overall, Switzerland had the highest coffee Coffee 1999 (millions of euros) 2004 (millions of euros)
sales in 1999 and dominated banana sales UK 1.5 20
in both, 1999 and 2004. Switzerland 3 6
Denmark 1.8 2
Belgium 1 1.7
Sweden 0.8 1
Switzerland 15 47
UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
Tables (Trend)
bananas (1999 & 2004)
in both, 1999 and 2004. Switzerland 3 6
Denmark 1.8 2
Belgium 1 1.7
Sweden 0.8 1
Switzerland 15 47
UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
Tables (Trend)
bananas (1999 & 2004)
in both, 1999 and 2004. Sweden sold the Switzerland 3 6
least coffee in both, 1999 and 2004 Denmark 1.8 2
Belgium 1 1.7
Sweden 0.8 1
Switzerland 15 47
UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
Tables (Trend)
bananas (1999 & 2004)
least coffee in both, 1999 and 2004 Denmark 1.8 2
Belgium 1 1.7
Sweden 0.8 1
Switzerland 15 47
UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
Tables (Trend)
bananas (1999 & 2004)
least coffee in both, 1999 and 2004, Denmark 1.8 2

whereas Belgium and Denmark sold the
Belgium 1 1.7
least bananas in 1999 and 2004,
Sweden 0.8 1
respectively.
Switzerland 15 47
UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
Pie Charts (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1

task.



258
Pie Charts (Trend)
Overall, in 2000, 0 to 14-year-olds and 15

to 59-year-olds composed the majority of
Yemen and Italy, respectively
259
Pie Charts (Trend)

Yemen and Italy, respectively
260
Pie Charts (Trend)

Yemen and Italy, respectively; whereas
residents over 60 years of age and between
0 to 14 years of age comprised the minority
in Yemen and Italy, respectively.
261
Pie Charts (Trend)

262
Pie Charts (Trend)

Calculations reveal that both nations will
experience significant changes in their
demographics by 2050.
The highs and lows of 2050 projections

are not individually stated here to avoid
making the overview paragraph too long.
263
Next stop is…

Overviews for Comparative Graphs
264
How to Write
Overviews
Comparative Graphs: Recipe for Writing Task 1

WRITING TASK 1

task.


266
On the whole, cars dominated as the

leading consumer product in both, the UK
and France, in the given period.
267

268

Additionally, perfume and cameras
occupied the bottom-most positions in the
UK and France, respectively.
269
Table (Comparative)
Tobacco
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%

Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%

270
Table (Comparative)
expenditure by category - 2002
In brief, Turkey had the highest spending on

food, drinks, and tobacco, whereas Sweden Drinks/ Footwear Education
spent the least on these items. Tobacco
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%
Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%
271
Table (Comparative)

spent the least on these items. Tobacco
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%
Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%
272
Table (Comparative)

spent the least on these items. In the Tobacco
clothing and footwear category, Italy took
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
the lead, while Sweden occupied the last
spot. Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%
Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%
273
Table (Comparative)

Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
spot. Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%
Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%
274
Table (Comparative)

Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
spot. Finally, the Turkish population made Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
the most significant investment in
education and leisure, whereas the Spanish Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%
invested the least.
Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%
275
WRITING TASK 1

task.



276
In general, Australian residents utilize the

most energy in heating, while emitting the
most substantial amount of greenhouse gas
via water heating.
277

via water heating.
278

via water heating. On the other hand,
cooling expends the least amount of energy
and also produces the least greenhouse
emissions.
279
WRITING TASK 1

task.



280

cause of global land deterioration, while
unspecified reasons account for the lowest
amount of land decay.
281

amount of land decay.
282

amount of land decay. Furthermore,
Europe has experienced the most
significant amount of total land
degradation, whereas North America has
suffered the least.
283
Next stop is…

Overviews for Process
Diagrams
284
How to Write
Overviews
Process Diagrams: Recipe for Writing Task 1

Process (Numbered)
Life cycle of salmon
WRITING TASK 1

task.


