Chapter 9 Protect Capacitor Banks

Protective Relaying for Power Systems
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Chapter 9: PROTECT CAPACITOR BANKS
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TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN
INTRODUCTION
 Shunt capacitors and series capacitors are used in power systems to improve the voltage stability at nodes.
 Series capacitiors→ Improving line parameters → Increasing load-carrying capacity and system stability
 Shunt capacitiors: Compensating reactive power to improve power factor or enhance economic efficiency during
operation.
 +) Increasing the line's load-carrying capacity
 +)Improving voltage stability

TS. Nguyễn
at nodesThị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN
 +)Redistributing reactive power within the system resulting in reduced system losses.
 +)Increasing the stability reserve of the system.
 Capacitor banks are typically single-phase and can be connected in either a star or delta configuration for three-
phase applications
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INTRODUCTION
 The purpose of a capacitor bank’s protective control is to remove the bank from service before any units or any of
the elements that make up a capacitor unit are exposed to more than 110% of their voltage rating.
 When capacitor units in a capacitor bank fail, the amount of increase in voltage across the remaining units
depends on the connection of the bank, the number of series groups of capacitors per phase, the number of units
in each series group, and the number of units removed from one series group. A similar effect occurs on the
internal elements that make up a capacitor unit.
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
Capacitor Banks: Core components

Bank design means transforming the requested reactive power into a physical structure with all environmental aspects
and customer requirements taken into account.
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INTRODUCING THE SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK
Capacitor bank with external fuse:

 External fuse connection for capacitors.
 The fuse connection is responsible for isolating capacitors in case of a fault,
allowing other capacitors to continue operating normally.

 When a capacitor element is isolated, the voltage across the remaining phases
will increase.
 Due to this reason, capacitor banks with external fuses have limited power
capacity. They are suitable for distribution grids.
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Capacitor bank with internal fuse:

 Internal fuse placed within the capacitors.
 The internal fuse is responsible for isolating faulty capacitors.
 The internal fuse is not exposed to the external environment,
making it more reliable.

 However, it can be challenging to detect how many capacitor
units have failed.
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Fuseless capacitor bank

 Similar to the type with an external fuse
 No protective fuse
 When a capacitor fails, the corresponding capacitor branch
will be disconnected, and the voltage will increase for the remaining branches.
Example: There are 6 capacitor banks, each with 8 capacitor compartments,
totaling 48 compartments.When one compartment is short-circuited, the voltage
across the remaining compartments increases by only 2%.
Typically applicable for voltage levels above 35kV: at high voltage levels, it is common to use more than 10
consecutive capacitor compartments. When one compartment fails, the voltage increase remains below the
permissible threshold, allowing the capacitor bank to continue operating.
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Using Overcurrent protection

 Capacitor banks can allow operating currents up to 135%.
 For controlled capacitor banks, determining the relay starting
current is not possible as the capacitors are switched in and out.

 Fast-acting protection devices need to consider the transient
overcurrent in their starting TS.

current calculation.
Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN
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 Protection against unbalance in capacitor banks
 Protection with the purpose of providing warnings and potentially triggering a signal to disconnect the capacitor
bank in the event of fuse blowing incidents in some capacitor units.
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 Unbalance protection
 Neutral-grounded capacitor bank

 Based on neutral current
 The protection is set up to provide a warning signal when
the number of capacitors that are faulty reaches the permissible threshold.
TS.capacitors
 When the number of faulty Nguyễn Thị Anh the
exceeds – Bộ môn Hệ athống
threshold, signalđiện - ĐHBKHN
is triggered to disconnect the capacitor bank.
 Simple protection scheme.
 Susceptible to the effects of system unbalance.
 Influence of third harmonic waves (requires a filter).
 No impact if the fault is the same across phases.
 Unable to differentiate the phase of the fault. 12

PROTETION OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS
 Unbalance protetion
 Neutral grounding capacitor banks
 Based on the capacitor midpoint voltage
 Any unbalance in the capacitor result in midpoint voltage unbalance

