WATER

TRANSPORT

ENGR. EMILY ODON y HERMOCILLA

Instructor I

EASTERN SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY

SALCEDO CAMPUS
Reliable water supply, good quality water
source and equipment to transfer water to
and within the facility is required.
The volume of water needed depends on
the facility size, species and the
production system
Correct design and construction of the
water inlet system is an absolute
requirement to avoid large unnecessary
problems in the future.

Water Transport
Reliable water supply, good quality water
source and equipment to transfer water to
and within the facility is required.
The volume of water needed depends on
the facility size, species and the
production system
Correct design and construction of the
water inlet system is an absolute
requirement to avoid large unnecessary
problems in the future.

Water Transport
a. Pipes – most common
b. Open Channels
Used for transport of water into the farm, for
distribution inside the farm and for the outlet of water.
Built of concrete
Large
Water is transported at low velocity
Earth canals is used to supply water to earth ponds

Ways to transport water

Simple to construct
Ease with which the water flow can be
controlled visually.

Advantages of Open Channel

Requirement for the total slope over the total
length
No pressure
Greater exterior size compared to pipes
Noise inside the building when water is
flowing

Disadvantages of Open Channel

*PIPE & PIPE PARTS
A. Thermoplastics
B. Hardening Plastics
C. Other Pipe materials

PIPE MATERIALS
Thermoplastics

commonly used material for pipes; melts

when the temperature gets high enough.
Thermoplastics

Classification of thermoplastic based on the

way the pipe is connected:
Weldable- polyethylene (PE)
Glueable – polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Hardening plastics (e.g., Fiberglass )
Made of different materials that are
hardened; afterwards it is impossible to
change its shape even by heating.
Used in special critical pipes and pipe
parts
Other pipe materials
Copper
commonly used but not recommended for
fish farming because of its toxicity

Steel, concrete or iron

seldom used because of their price,
duration and laying costs.
Pipe Material Uses/Installation Advantage Disadvantage
requirement

PE Used for both inlet and Low weight, Vulnerable to

outlet pipes. simple to water hammer
PE pipes are delivered in handle, have or vacuum
a wide variety of high impact effects
dimensions and pressure resistance and
classes; good abrasion
resistance
Small diameter pipes may
be delivered in coils,
while larger sizes are
straight, with lengths
commonly between 3 and
6m.
Piping must be fused
together for connection;
if flanges are fused to the
pipe fittings, pipes may
be screwed together.
Pipe Material Uses/Installation Advantage Disadvantage
requirement

PVC Used in pipes and pipe Low density Become brittle

parts inside the fish farm material and and will break
and also in outlet easy to easily at below
systems. handle. 00C temperature
Pipe and parts Vulnerable to
are simple to water hammer.
join together
with a special
solvent
cementing
glue.
Recommended Poisonous gases
for use at are emitted
temperatures during burning of
above 40°C. leftover material
Pipe Material Uses/Installation Advantage Disadvantage
requirement

Fiberglass Used for special cases, Tolerates low Low diversity of

(e.g. very large pipes, temperatures pipes and pipe
usually over 1m in parts available.
diameter).
A pipe is normally Very durable
constructed with several
layers of fibreglass and
polyester.
For joining of parts, May be
sockets are constructed constructed so
on site using layers of thick that it
polyester and fibreglass, can tolerate
or pipes equipped with water hammer
flanges by the and vacuum
manufacturer can be effects.
screwed together with a
gasket in between
Pipe Material Uses/Installation Advantage Disadvantage
requirement

Polypropylen More expensive

e (PP), than PE and PVC
Acrylonitrile–
butadiene–
styrene (ABS)
Polyvinyl
difluoride
(PVDF)
Pipe and pipe parts must be thick enough to tolerate
the pressure of water flowing through the system.
The pressure (PN) class indicates the maximum
pressure that the pipes and pipe parts can tolerate.
The pressure class is given in bar (1 bar = 10m water
column (mH2O) = 98100Pa)
Pipes of different PN classes vary regarding wall
thickness: higher pressure requires thicker pipe walls.

Pressure Class
 Water hammer:
Occurs, for instance, when a
valve in a long pipe filled with
much water is closed rapidly,
generating a high local pressure in
the end of the pipe, close to the
valve, from the moving mass of
water inside the pipeline that
needs some time to stop. The
result is that the pipe can ‘blow’.
Water hammer may also occur with
rapid starting and stopping of
pumps.