286
Process (Numbered)
Describe the number of stages
for process diagrams!
On the whole, it is clear that salmon

go through a series of 3 stages to complete
their life cycle. They initially hatch from
eggs as tiny fish and continue to develop
into full-sized adults over a number of
years.
Summarize the first and last stages of the

process without mentioning numbers
or specific details
287
WRITING TASK 1

task.



288
Describe the number of stages

for process diagrams!
Overall, limestone and clay pass through

four stages before they are turned into
cement and bagged for use. Producing
concrete, however, is a simple one-step
process wherein various substances
are blended in a concrete mixer.
Summarize the first and last stages

of the process without mentioning
numbers or specific details
4 stages 1 stage
289
Next stop is…

Overviews for Maps
290
How to Write
Overviews

Maps
Island, before and after construction of tourist
facilities.
WRITING TASK 1

task.

facilities.

292
Maps
facilities.
Overall, it is evident that the vast majority

of the island used to be undeveloped in the
past.
Summarize basic differences between the two

maps. You can talk about the first map in one
sentence and the second map in second
sentence.
293
Maps
facilities.
Overall, it is evident that the vast majority

of the island used to be undeveloped in the
past. However, it underwent significant
construction at a later period, resulting in
the development of infrastructure and
facilities, which did not exist before.
Summarize basic differences between the two

maps. You can talk about the first map in one
sentence and the second map in second
sentence.
294
Next stop is…
Recipe: How to Write Specific Details
295
How to Write
Specific Details
The Recipe for Writing Task 1

Basics
● In detail paragraphs, you must include key information and numeric details
● If there is a lot of data in the infographic, then do not write about every data
point, as this is a waste of time.
● To write the specific paragraphs, you must:
○ Split the infographic into two halves
○ Write about the specific details of the first half in the third paragraph
○ Write about the specific details of the second half in the fourth paragraph
● 2-3 sentences (5 minutes) per specific detail paragraph

297
consumption.
position.
298
Intro
consumption.
Overview
position.
Para 3
Para 4
299
Phrases for Starting Detailed Paragraphs
● Over a _____ year period,
● Over the duration of…
● Specifically,
● From _____ to _____,
● Categorically speaking,
● Moving on to…
● Regarding…
● Considering…
● Upon a closer look,
● Surprisingly,
● In detail,
● Conversely,
● On the other hand,
● In the _____ stage,
● Looking at the details, it is evident that...
300
Phrases for Starting Detailed Paragraphs
● In comparison/contrast,
● As is presented in the diagram(s)/graph(s)/pie chart(s)/table,
● As (is) shown in the illustration,
● As can be seen in the...
● As the diagrams suggest,
● According to the...
● Now, turning to the details,
● The table data clearly shows that...
● The diagram reveals that...
● The data suggests that...
● It is interesting to note that...
● It is conspicuous that...
● It is clear from the data...
● It is worth noting that...
● It can be clearly observed that...
301
Next stop is…

Specific Details for
Trend Graphs
302
How to Write
Specific Details

Line Graph (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1
(1980-2030)
task.

2030.


304
Line Graph (Trend)
Over a 28-year period, starting at 1980, (1980-2030)
petrol and oil rose in consumption from 35 P3
quadrillion units to about 40 quadrillion
units. Coal and natural gas performed
similarly, as both increased from around 17
quadrillion units and 20 quadrillion units,
respectively, to about 23 quadrillion units.
During the same period, nuclear energy
gradually climbed from nearly three
quadrillion units to seven quadrillion units,
while solar, wind and hydropower fuels
remained static at approximately three
quadrillion units.
305
Line Graph (Trend)
(1980-2030)
Over the duration of the forecasts, ranging
from 2008 to 2030, petrol and oil P4
consumption are expected to elevate up to
nearly 48 quadrillion units. Coal and
natural gas are estimated to increase up to
about 32 quadrillion units and 25
quadrillion units, respectively. Finally,
nuclear, solar, wind, and hydropower
energy will stay nearly constant
throughout the projected period.
306
Bar Graph (Trend)
task.

