Heredity Final (Autosaved)

REPUBLIC OF THE
PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

REGION I
SAN CARLOS CITY
Date of Discussion: 3RD Week of June DIVISION
TOPIC NO: 1
HEREDITY: INHERITANCE
&VARIATION
Subtopic 1 Location of genes on chromosomes
Subtopic 2 Non- Mendelian Inheritance
Subtopic 3 Multiple genes
Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

HEREDITY: INHERITANCE AND VARIATIONS
Content Standards
a. How genetics information is organized in genes and chromosomes

b. The different patterns of Inheritance
Performance Standard
a. Illustrate how traits of economically important plants and animals are improved through breeding.
Learning Competencies
a. Describe the location of genes in chromosomes (S9LT-Id-28)
b. Explain the different patterns of Non- Mendelian inheritance (S9LT-Id-29)

ELICIT
Before you start with the module, be sure to answer the Pre
assessment questions on page 2 in your Learner’s Materials.

PUNNET SQUARE- is a square diagram that is use to

predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is
named after Reginald C. Punnett who devised the approach. The
diagram is use by biologist to determined the probability of an
offspring having a particular genotype.

Setting up and using a Punnett square is quite simple

once you understand how it works. You begin by drawing
a grid of perpendicular lines:

Next, you put the genotype of one parent across the top and that of the
other parent down the left side. For example, if parent pea plant
genotypes were YY and GG respectively, the setup would be:
Note that only one letter goes in each box for the parents. It does not matter which parent is on the
side or the top of the Punnett square.
Next, all you have to do is fill in the boxes by copying the row and column-head letters across or down
into the empty squares. This gives us the predicted frequency of all of the potential genotypes among
the offspring each time reproduction occurs.

In this example, 100% of the offspring will likely be heterozygous (YG). Since the Y
(yellow) allele is dominant over the G (green) allele for pea plants, 100% of the YG
offspring will have a yellow phenotype, as Mendel observed in his breeding experiments.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE VERSUS NON- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE NON- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Mendelian inheritance is the way in which Non- Mendelian inheritance is the
genes and their corresponding traits are patterns of inheritance which do not
passed from parents to their offspring by follow the Mendelian inheritance
means of dominant and recessive alleles
Involve only two (2) alleles Involved multiple alleles or polygenes
The two (2) alleles of a gene are either The two alleles are neither dominant
dominant or recessive nor recessive
Phenotypic proportions can be pre- Phenotypic proportions differ from
determine theoretically theoretic proportion

DISCUSSION
ON THE
TOPIC IS ON
THE VIDEO
PRESENTED
…

1. Incomplete Dominance
In incomplete dominance, a heterozygote shows a phenotype
that is intermediate between the two homozygous
phenotypes. Neither allele is dominant over the other. An
example of incomplete dominance is flower color in four
o’clock plant, like those shown in Figure 1. When a pure red-
flowered four o’clock plant is crossed with a pure white
flowered four o’clock plant, the offspring will produce neither
red nor white flowers. Instead, all flowers will be pink.
Do you think the alleles blended to make pink?

In incomplete dominance, it is only the phenotype
that is intermediate. The red and white alleles
remain separate and distinct half the gametes of the
pink four o’clock plants carry the allele for red and
half carry the allele for white. Therefore the
genotypic ratio becomes the phenotypic ratio.


Key Concepts
Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate
inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not
completely dominant over the other allele. This results in a
third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a
combination of the dominant and recessive phenotypes

INSTRUCTION: Answer the Genetic Problems on

Incomplete Dominance correctly, questions are on the next
slides.

1. In Japanese four o'clock plants red (R) color is incompletely

dominant over white (r) flowers, and the heterozygous condition (Rr)
results in plants with pink flowers. For each of the following construct
a punnett square and give phenotypic and genotype ratios of the
offspring.
a) a red plant and a white plant }
b) a red plant and a pink plant }
c) a white plant and a pink plant
d) two pink plants

2. In some cats the gene for tail length shows incomplete dominance.
Cats with long tails and cats with no tails are homozygous for their
respective alleles. Cats with one long tail allele and one no tail allele
have short tails. For each of the following construct a punnett square
and give phenotypic and genotype ratios of the offspring.
a) a long tail cat and a cat with no tail
b) a long tail cat and a short tail cat
c) a short tail cat and a cat with no tail
d) two short tail cats.

