VIRUS

AND
BACTERIA
SCIED 260 CONCEPTS OF BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

DEBBIE ANN M. LAGUINDAB

MSCIED GENSCI 2
BACTERIA
Prokaryotic microorganisms
• One of the oldest and most diverse forms
of life on Earth.
• They lack nucleus and organelles
External structure

● Flagella (sing. Flagellum)

– long hair-like filamentous structures that is
essential for locomotion of the bacteria.

● Pili - short, hollow, non-helical

filamentous structure that aids in
adherence to host cells.
External structure

● Capsule- viscous outermost layer

surrounding the cell wall. Aids in
adherence and resistance against
phagocytosis
External structure

● Cell wall - protects and maintain the

shape of the bacteria.
peptidoglycan

GRAM- POSITIVE
GRAM - NEGATIVE

Gram positive Gram negative

 Internal structure
● Cell membrane – regulates the
inflow and outflow of nutrients, ions
and metabolites.

● Ribosomes- synthesize bacterial

proteins and enzymes

● Nucleiod- DNA molecule either a

closed circular or in coiled form
Three distinct shapes

spiral
spherical rod-shaped (spirillum)
(cocci) (bacilli)
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

● GRAM STAINING
● OXYGEN REQUIREMENT
● OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE
● ARRANGEMENT OF FLAGELLA
● MODE OF NUTRITION
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
● GRAM STAINING
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
● OXYGEN REQUIREMENT
1. Aerobic bacteria
2. Facultative bacteria
3. Anaerobic bacteria
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
● OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE
1. Psychrophiles - 15 C or below
0

2. Mesophiles - 15 – 45 C 0

3. Thermophiles -above 45 C 0
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA

● ARRANGEMENT
OF FLAGELLA
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA
● MODE OF NUTRITION

Heterotrophic bacteria
Staphylococcus spp
FUNCTIONS AND ROLES OF
BACTERIA

DECOMPOSITION
SYMBIOSIS
NITROGEN FIXATION
FERMENTATION
 DISADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF
BACTERIA

• Wide variety of human diseases

• Bacterial spoilage of foods feeds and pharmaceutical
products
• Can cause disease to crop plants and domestic animals.
• Deterioration and degradation of useful organic products
like furniture, textiles, etc.
VIRUS
 Are viruses
living or dead?
Living Characteristics of Viruses Non-living Characteristics of Viruses

Reproduction (ability to replicate) Lack of cellular organization

Presence of nucleic acid Lack of metabolic machinery

Susceptible to mutation Lack of autonomous reproduction

Ability to adapt to changing environment Ability to crystalize

Nonresponsive to stimuli

Lack of growth
How do they work?

●Viruses either enter or

inject their DNA/RNA into
a host cell.
●Viruses use that host cell
to replicate themselves.
●Without a host cell, viruses
cannot function
What is a bacteriophage?
-a type of virus that infects bacteria cells.

bacteriophage

Bacteria
Cell
 SIGNIFICANCE OF VIRUSES

● Viruses are also being studied as therapeutic agents

● Viruses play an important role in maintaining the ecosystem.

● Viruses are used as vectors in biotechnology

● Viruses can be used as natural pesticides and insecticides.

VIRAL DISEASES IN HUMAN
Human Viral Disease Causative Agent

Common cold Rhinovirus, coronavirus, RSV, parainfluenzae virus

SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV2, MERS Coronaviruses

Rabies Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)

Chickenpox, Smallpox Pox viruses

Hepatitis Hepatitis viruses

Dengue Dengue viruses

Chikungunya Chikungunya virus

Influenza Influenza viruses

Poliomyelitis Poliovirus

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Human

Encephalitis and Meningitis
polyomavirus 2, arbovirus

Viral Conjunctivitis Adenovirus, HSV

RSV, Influenza virus Types A and B, coronaviruses,

Pneumonia
adenovirus

HIV-AIDS HIV

Gastroenteritis Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Noroviruses

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Based on Table 3. the level of the most dominant mental model through the drawing
writing test is at levels D4 and W2 for the concept of structure and the concept of
bacterial reproduction.
 REFERENCES
Anoush. (2014, July 20). PPT - BACTERIA PowerPoint Presentation, free download - ID:2016471.
SlideServe. https://www.slideserve.com/anoush/bacteria

Binary Fission and other Forms of Reproduction in Bacteria. (n.d.). CALS. https://cals.cornell.edu/microbiology/research/active-research-
labs/angert-lab/epulopiscium/binary-fission-and-other-forms-reproduction-bacteria

Bruslind, L. (2019b, August 1). Introduction to viruses. Pressbooks. https://open.oregonstate.education/generalmicrobiology/chapter/

introduction-to-viruses/

Dahal, P. (2023, September 15). What are Bacteria?- A Complete Study Note and Guide. Microbe Notes. https://microbenotes.com/bacteria/

Dahal, P. (2023b, September 30). What are Viruses?- A Complete Study Note and Guide. Microbe Notes. https://microbenotes.com/what-are-
viruses/

Hamdiyati, Y., Rahman, T., and Rahmawati, R.D. (2023). Analysis of high school students’ mental model on bacteria concept: representation
of students' conceptions. Thabiea : Journal of Natural Science Teaching, 6(1), 76-89.

Vedantu. (n.d.). Reproduction in bacteria. VEDANTU. https://www.vedantu.com/biology/reproduction-in-bacteria

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