1995-2002.


307
Bar Graph (Trend)
1995-2002
Specifically, from 1995 to 1998, local fixed
lines, national and international fixed lines
and mobiles all increased in use. Local fixed P3
line calls steadily rose from around 72
billion minutes to approximately 90 billion
minutes, whereas national and
international fixed lines climbed from
about 38 billion minutes to nearly 48 billion
minutes. Mobile calls experienced the
fastest growth, nearly tripling from a mere
3 billion minutes to approximately 9 billion
minutes.
308
Bar Graph (Trend)
1995-2002
From 1999 to 2002, local fixed lines
experienced a reversal and substantially P4
declined back down to about 72 billion
minutes. In contrast, national and
international fixed line calls continued to
steadily rise to nearly 60 billion minutes
during the same period, while mobile calls
remarkably surged to about 45 billion
minutes.
309
Tables (Trend)
bananas (1999 & 2004)
WRITING TASK 1
UK 1.5 20
task.
Switzerland 3 6

UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
Tables (Trend)
P3 Sales of Fairtrade-labelled* coffee and
bananas (1999 & 2004)
Regarding coffee, Switzerland was the Coffee 1999 (millions of euros) 2004 (millions of euros)
most profitable in 1999, yielding 3 million UK 1.5 20
euros. However, in 2004, although it had Switzerland 3 6
doubled its sales, it was far outranked by Denmark 1.8 2

the UK, which soared from just 1.5 million
Belgium 1 1.7
euros in 1999 to a whopping 20 million
Sweden 0.8 1
euros in 2004. Conversely, Denmark and
Sweden experienced minimal growth, and
Belgium experienced a modest increase
Switzerland 15 47
from a million euros in 1999 to 1.7 million
UK 1 5.5
euros in 2004.
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
311
Tables (Trend)
bananas (1999 & 2004)
Considering bananas, Switzerland not only Coffee 1999 (millions of euros) 2004 (millions of euros)
earned the highest revenue in 1999 (15
UK 1.5 20
million euros), but it also more than tripled
Switzerland 3 6
its sales in 2004. The UK and Belgium made
Denmark 1.8 2
modest growth from an average of 0.8
million euros in 1999 to around 4.3 million Belgium 1 1.7
euros in 2004, while Sweden and Denmark Sweden 0.8 1
both declined by a factor of about a million

euros. Bananas 1999 (millions of euros) 2004 (millions of euros)
Switzerland 15 47
P4 UK 1 5.5
Belgium 0.6 4
Sweden 1.8 1
Denmark 2 0.9
312
Pie Charts (Trend)
WRITING TASK 1

task.



313
Pie Charts (Trend)
P3
Considering Yemen, the most notable age
group in 2000 were 0 to 14-year-olds who
formed the majority at 50.1%. Ages 15 to
59-year-olds also comprised a significant
portion of Yemen’s population in 2000 at
46.3% and are projected to constitute the
majority at 57.3% by 2050. Members over
60 years of age formed the smallest group
at only 3.6% in 2000, and are estimated to
slightly rise to 5.7% in 2050.
314
Pie Charts (Trend)
Regarding Italy, in 2000, 15 to 59-year-olds

constituted the majority at 61.6%, whereas
0 to 14-year-olds formed the minority at
14.3%. It is forecasted that by 2050, 15 to
59-year-olds will still comprise the
majority, though they will decline in size to
46.2%, while 0 to 14-year-olds will shrink
to 11.5%.
P4
Not every metric needs to be mentioned. E.g.,

we skipped the growth of 60 plus-year-olds in
2050 to stay within the time limit.
315
Next stop is…
Recipe: How to Write Specific

Details for Comparative Graphs
316
How to Write
Specific Details
Comparative Graphs: Recipe for Task 1

WRITING TASK 1

task.


