Complex forcing functions,

Phasors, Phasor relationship for R, L and C.

(Lecture 2)
 Complex Forcing Function
• For the R L circuits discussed earlier we had to
use non-homogeneous differential equations
• We need to simplify the problem
• We should have simple algebraic equations of
a circuit of any complexity
• But – Constants and variables are complex
numbers instead of real numbers
Complex Forcing Function and its Response

• Real part of a Forcing Function results in a Real

Response
• Imaginary Part of the Forcing Function results
in Imaginary Response
Complex Forcing Function and its Response

Network with
only Passive
elements and ↓ 𝐼 𝑚 cos (𝜔 𝑡+ ∅ )
no independent
sources

In a Linear Circuit, A Sinusoidal Forcing Function

produces a Sinusoidal response of the same frequency
 Shift the time reference of the Forcing
Function by 90
• Delay the signal by 90

• Which is equal to

• When applied to the same network, will

produce a corresponding response i.e.
 Imaginary Sources lead to Imaginary
Responses

Network with
only Passive
• j
elements and ↓ 𝑗𝐼 𝑚 sin(𝜔 𝑡+ ∅ )
no independent
sources
 Apply a Complex Forcing Function

(The Forcing Function)

When applied to the network, we get a response

as follows:
 In Exponential Form
• Using Euler’s Identity, we convert the
sinusoids to exponential form
• Forcing Function will❑be
❑
• And the response is

• Network with
only Passive
elements and
no independent
sources
 Converting the Differential Equation into an
Algebraic Equation

So the source
And the response will be:

-
-
 -
-

Solve Example 10.2

 Question
A series RLC circuit has R = 80 Ω , L = 240 mH,
and C = 5 mF. If the input voltage is v(t) = 10 cos
2t find the current flowing through the circuit.
 PHASORS
• A sinusoidal current response can be
represented in the complex form as:
, where and define the current exactly
We are only required to write the frequency
once (near the circuit diagram),
So, we can represent the Voltage source by and
the current response by
 PHASOR FORM
• So in Phasor form:

And the current response

This abbreviated complex representation is
called a Phasor.
Take a real Sinusoidal current:

(Using Euler’s identity)

• Represent this current as a complex identity by dropping ,

• This adds the imaginary component to the current
without affecting the real component
• We simplify it further by suppressing the factor : I=,
• In polar form I =
Table 9.1 (Alex)
 Question
Apply phasor analysis to evaluate the following.
• (a) v = 50 cos(ω t + 30 o ) + 30 cos(ω t + 90 o )V
• (b) i = 15 cos(ω t + 45 o ) - 10 sin(ω t + 45 o )A
Solution:
• (a) V = 50 < 30o + 30 < 90o = 43.3+ j25 − j30 = 43.588 <
−6.587o v = 43.588cos(ωt − 6.587o ) V = 43.49cos(ωt–
6.59°) V
• (b) I =15 < 45o −10 < 45o − 90o = (10.607 + j10.607) −
(7.071− j7.071) =18.028 < 78.69o
i =18.028cos(ωt + 78.69o ) A = 18.028cos(ωt+78.69°) A
Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

We can define Algebraic relationships between

voltage and current for inductors and capacitors

just as we did with resistors

 Resistor

• Complex Current Response:

• So,
• Dividing by
 Resistor (contd.)

• Thus V=RI
• So voltage current relationship for a resistor in
frequency domain is the same as in time
domain.
• Phase angles and are equal so the voltage
and current are in phase
 Question

Determine the current that flows through an 8- Ω resistor connected to a voltage

source 110cos377 sv = t V.
 Inductor

Substituting with complex voltage and current:

V=I
Angle of the factor j, I lags V by 90 in an
inductor
 Question
• A series RL circuit is connected to a 110-V ac
source. If the voltage across the resistor is 85
V, find the voltage across the inductor.
 Capacitor

I=V
I leads V by 90 in a Capacitor
 Question
• What is the instantaneous voltage across a 2-μ
F capacitor when the current through it is
i =4 sin(10 6 t +25 o ) A
 KVL on phasors
KVL in a loop +=0
Use Euler’s Identity

In an RL circuit:
Table