Solutions on INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
1. red (R), white (r), pink (Rr)

a) a red plant and a white plant
RR X rr, gametes for RR (R), gametes for rr (r), resulting phenotype
ratio: 100% pink, resulting genotype ratio: 100% Rr
b) a red plant and a pink plant
RR X Rr, gametes for RR (R), gametes for Rr (R & r), resulting
phenotype ratio: 50% red / 50% pink, resulting genotype ratio: 50% RR
/ 50% Rr
c) a white plant and a pink plant
rr X Rr, gametes for rr (r), gametes for Rr (R & r), resulting phenotype
ratio: 50% pink / 50% white, resulting genotype ratio: 50% Rr / 50%
rr (Thanks Sarah L.)
d) two pink plants
Rr X Rr, gametes for R(L& l), gametes for Ll (L & l), resulting
phenotype ratio: 25% Long Tailed, 50% short tailed, and 25% no
tailed, resulting genotype ratio: 25% LL / 50% Ll / 25% ll
r (R & r), gametes for Rr (R & r), resulting phenotype ratio: 25% red /
50% pink / 25% white, resulting genotype ratio: 25% RR / 50% Rr /
25% rr
Key Concepts
In codominance, both alleles are expressed
equally in the phenotype of the
heterozygote. For example, red cows crossed
with white cows will have
offspring that are roan cows. Roan refers to
cows with red hair and white blotches.
INSTRUCTION: Answer the activity in a 1 whole

sheet of paper.

PROBLEM ON CODOMINANCE
Mang Marcelino owns purebred red cows. In his farm he noticed that
after a typhoon several months ago, all of the fences that separate his
cattle from his neighbor’s cattle were destroyed. During the time that the
fences were down, three bulls, one from each neighbor, mingled with his
cows. For awhile, he thought that none of the bulls found his cows, but
over the months, he noticed that all of his cows are pregnant. He
suspected that one of the bulls is the father. Which bull is it? Help Mang
Marcelino look for the father by solving the given problem.

1. Read the given problem:
Determine the possible traits of the calves if :
a red (RR) bull is mated with a red (RR) cow 1

a red(RR) bull is mated with a white (WW) cow 2
a roan(RW) is mated with a red(RR)cow 3
2. Illustrate your answers using a Punnett square.
3. Write your answers on the Manila paper.
4. Present and discuss your answers.

Q1. Will you be able to trace the father of the calves?______________
What are the possible phenotypes of the calves for each
cow?________________________________________________
Q2. Do you think you will make Mang Marcelino happy about the result of
your investigation? _________________________________
Q3. How are you going to explain it to him? ________________________
Q4. How would you apply what you have learned to improve the breeds of
livestock
in your area?
_____________________________________________________________
Q5. What possible suggestions can you give to animal breeders in your area?

Answers to Guide Questions:

Q1. Yes, Cow 1 will have red calves; Cow 2 will have roan calves;
Cow 3 will have red and roan calves.
Q2. Yes
Q3. Student answers should be based on the Punnett square they
have already prepared in their activity.
Q4. Students may give varied answers.

Q5. Students may give varied answers. Possible answer: Animal
breeders can cross breed
animals in order for them to get the desired traits that will improve
livestock in terms of meat quality and milk production.
Point out that solving problems involving non-Mendelian
inheritance makes you realize that there are no absolutes in real life.
Codominance is the result of two alleles sharing their territory
equally, so no color is dominant they simply share traits representing
their colors. In cows, red and white do not combine to make pink
instead, roan is produced .CODOMINANCE is all about sharing space
and being independent.
YOU ARE ABOUT TO WATCH A

VIDEO ABOUT MULTIPLE
ALLELES…


Table 2. Human ABO blood types and their phenotypes.

Blood Types Genotypes
A IA IA , IA i
B IB IB , IB i
AB IA IB
O ii
The IA and IB alleles are dominant over the i allele, which is always recessive.
However, when the IA and IB alleles are inherited together, both alleles are
expressed
equally. This also makes IA and IB codominant of each other.
 What is your blood type? Do you know your blood type? What your
parent's blood type?
A man with Type O blood marries a woman with Type B blood. What are
the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? Also give the
probability of each phenotype.
Genotypes: BO, OO
Phenotypes: Type B, Type O
Probabilities: 50% Type B, 50% Type O

A man with Type B blood marries a woman with Type A blood. They
have a child with Type O blood. What are the parents' genotypes?
The parents are both heterozygous (AO, BO), otherwise they would not
be able to produce a child with Type O blood.

SEX DETERMINATION


females have different alleles or
even different genes . A sex
determination system is a biological
system that determines the
development of sexual
characteristics in an organism. ... In
many species, sex determination is
genetic: males and females and
their sexual morphology.

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination
Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell. Observation of

the human body cells shows 23 pairs of chromosomes for both
males and females. Twenty- two pairs are somatic chromosomes.
The 23rd pair consists of sex chromosomes. Human males and some
other male organisms, such as other mammals and fruit flies, have
non identical sex chromosomes (XY). Females have identical (XX) sex
chromosomes.
EXPLORE
Activity Number 1
Boy or Girl
Objective:
Discuss how sex in humans is determined
Materials:
Activity sheets
Pen
paper
Procedure:
1. Draw a Punnett square which shows the inheritance of the sex chromosomes.
Represent the female sex chromosomes with XX and the male sex chromosomes with
XY.