318
Categorically, the French population spent
400,000 pounds on cars, while the British P3
exceeded this expense by about 70,000
pounds. On the other hand, the French
spent a total of about 380,000 pounds on
computers, which was 30,000 pounds more
than what the British spent.
319
Moving on to other categories, France
invested 300,000 pounds in books, P4
whereas the British invested a little over
400,000 pounds. In terms of perfume,
France expended 200,000 pounds, while
Britain was close behind. Lastly, the UK
spent nearly 370,000 pounds on cameras,
while France only spent about 150,000
pounds.
320
Table (Comparative)

Tobacco
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%

Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%

321
Table (Comparative)
P3 expenditure by category - 2002
Regarding food, drinks, and tobacco,

Turkey was the highest spender at 32.14%, Drinks/ Footwear Education
followed by Ireland (28.91%) and Spain Tobacco
(18.80%). Italy and Sweden spent 16.36%
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
and 15.77%, respectively. Considering
clothing and footwear, Italy spent more Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
than any other country (9%), as opposed to
the lowest expenditure, which is visible in Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%
Sweden at 5.40%. The other three nations
spent an average of about 6.5% each. Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%
322
Table (Comparative)
P4
Moving on to leisure and education, Turkey
invested 4.35%, followed by Sweden, which Drinks/ Footwear Education
invested 3.22%. Italy, Ireland, and Spain Tobacco
expended a total of 3.20%, 2.21%, and
Ireland 28.91% 6.43% 2.21%
1.98%, respectively.
Italy 16.36% 9.00% 3.20%
Spain 18.80% 6.51% 1.98%
Sweden 15.77% 5.40% 3.22%
Turkey 32.14% 6.63% 4.35%
323
WRITING TASK 1

task.



324
Upon a closer look, it is evident that P3

heating contributes to about two-fifths of
the total energy consumed in Australian
homes, while only leading to 15% in
greenhouse emissions, making it the least
detrimental category. Followed by heating
is water heating, consuming up to one-third
of the energy and leading to 32% of the
hazardous emission. Finally, unspecified
appliances consume 15% of the energy
while emitting almost a quarter of the total
greenhouse gas.
325
Surprisingly, refrigerator and lighting only

use 7% and 4% of the total energy,
respectively, but pollute in precisely double
the proportion. Finally, cooling expends the P4
least power in Australian homes at just 2%
and also accounts for the lowest
percentage of total greenhouse emissions
at 3%; but, it too pollutes in a higher
proportion than the energy it utilizes.
326
WRITING TASK 1

task.



327
P3
In detail, overgrazing represented the

primary cause of global land depletion at
more than a third, followed by
deforestation and over-cultivation, which
accounted for 30% and 28% of land
damage, respectively. Unspecified causes
were responsible for the remaining
proportion of worldwide land deterioration
at 7%.
328
Conversely, causes of land damage varied

significantly between regions. Europe was
the most affected region with nearly a
quarter of its land degraded (9.8% from
deforestation, 7.7% from over-cultivation,
and 5.5% from over-grazing). Oceania also
P4
underwent substantial land decline, primarily
due to over-grazing (11.3%). Finally, North
America had the smallest ratio of land
degradation with a total of only 5%, out of
which 3.3% was caused by over-cultivation
and 1.5% by over-grazing.
329
Next stop is…

Specific Details for
Process Diagrams
330
How to Write
Specific Details
Process: Recipe for Writing Task 1

Process (Numbered)
WRITING TASK 1

task.


332
Process (Numbered)
P3
Specifically, salmon lay their eggs among

small stones, scattered at the base of reeds
that grow in the slow-moving upper river.
The eggs seem to require between five to
six months before the fish can hatch. At the
youngest stage, when the salmon is only
between three to eight cm in length, it is
referred to as a “fry.”
333
Process (Numbered)
In the intermediary stage of their life, at

about four years of age and 12 to 15 cm in P4
length, they come to be known as “smolts.”
In this stage, they swim out to the
fast-flowing lower river, until they reach
the age of about five. At this point, as
fully-developed “adult salmon,” ranging
from 70 to 76 cm in length, they set out for
the open sea, and the process is repeated.
334
WRITING TASK 1

task.



