Chemistry

Unit 4: The Periodic Table

and Periodicity

Outlin
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PowerPoint Presentation by Mr. John Bergmann

 The Elements
Element names come from a variety of sources.

elements known to the ancients… S, Sn, C, Cu

place names… Fr, Po, Ge, Ga, Eu, Am, Cf, Sc

famous people… Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Bh

foreign languages… W, Fe, Au, Ag, Pb, Sn, Cu

mythology-related names… Th, Pm, Ta, Ti, Pd

names related to element properties… Hg, Xe

 Background on the Periodic Table

Dmitri Mendeleev: given credit

for Periodic Table (~1870)
-- organized Table by
increasing atomic mass
-- left spaces and predicted
properties of undiscovered Mendeleev
elements

Henry Moseley: put elements in

order of increasing
atomic number
____________.
Moseley
 Describing the Periodic Table

periodic law: the properties of elements repeat

every so often
period: horizontal row; there are 7
group (family): vertical column; there are 18
1 18
1 2 13 14 15 16 17
2
3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
4
5
6
7
 Regions of the Table
metals: left side of Table; form cations
properties:

lustrous ductile malleable

(shiny) (can pull (can hammer
into wire) into shape)

good conductors
(heat and electricity)
 Regions of the Table (cont.)

nonmetals: right side of Table; form anions

properties: good insulators
gases or brittle solids

neon sulfur iodine bromine

Ne S8 I2 Br2
 Regions of the Table (cont.)

metalloids (semimetals): “stair” between metals

and nonmetals (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po)

no
nm
et
als
metals

computer chips

properties: in-between those of metals

and nonmetals; “semiconductors”
Si and Ge computer chips
alkali metals: group 1 (except H); 1+ charge;
very reactive
alkaline earth group 2; 2+ charge;
metals: less reactive than
alkalis
halogens: group 17; 1– charge; very reactive
noble gases: group 18; no charge; unreactive
lanthanides: elements 58–71 contain f
actinides: elements 90–103 orbitals
coinage metals: group 11
transition elements: groups 3–12; variable charges
main block (representative) elements: groups 1, 2,
13–18
alkali metals actinides
alkaline earth
coinage metals
metals
halogens transition elements
noble gases metalloids
lanthanides main block elements
more nonmetals
hydrogen

more metals
 Same number of valence e– = similar properties
Li 1s2 2s1 Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
In any group, the element BELOW has one more
occupied energy level than does the element ABOVE.

Li Na

The period that an element is in is the same as the

energy level that its valence electrons are in.
Li in 2nd period Na in 3rd period
v.e– in 2nd E.L. v.e– in 3rd E.L.
 Periodicity

there are trends in properties of elements

-- left-right AND up-down trends
atomic radius: the size of a neutral atom
…increases as we go
WHY? add a new energy
level each time
…decreases as we go
WHY? it has to do with…
coulombic attraction: attraction between (+) and (–)
Coulombic attraction depends on…
amount of charge distance between charges
2+ 2– 2+ 2–

1+ 1– 2+ 2–

As we go ,
+ – more coulombic
attraction, no new
++ – – energy level, more
H
pull, smaller size

He + + – –
shielding effect: kernel e– “shield” valence e–
from attractive force of the nucleus

v.e– v.e–
Li K

tougher to easier
remove to remove
-- caused by kernel and valence e–
repelling each other

As we go , shielding effect increases.

 ionic radius: the size of an ion

cations anions

Ca atom Ca2+ ion Cl atom Cl1– ion

20 p+ 20 p+ 17 p+ 17 p+
20 e– 18 e– 17 e– 18 e–

Ca Ca2+ Cl Cl1–

cations are smaller anions are larger

 ionization energy: the energy required to remove
an e– from an atom

M + 1st I.E. M1+ + e–

removes 1st e–
M + 2nd I.E. M2+ + e–
M + 3rd I.E. M3+ + e–
Each successive ionization requires
more energy than the previous one.
As we go , 1st I.E…. decreases.
(due to the shielding effect)
As we go , 1st I.E…. increases.
 electronegativity: the tendency for
a bonded atom to
attract e– to itself
Linus Pauling quantified
the electronegativity scale.

As we go , electronegativity… decreases.
As we go , electronegativity… increases.

as e s
i v i ty in c r e
at
o neg
e le c t r
Resources - Periodic Table
Objectives Episode 7 – The Periodic Table

Worksheet - vocabulary
Activity - aliens cards: A B key
Activity - coloring periodic table
Worksheet - periodic table paragraph
Worksheet - ionization energies
Lab - periodic trends database
Project - element brochure example timeline
Worksheet - periodic table textbook questions

Outline (general)