* Problems Related to Pressure Class

 Vacuum:
 generated in a section of
pipe, for example when it
is laid at different heights
(over a crest) and then
functions as a siphon. A
vacuum may then occur
on the top crest

* Problems Related to Pressure Class

In aquaculture, pipes with the following external
diameters (mm) are generally used 20, 25, 32, 40,
50, 63, 75, 90, 110, 125, 160, 180, 200, 225, 250,
280, 315, 355, 400, 450, 500, 560 and 630.
The internal diameter that is used when
calculating the water velocity in the pipelines, is
found by subtracting twice the wall thickness.
Higher pressure class pipes have thicker walls
than lower pressure class pipes.

Classification of Pipes
Valves
are used to regulate the water flow rate and
the flow direction.
The type to use must be chosen on the basis
of the flow in the system and the specific
needs of the farm.
The material chosen depends on where the
valves will be used
Valves used in aquaculture facilities
1. Ball valves
2. Diaphram or Membrane valves
3. Angle seat valves
4. Butterfly valves
5. Check valve or “non-return valve”
6. Triple way valves
A valve that consists of a
ball with an open centre.
When turning it will
gradually open or close

Ball valves
Advantage:
Best used in on/off
manner
Approximate
regulation of water
flow.
Low cost
Simple design

Ball valves
Disadvantage:
Not very precise in
regulating water flow

Ball valves
Valves constructed with a
membrane pulled down
by a piston for regulation
of water flow.

Diaphragm/Membrane Valves
Advantage:
Accurately regulate
water flow

Diaphragm/Membrane Valves
Disadvantage:
Higher cost than ball
valve
Higher head loss

Diaphragm/Membrane Valves
Valves that have a piston
standing in an angled
‘seat’

Angle Seat Valves

Advantage:
Capable of accurate
flow regulation

Angle Seat Valves

Disadvantage:
Quite expensive
Higher head loss

Angle Seat Valves

These valves are usually
located in large pipes
(main pipeline or part
pipelines) and regulate
the water flow by
opening or closing a
throttle.

Butterfly Valves
A valve used to avoid the
backflow of water,
normaly comprises a
plate or a ball that closes
when the water flow
tends to go in the
opposite direction.

Non-return Valves
Remember:
“All valves create a head loss, the
size of which depends on the type of
valve being used.”
Pipe Parts - Fittings
T-pipes
Sockets
Flanges or Unions
End Caps
Elbows
Reducer

Cross-sections of fittings
used in aquaculture
Pipe Connections - Jointing

1. Fusion connection
2. Electro-fusion connection
3. Flange connection
4. Glued socket connections
5. Union connections
6. Socket connection
Mooring of Pipes

Mooring is needed when:

Mooring of Pipes

Mooring of pipes is needed to avoid

movement and breakage of the pipes due large
forces generated by the high velocity flow of
water.
In underwater or subsurface water in the sea
or lakes, mooring of pipe is required to
prevent them from floating due to their
bouyancy.
Ditches for Pipes

Placing pipes in ditches

is one way of mooring
them.
The use of ditches will
also improve the farm
aesthetically; and the
possibilities for public
traffic to use the area.
WATER FLOW & HEAD
LOSS IN CHANNELS &
PIPE SYSTEMS
Water Flow
The amount of water that flows through a
pipe or in an open channel depends on the
water velocity and the cross-sectional area
of the pipe or the channel where the water
is flowing.
Water Flow
Equation used in pipes & channels:
Continuity Equation:

Q = VA
where:
Q = water flow (l/min, l/s, m /s) 3

V = water velocity (m/s)

A = cross-sectional area of where the water
is flowing .For full pipes the cross-sectional
area will be the interior cross section of the
pipe.
Water Flow
Equation used in pipes & channels:
Continuity Equation:

Q = VA
where:
Q = water flow (l/min, l/s, m /s) 3

V = water velocity (m/s)

A = cross-sectional area of where the water
is flowing .For full pipes the cross-sectional
area will be the interior cross section of the
pipe.
Water Flow
Equation used in pipes & channels:

Sample Problem:

The water flow to a farm is 1000 l/min

(0.0167m /s). The acceptable velocity in the
3

pipeline is set at 1.5m/s. Find the necessary

pipe dimensions if one pipe is to be used.
Water Flow
For an open channel the flow velocity
depends on the slope, the hydraulic radius
and the Manning coefficient.

Manning’s Velocity Equation:

where:
V = average flow velocity in the channel
R = hydraulic radius
S = channel slope
n = Manning coefficient
Water Flow
Hydraulic Radius, R
is the ratio between the crosssectional
area where the water is flowing and the
wetted perimeter, which is the length of
the wetted surface of the channel
measured normal to the flow.
Water Flow
Slope, S
Is the ratio between the difference in
elevation between two points in the
channel and the horizontal distance
between the same two points.