335
P3
Upon a detailed look, it is clear that

producing cement first requires limestone
and clay to be pulverized into powder
with the use of a crusher. These substances
then pass through a heated rotating
cylinder, followed by a grinder, which
marks the end of the cement production
process. This finished product is finally
filled into bags for shipment and use.
336
P4
In comparison, producing concrete is a

more straightforward process due to its
simplicity and minimal requirement of
equipment. This process requires a mixture
of four substances in specific proportions.
A composition of 50% gravel, 15% cement,
10% water, and 25% sand are all placed
into a concrete mixer, which blends and
transforms these substances into concrete.
337
Next stop is…
Recipe: How to Write Specific

Details for Maps
338
How to Write
Specific Details

Maps
facilities.
WRITING TASK 1

task.

facilities.

340
Maps
P3 facilities.
Specifically, before the development of

tourist amenities, the island remained
vacant and unused. There was a small
beach at the western tip of the island with
a couple of trees about 50 meters to its
right. A few more trees existed in the
eastern region of the map, but all other
areas remained empty and undeveloped.
341
Maps
facilities.
This island later underwent striking
developments, which create a stark
contrast between the two versions of the
given maps. Where no infrastructure
existed before, the development of tourist P4
facilities has now led to the construction of
several tracks and footpaths, leading to
accommodation in the western and central
regions of the map. Additionally, a
reception area has been built between the
two housing sectors, which leads to a
restaurant in the north, a pier to the south,
and a swimming area at the western tip.
342
Next stop is…
Pa
Puttin rt 3: Cook
g It A i
ll Tog ng -
ether
343
Part 3: Cooking
344
Practice Question 1
Cooking: Real exam question answered in real-time

Practice Question #1
WRITING TASK 1

task.
The graph shows Underground Station

passenger numbers in London.
Summarise the information by selecting and

346
Full Answer
The given line graph illustrates data on the number of passengers in the Underground Station in
London from 6 am to 10 pm.
Generally speaking, the Underground Station has the lowest number of passengers early
morning at 6 am and in the late evening at 4 pm. By 8 am, the station reaches its peak volume,
and by 10 pm, the total amount drops significantly.
To be specific, there are only 100 passengers at 6 am, but this number surges over the next two
hours and reaches a peak of 400 passengers by 8 am. However, this volume quickly plummets
over the next two hours and settles at about 180 passengers by 10 am, before climbing again to
a total of 300 passengers over the next four hours.
Starting at 2 pm, the number of passengers continues dropping until reaching the lowest point
of 100 passengers by 4 pm. But, over the next two hours, the number rapidly increases to nearly
370 passengers before plummeting again over the next two hours to a little under 150 by 8 pm.
After this point, passenger volume steadily rises over the next two hours by around 50
passengers.
347
Breakdown of
Practice Question 1
Cooking: Breakdown of Strategy and Ingredients

WRITING TASK 1

task.
The graph shows Underground Station

passenger numbers in London.

349
Introduction
WRITING TASK 1 Paraphrase by using synonyms

and changing word order
task.
The graph shows Underground Station The given line graph illustrates data on the
passenger numbers in London. number of passengers in the Underground
Station in London from 6 am to 10 pm.
350
Overview
Here, we are describing the highest and

lowest points plus the starting and ending
data points
Generally speaking, the Underground

Station has the lowest number of
passengers early morning at 6 am and in
the late evening at 4 pm. By 8 am, the
station reaches its peak volume, and by 10
pm, the total amount drops significantly.
351
Specific Details
Split the infographic in two halves.