 The total voltage at the open delta coil is proportional to this unbalance
 Do not take the terminal voltage because it does not reflect unbalance in the capacitor
 Do not take the voltage near neutral because the signal is not large enough
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 Neutral grounding capacitors
 Neutral current differential protection
 The diagram is affected by unbalance

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – on the HT
Bộ môn side điện - ĐHBKHN
Hệ thống
 High sensitivity: detect problems with large power capacitors

 Not affected by harmonics (3rd)
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 Based on neutral voltage
 Affected by unbalance of system  Not affected by unbalance of

 3rd harmonics filtering system
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 Based on neutral current
 Not affected by unbalance of power system
 Not affected by TS.
harmonics
 Using one relay and one BI
Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN
 Based on the voltage difference of the neutrals
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PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS
 Internal Protection:
 Use fuses in series with capacitor elements.
 Use relay protection methods similar to shunt capacitor banks.
 External Protection:
 Use air gaps for insulation.
 Non-triggered gaps. TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN
 No self-extinguishing arc.
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 External Protection - Using Spark Gap

 Non-triggered Gap.
 Arc self-quenching mechanism.
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 External Protection - Using Spark Gap

 No arc self-quenching mechanism.
 Using intermediate gaps.
 The current in intermediate gaps is limited by resistors.
 The arc propagates from intermediate gaps to main gap.
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 External protection for large capacitors

 No arc self-quenching mechanism.
 Using intermediate gaps.
 The current in intermediate gaps is limited by resistors.
 The arc propagates from intermediate gaps to main gap.
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 MOV: Overvoltage Protection for capacitors
when subjected to high fault currents.
 Bypass Gap: An air gap that automatically ignites
through protective systems when the MOV
absorbs excessive energy. TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN
 Bypass Breaker: Automatically closes
when a fault exists for too long. Allows for the
switch of the capacitor during operation.
 Reactor: Limits the discharge current of
the capacitor during air gap or circuit breaker closure.
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C – Capacitor banks
Z – Metal oxide varistor (MOV)
D – Current limiting reactor
G – Triggered spark - gap
DOCT – Digital Optical Current Transducer
B – By – pass switch
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Protective Relaying for Power Systems

 +)Improving voltage stability

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

Capacitor Banks: Core components

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

INTRODUCING THE SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK

Capacitor bank with external fuse:

allowing other capacitors to continue operating normally.

capacity. They are suitable for distribution grids.

INTRODUCING THE SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK

Capacitor bank with internal fuse:

making it more reliable.

INTRODUCING THE SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK

Fuseless capacitor bank

 When a capacitor fails, the corresponding capacitor branch

INTRODUCING THE SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK

Using Overcurrent protection

current is not possible as the capacitors are switched in and out.

overcurrent in their starting TS.

INTRODUCING THE SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK

 Protection against unbalance in capacitor banks

bank in the event of fuse blowing incidents in some capacitor units.

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

INTRODUCING THE SHUNT CAPACITOR BANK

 Neutral-grounded capacitor bank

 Susceptible to the effects of system unbalance.

 Influence of third harmonic waves (requires a filter).

 No impact if the fault is the same across phases.

 Unable to differentiate the phase of the fault. 12

PROTETION OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS

 Any unbalance in the capacitor result in midpoint voltage unbalance

PROTETION OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS

 The diagram is affected by unbalance

 High sensitivity: detect problems with large power capacitors

PROTETION OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

 Affected by unbalance of system  Not affected by unbalance of

PROTETION OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS

 Based on the voltage difference of the neutrals

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

 External Protection - Using Spark Gap

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

 External Protection - Using Spark Gap

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

 External protection for large capacitors

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

 External protection for large capacitors

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

 External protection for large capacitors

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

 External protection for large capacitors

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

 External protection for large capacitors

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN

PROTECT SERIES CAPACITOR BANKS

TS. Nguyễn Thị Anh – Bộ môn Hệ thống điện - ĐHBKHN