S
Water Flow
To ensure drainage, it is recommended
that the slope is more than 0.0013, while
self-cleaning is ensured with slopes in the
range 0.005–0.010.
Water Flow
The Manning coefficient is determined by
experiment, some actual values being
used:

Channel Type n - Value

concrete-lined channels 0.015
plastic 0.013
unlined channels (straight 0.023
and uniform earth)
Unlined channels (rock) 0.025
Water Flow
Flow rate can be computed based on flow
velocity & continuity equations as:

where:
Q= water flow
A = cross-sectional area where the water is flowing
V = average flow velocity in the channel
R = hydraulic radius
S = slope of the channel
n = Manning coefficient.
Head loss in Pipelines
All transport of water through a pipe or a
channel between two points results in an
energy loss (head loss).
Causes of head loss:
a. friction between the water molecules and the
surroundings.
b. changes in the water direction (bends) or
narrow passage (valves)
c. Friction between the water molecules due to
velocity gradient
Head loss in Pipelines
The amount of energy in water is constant
(Bernoulli equation) if during passage no
energy is supplied to or extracted from it.

When friction occurs, the energy in the

water is transformed into another form of
energy, normally heat.
Head loss in Pipelines
As a result of frictional losses when
flowing through a pipeline, the energy of
the water must be higher at the beginning
(inlet) than at the end (outlet);

If the water is pumped, the pump

pressure must overcome these frictional
energy losses in addition to the pump
height.
Head loss in Pipelines
The energy loss (hm) due to friction
through a pipeline may be calculated using
the Darcy–Weisbach equation:

hm=fLV2/2gd
where:
f = friction coefficient
L = length of pipeline
d = diameter of pipeline (wet)
V = water velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity.
Head loss in Pipelines
The friction coefficient,f, depends on the
pipe surface (the roughness of the pipe).

Relative roughness (r)

Is the relation between the absolute roughness
(e) and the diameter (d) of the pipe,
r = e/d
Head loss in Pipelines
High relative roughness gives high friction.

The amount of friction depends on the:

a. pipe material,
b. connection method
c. age of the pipe.
Head loss in Pipelines
The friction coefficient also depends on
flow type.

Types of Flow
1. Laminar Flow (Re<2000
2. Turbulent Flow (Re>4000)
Head loss in Pipelines
Reynold’s Number, Re
A non-dimensional number used to describe flow
conditions, which can be calculated from the ff.
equation:

where:
V = average water velocity
d = internal pipe diameter
= kinematic viscosity.
Head loss in Pipelines
Kinematic viscosity, (m2/s)
is the absolute viscosity divided by the density
of the liquid.

The kinematic viscosity of water decrease with

temperature.
Head loss in Pipelines
Sample Problem:

The average velocity of fresh water in a pipe of

internal diameter 123.8 mm is 1.5m/s
(0.1238m). The temperature is 20°C. Calculate
the Reynolds number.
Head loss in Pipelines
By calculating the
Reynolds number
and the relative
roughness of the
pipe, the friction
coefficient f, can
be found from the
Moody diagram.
Head loss in Pipelines
Computer
programs and
special diagrams
are available for
calculating the
head loss caused by
friction inside a
pipe.
Head loss in Pipelines
Sample Problem:

Calculate the head loss in an old PE pipe with

internal diameter of 110mm (0.11m). The length
of the pipe is 500 m and the velocity in the pipe
is 1.5m/s; the friction coefficient is 0.030.
Head loss in Single Parts (Fittings)
Additional turbulence (hence, friction) occurs in
the inlet and outlet of the pipe, in valves, bends,
reductions, connections, etc.

The head loss can be calculated from the

equation:
Ht=kV2/2g
where:
Ht = head loss in the single part
k = resistance coefficient for the pipe part
V = water velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity.
Head loss in Single Parts (Fittings)
Sample Problem:

The water must flow through a 90° elbow: either two 45°
elbows or one 90° elbow with k values of 0.26 and 0.9,
respectively, can be used to achieve this. The flow velocity is
set to 1.5m/s. Calculate the head loss in the two cases.

Answer;
* For the two 45° elbows
Ht = = 0.06m

* For the 90° elbow

Ht = 0.10m
Head loss in Single Parts (Fittings)
The resistance of every single part must be
added, so the sum of every single resistance
(Hk) plus the head loss (Hm) in the pipeline
gives the total head loss (Ht).