Describe the first half in the 3rd paragraph
To be specific, there are only 100 passengers

at 6 am, but this number surges over the
next two hours and reaches a peak of 400
passengers by 8 am. However, this volume
quickly plummets over the next two hours
and settles at about 180 passengers by 10
am, before climbing again to a total of 300
passengers over the next four hours.
352
Specific Details
Split the infographic in two halves. Describe

the second half in the 4th paragraph
Starting at 2 pm, the number of passengers

continues dropping until reaching the
lowest point of 100 passengers by 4 pm. But,
over the next two hours, the number rapidly
increases to nearly 370 passengers before
plummeting again over the next two hours
to a little under 150 by 8 pm. After this
point, passenger volume steadily rises over
the next two hours by around 50
passengers.
353
Full Answer
passengers.
354
Full Answer
passengers.
‘Softener’ words to avoid overgeneralization Paragraphing/spacing
355
Cohesive Devices
over the next two hours and settles at about 180 passengers by 10 am, before climbing again to a
total of 300 passengers over the next four hours.
Starting at 2 pm, the number of passengers continues dropping until reaching the lowest point of
100 passengers by 4 pm. But, over the next two hours, the number rapidly increases to nearly
passengers.
356
passengers.
These don’t form compound sentences, but are still great, since they connect long phrases
357
passengers.
358
Relative Pronouns
passengers.
No relative pronouns are used in this essay 359
Voice
passengers.
Tenses
passengers.
. Present Simple . 361
Collocations
passengers.
passenger volume + volume rises + steadily rises + rises over + over the next two hours + rises by
362
Vocabulary
passengers.
You’ll only score points for vocabulary by using new words
. Vocabulary from Question . . New Vocabulary . 363
Cooking: Practice Question #2
364
Practice Question 2
Cooking: Real exam question answered in real-time

Visit abroad by UK residents by purpose of visit (1994-98)
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

WRITING TASK 1
Holidays 15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700
Business 3,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,957
task.
Visit to friends 2,689 2,628 2,774 3,051 3,181
& relatives
The first chart below shows the results of a
Other reasons 982 896 1,030 1,054 990
survey which sampled a cross-section of
15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700
100,000 people asking if they traveled TOTAL
abroad and why they traveled for the period

1994-98.
The second chart shows their destinations
over the same period.

366
Full Answer
The given table compares the figures of a cross-sectional study that investigated the reasons
why 100,000 UK residents traveled overseas from 1994 to 1998, whereas the given bar chart
demonstrates the countries they visited during this time.
In general, the year 1998 had the largest volume of visits overseas, during which time, western
Europe was the most popular destination. On the contrary, the lowest amount of traveling took
place in 1995, during which time, North America was the least popular choice among travelers.
Specifically, holidays were the most common reason for travel in the given period, which started
at 15,246 visits in 1994 and reached a peak of 20,700 trips by 1998. Holidays were followed by
business trips and visits to family and friends, which started at 3,155 and 2,689 trips,
respectively, in 1994 and gradually climbed to 3,957 and 3,181 trips, respectively, by 1998.
Regarding destinations, western Europe gradually rose from about 19,000 visits in 1994 to
a little over 24,000 visits by 1998. On the other hand, North America and other regions were the
least popular choices that had under 4,000 visits each year from 1994 to 1998.
367
Breakdown of
Practice Question 2
Cooking: Breakdown of Strategy and Ingredients

Visit abroad by UK residents by purpose of visit (1994-98)
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

WRITING TASK 1
Holidays 15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700
Business 3,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,957
task.
Visit to friends 2,689 2,628 2,774 3,051 3,181
& relatives
Other reasons 982 896 1,030 1,054 990
survey which sampled a cross-section of
15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700
100,000 people asking if they traveled TOTAL
abroad and why they traveled for the period

1994-98.
The second chart shows their destinations

369
Introduction
WRITING TASK 1 Paraphrase by using synonyms

You should spend about 20 minutes on this and changing word order
task.

survey which sampled a cross-section of The given table compares the figures of a
100,000 people asking if they traveled cross-sectional study that investigated the
abroad and why they traveled for the period reasons why 100,000 UK residents
1994-98.
traveled overseas from 1994 to 1998,
The second chart shows their destinations whereas the given bar chart demonstrates
the countries they visited during this time.

