Characteristic properties and

reactions of some metals and their

compounds
 1. Sodium
 silver and white metal

 unstable in air

 highly reactive - stored in kerosene

 soft – can be cut with a knife

 Loss of silvery luster: 4 Na(s) + O2(g) + 4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)  4 NaHCO3(s)

 Sodium combustion: 2 Na(s) + O2(g)  Na2O2(s)

sodium peroxide
2 Na2O2(s) + 2 H2O(l)  4 NaOH(aq) + O2(g)
Alkali metals reacting with water

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jI__JY7pqOM&t=27s
 Sodium compounds
 1. Sodium chloride, NaCl

 is obtained by synthesis from the elements

 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g)  2 NaCl(s)

 crystallizes in a cubic system

 soluble in water: NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq) ∆solH = 4,3 kJ/mol

 spice in food

 saline

 food canning
 2. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH

 hygroscopic

 a white solid

 corrosive to skin

NaOH(s) + CO2(g)  NaHCO3(s)

 Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)

 2 NaOH(s) + CO2(g)  Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l)

H2O Sodium carbonate

NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH−(aq) ∆solH = - 44.05 kJ/mol

3. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3

 a white solid

 the aqueous solution is alkaline and corrodes the skin

 SOLVAY'S PROCEDURE:

 Solvay’s process is an industrial process for the production of sodium carbonate

from sodium chloride, ammonia, and carbon dioxide.

 NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 

NaHCO3(s) + NH4Cl(aq)

 Baking soda annealing: 2 NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

 production of glass, soap, paint, paper, textiles, for water softening

 2. Calcium
 soft silvery-white alkaline earth metal

 very reactive - it is not present in nature in its elemental state

 Calcium minerals:

1. Dolomite (dolomit): CaCO3 ∙ MgCO3

2. Gypsum (gypsum) (gips): CaSO4 ∙ 2 H2O

3. Limestone (vapnenac): CaCO3

4. Phosphorite (fosforit): Ca3(PO4)2

5. Fluorite (fluorit): CaF2

2 Ca (s) + O2 (g)  2 CaO (s)

Calcium oxide

Ca(s) + 2 H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Ca (s) + 2 HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2(g)

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Quicklime (živo vapno)

CaO(s) + H2O(l)  Ca(OH)2(s)

Slaked lime (gašeno vapno)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9LDG9cnGlDo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwFJ1HAyBWA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uI9bm967O_U
 Plaster (žbuka) - a mixture of slaked lime, water and sand

 Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)  CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

 Dissolution of calcium carbonate in natural water containing

dissolved carbon dioxide:
 CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Ca2+ (aq) + 2 HCO3− (aq)

 Reaction of calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid:

 CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

 3. Iron
 silvery-white metal, forged, relatively soft
 a good conductor of heat and electricity
 can be found as element
 Valence in chemical compounds: II or III
 Iron ores:
1. Pyrite: FeS2
2. Magnetite: Fe3O4 (FeO ∙ Fe2O3)
3. Hematite: Fe2O3
4. Limonite: Fe2O3 ∙ H2O
5. Siderite: FeCO3
4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g)  2 Fe2O3(s)

2 Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g)  2 FeCl3(s)

Fe(s) + S(s)  FeS(s)

Fe(s) + H2SO4(aq)  FeSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Fe(s) + 2 HCl(aq)  FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

- in the composition of hemoglobin:
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXOBJEXxNEo
 4. Copper

 transition metal
 reddish in color, tough and stretchy
 a good conductor of electricity and heat
 air-resistant - on the surface a protective layer of copper(I) oxide
 monovalent or divalent in chemical compounds
 Copper ore:
 1. Chalcopyrite (halkopirit): CuFeS2
 2. Chalcosine (halkozin): Cu2S
 3. Covellite (kovelin): CuS
 4. Cuprite (kuprit): Cu2O
 Copper heating in air: 2 Cu (s) + O2 (g) → 2 CuO (s)
 reacts with oxidizing acids:
 Cu(s) + 2 H2SO4(konc.)  CuSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJSQq494oV4

 Cu(s) + 4 HNO3(konc.)  Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

 3 Cu(s) + 8 HNO3(razr.)  3 Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NO(g) + 4 H2O(l)

Copper sulphate pentahydrate (modra galica): CuSO4 ∙ 5 H2O - fungicide

Industrial production of blue galica:
2 Cu(s) + 2 H2SO4(aq) + O2(g) → 2 CuSO4(aq) + 2 H2O(l)