GROUP 1

Sejane Mapaseka
Taeli Seipati
Lizzy Madane
Sefolo Nthabeleng
Maphatsoe Karabo
Lika Mohlophehi
 Objectives
 At the end of this presentation learners should
be able ;

Define terminology used in pharmacology

State the meaning of abbreviations in
medication prescriptions
Describe the sources of medicines
 Terminology

 Pharmacodynamics
The study of the action of drugs

 Pharmacokinetics
The study of action of drugs in the body and
their movement through the body system
during absorption, time required for the drugs
to work.
Cont.….
Movement of drugs travel by the following:

 Absorption
Is the travel of a drug from the site of
administration to the blood stream.

 Distribution
Drug travel from the absorption site to various
tissues around the body
 Metabolism
Is the breakdown of compounds as soon as they
enter the body

 Excretion
Elimination of the substances or the products of
its metabolism involves the metabolic processs
and the excretion of the drug through the
kidneys and to a degree in the bile
 Bioavailability
The degree to which a drug and other medications become available
for use by the body after administration

 Half life
The time required for plasma concentration to reduce the amount of
drug in the body

 Side effects
The result other than the one for which a drug was administered and
sometimes undesirable effect

 Therapeutic effect
The response after a treatment of any kind, the result of which are
indged to be useful or favorable
 Adverse effect
Undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication
or intervention, such as surgery

 Additive effects
the situation when the combining effects of two
drugs equal the sum of the effects of the two drugs
acting independently.

 Allergic reaction
Sensitivities to substances called allergens that come
in contact with the skin, nose, eyes, respiratory tract
 Abbreviations in prescriptions

 Tds - three times a day

 Qid - four times a day
 P.O - per oral
 STAT - immediately
 Bd - twice a day
 IM - intramuscular
 IV - intervenous
 NPO - nothing per oral
 Prn –when necessary
 Mane- in the morning
 Dil- diluted
 O.m- every morning
 P.c -after food
 Nocte-altered at night
 Sources of medicine
• Plants sources- are the oldest sources of drugs. Most
of the drugs in ancient times were derived from plants
e.g. leaves, stem , bark , fruits and roots
•
• Animal sources- example of medicine derived from
animal is insulin ,which is used to treat diabetes.
Insulin is made from pancreas of pigs and cows.
 Sheep thyroid is a source of thyroxin used in
hypertension
 Urine of pregnant women gives human chorionic
gonadotrophin used for the treatment of infertility.
 Conti…
• Mineral sources
Metallic and non metallic
 Iron is used in treatment of iron deficiency anemia
 Mercurial salts are used in syphilis
 Gold salts are used in treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis
Miscellaneous sources
 Fluorine has antiseptic properties
 Petroleum is used in preparations of liquid paraffin
 Conti…
• Chemical sources \ Synthetic sources
Synthetic sources when the nucleus of the drug
from natural sources are well as its chemical
structure is altered e.g. Emetine bismuth iodine

Semi synthetic the nucleus of drug is obtained

from natural source is retained but the chemical
structure is altered e.g. include ampicillin ,diacetyl
morphine and methyl testosterone etc.
THANK YOU!