370
Overview
Visits abroad by UK residents by purpose of visit (1994-98)
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Here, we are only describing the highest 15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700
Holidays
and lowest points without the starting
and ending data points, to save time. Business 3,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,957
Visit to friends 2,689 2,628 2,774 3,051 3,181

& relatives
Other reasons 982 896 1,030 1,054 990

In general, the year 1998 had the largest 22,072 21,610 24,949 27,447 28,828
TOTAL
volume of visits overseas, during which
time, western Europe was the most popular
destination. On the contrary, the lowest
amount of traveling took place in 1995,
during which time North America was the
least popular choice among travelers.
371
Specific Details
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Describe the first infographic in 15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700
Holidays
the 3rd paragraph
Business 3,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,957
Specifically, holidays were the most Visit to friends 2,689 2,628 2,774 3,051 3,181
common reason for travel in the given & relatives
982 896 1,030 1,054 990
period, which started at 15,246 visits in Other reasons
1994 and reached a peak of 20,700 trips by TOTAL 22,072 21,610 24,949 27,447 28,828
1998. Holidays were followed by business

trips and visits to family and friends, which
started at 3,155 and 2,689 trips,
respectively, in 1994 and gradually climbed
to 3,957 and 3,181 trips, respectively, by
1998.
‘Other reasons’ don’t seem important, so
we’re skipping this part to save time
372
Specific Details
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Describe the second Not capitalized 15,246 14,898 17,896 19,703 20,700
Holidays
infographic in the 4th
paragraph Business 3,155 3,188 3,249 3,639 3,957
Visit to friends 2,689 2,628 2,774 3,051 3,181

Regarding destinations, western Europe & relatives
982 896 1,030 1,054 990
gradually rose from about 19,000 visits in Other reasons
1994 to a little over 24,000 visits by 1998. TOTAL 22,072 21,610 24,949 27,447 28,828
On the other hand, North America and

other regions were the least popular
choices that had under 4,000 visits each
year from 1994 to 1998.
Note that not every single data point is

mentioned in order to save time. Only
write about the main trends
373
Full Answer
374
Full Answer
‘Softener’ words to avoid overgeneralization Paragraphing/spacing

375
Cohesive Devices
376
place in 1995, during which time North America was the least popular choice among travelers.
respectively, in 1994, and gradually climbed to 3,957 and 3,181 trips, respectively, by 1998.
These don’t form compound sentences, but are still great, since they connect long phrases
377
respectively, in 1994, and gradually climbed to 3,957 and 3,181 trips, respectively, by 1998.
378
Relative Pronouns
379
Voice

Tenses
. Present Simple . . Past Simple . 381

Collocations
given bar chart + chart demonstrates + demonstrates the countries + countries they visited + visited during this time
382
Vocabulary
were business trips and visits to family and friends, which started at 3,155 and 2,689 trips,
You’ll only score points for vocabulary by using new words

. Vocabulary from Question . . New Vocabulary . 383
Final Tips for Your Success
384
Final Tips
What to do before your exam…

The Day Before the Test
● Lightly review any content you’re still struggling with

○ Don’t use this day (or night) as an intense study session
○ Spend no more than 1-2 hours for review
○ Use this day to relax and refresh your mind and body
● Know where the test is and how to get there
○ Check the map and make sure you know how long it will take to get there
● Don’t stay up at night to prepare for your exam! Get a good night’s sleep
○ Research shows that students who sleep at least seven hours the night before a
test typically score higher than those who get only six hours of sleep.
○ Get as much sleep as you need to feel well rested and prepared for your test.
386
The Day Before the Test
● Set an alarm (or two or three)

○ Try not to set more than three alarms, and keep them at most 10-15 minutes
apart so that you don't end up accidentally oversleeping.
● Get together everything you’ll need for the test
○ Prepare all the materials you’ll need for your test the night before
○ So what do you need to bring to the test?
387
What things to bring for the IELTS exam?
● Your original and valid passport.

○ Driving licences and student IDs are not accepted as identification.
● Print out of the confirmation email for the test
○ This document will be stamped
● 2 colored photocopies of your passport
○ In case you have not sent the photocopies or uploaded them with your
application
● 4 colored passport-sized photographs of yourself
○ In case the photo uploaded in the registration form is not clear
388
What things to bring for the IELTS exam?
● Stationary items
○ Carry your own pencils, sharpener, erasers and pens (ballpoint pen with
black/blue ink) in case your test center does not provide them
● Water bottle (optional)
○ Should be transparent without any writing or labels on it
○ Not allowed in some test centers. In this case, a water facility will most probably
be available.
● Snacks (optional)
○ Not allowed in the test room, but you can eat while waiting to go into the
examination hall (sometimes, it can be a long wait)
389
The Day of the Test
● Eat a healthy, filling breakfast

○ Good brain foods to eat before a test include:
■ Whole grains (oatmeal, granola, quinoa, etc.)
■ Fresh fruit and vegetables
● Confirm that you have everything you need to take with you to the test
● Be on time
○ Aim to get to your test center at least 30 minutes before your test
○ If you arrive after the test starts, you will not be allowed to take the test
● Go to the bathroom
○ Use the restroom before leaving your house
390
Right Before the Test
● Gotta pee?
○ Use bathroom before the test, as there are no bathroom breaks in the exam.
○ To use the restroom during the test, raise your hand to ask the examiner.
○ Don’t go during your listening test, because the listening test will not stop and
you will miss the answers (and get a lower score as a result).
○ If you must, then go to the toilet during your reading or writing test.
● Stay calm and positive
○ It’s normal to feel nervous before an exam, just relax and do your best
○ Focus on deep breathing to calm your nerves and reduce your anxiety
○ If possible, stretch your arms and legs to get your blood flowing.
391
We have arrived!
392
Congratulations!
393
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1

I. Introduction 6. Maps → 176

IELTS Speaking [MASTERCLASS] IELTS Reading Academic [MASTERCLASS]

mastership.co Learn from the world’s best IELTS course.

How to use vocabulary

How to use correct Full breakdown of practice

How to write overviews Final tips for your

● Hi, I’m Shay

● A test of English proﬁciency

● Find out which IELTS test you need before taking it

IELTS is jointly owned by:

IELTS is jointly owned by:

● Use this link to register: ielts.org/book-a-test/how-do-i-register

● IELTS takes 2 hours and 45 minutes to ﬁnish

● It is a paper-based exam, so handwriting and spelling are important!

of Sections Academic Writing

Total Test Time

Fundamentals of IELTS Writing Task 2

mastership.co Learn from the world’s best IELTS course.

1) Introduction 2) Overview 3) Paragraph 3 4) Paragraph 4

Paraphrase Summarize Key details Key details

1-2 sentences 2-3 sentences 2-3 sentences 2-3 sentences

2-3 minutes 3-5 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes

mastership.co Learn from the world’s best IELTS course.

Trends Comparative Process Map

WRITING TASK 1 US Energy Consumption by Fuel

The graph below gives information from a

Summarize the information by selecting and

Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 1 UK telephone calls, by category,

The chart below shows the total number of

Summarize the information by selecting and

Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 1 Sales of Fairtrade-labelled* coffee and

The tables below give information about sales Switzerland 3 6

of Fairtrade*-labelled coffee and bananas in Denmark 1.8 2

1999 and 2004 in ﬁve European countries. Belgium 1 1.7

Summarize the information by selecting and

The charts below give information on the ages

Summarize the information by selecting and

Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 1 Expenditure on consumer goods by

The chart below shows the expenditure of two

Summarize the information by selecting and

Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 1 Percentage of national consumer

The ﬁrst chart below shows how energy is used

Summarize the information by selecting and

Write at least 150 words.

The pie chart below shows the main reasons

Summarize the information by selecting and

Write at least 150 words.

The diagrams below show the life cycle of a

Summarize the information by selecting and

Write at least 150 words.

The diagrams below show the stages and

Summarize the information by selecting and

Write at least 150 words.

The two maps below show an island, before

Summarize the information by selecting and

Write at least 150 words.

How to Get a High Score

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