Key Concepts
Males have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes X
and Y. The males determine the sex of their children. Females have
44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes, both X. The total
number in each cell of an individual is 46. These chromosomes
contain the genes, which are the factors of heredity.

Guide Questions:
Q 1. What will be the sex of a child produced when an egg is fertilized by a sperm that
has a Y chromosome?
_______________________________________________
Q 2. What type of sperm must fertilize an egg to result in a female
child?_________________________________________________
Q 3. Based on this Punnett Square, what percent of children would you expect to be
male?____________________________________________________
Q 4. Which sex chromosome is present in both male and
female?_____________________________________________________
Q 5 Infer which sex chromosomes determines a person’s sex.

_______________________________________________
6. What are the other factors that may influence the expression of human sexuality?
Sex-influenced traits are also autosomal, meaning that their genes are not
carried on
the sex chromosomes. Again, what makes these traits unusual is the way they
are expressed phenotypically. In this case, the difference is in the ways the
two genders express the genes. One classic example of a sex-influenced trait is
pattern baldness in humans, though the condition is not restricted to males.
This gene has two alleles, “bald” and “non-bald”. The behaviors of the
products of these genes are highly influenced by the hormones in the
individual, particularly by the hormone testosterone. All humans have
testosterone, but males have much higher levels of this hormone than
females do. The result is that, in males, the baldness allele behaves like a
dominant allele, while in females it behaves like a recessive allele.
Expression of Pattern Baldness in Humans

Male Genotypes Male Phenotypes
XYBB Male bald
XYBb Male bald
XYbb Male nonbald
Female Genotypes Female Phenotypes
XXBB Female bald
XXBb Female nonbald
XXbb Female nonbald

Key Concepts
Sex-limited traits are those that are
expressed exclusively in one sex.
Sex-influenced traits are expressed in
both sexes but more frequently in
one than in the other sex.
S O F
PA RT
TH E

ELICIT

Chromosomes -are thread-like structures located inside

the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of
protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Passed from parents to offspring, instructions that make each type
of living creature unique.


EXPLAIN
YOU’RE ABOUT TO WATCH A VIDEO ABOUT
CHROMOSOMES, DNA ,GENES AND THE CELL…

EXPLAIN

EXPLAIN
DNA is a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone

DNA is made up of molecules called

nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a
phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen
base. The four types of nitrogen bases are
adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and
cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what
determines DNA's instructions, or genetic
code
ELABORATE
DNA Modeling
Objectives:
 Identify the components of a DNA molecule
 Construct a model of a molecule of DNA
Materials:
Cut outs of basic sub units of DNA
Crayons
Scissors
Tape or glue
Procedure:
1. Cut out all of the units needed to make the nucleotides from the handout provided
at the end of the
ELABORATE
YOU ARE ABOUT TO WATCH A VIDEO ON DNA

MODELLING ACTIVITY…


EVALUAT
E What are the common parts of a nucleotide?________________________
1.. What is the one part of the nucleotide that differs among the other
different
nucleotides?____________________________________________
2. List the different kinds of nitrogen
bases___________________________
3. Is there always going to be an equal number of adenine and thymine
nucleotides in
molecule? Why?_________________________________________
3. Is there always going to be an equal number of guanine and cytosine
nucleotides in
a molecule? Why?______________________________________
EXTEND BIG DNA MODEL: As a special project, a student (or

team) could build a large DNA demo model in which
the base sequence codes for the name or initials of
the school, or the school mascot. Flat rectangular
sheets of styrofoam could serve as the base-pair
steps; flat pentagonal pieces as deoxyribose sugars,
and flat round pieces as the phosphate groups. See
photo below. Here are the materials you will need:
Directions
Flat DNA model
G-C Template
A--T Template
D & P Templates
DNA Message-Maker

RESOURCES,

EVALUATE
INSTRUCTION : Answer the following questions in your
activity notebook.
DNA: The Genetic Material

We’ve talked a lot so far about chromosomes and the inherited trait that genes produce.
But what are genes? How do they work? After the discovery of the Chromosome Theory
of Inheritance, many questions remained unanswered.
 Of what material are genes made?
 How does the genetic material produce the characteristics of an organism?
 How is the genetic code passed from parents to offspring?

Glossary
 Allele – a different form of a gene that controls a certain trait.
 Codominance – two dominant alleles of a contrasting pair fully expressed at the same
time in the heterozygous individual.
 Incomplete dominance - occurs when the phenotype of the offspring is somewhere in
between the phenotypes of both parents; a completely dominant allele does not occur.
 Multiple Alleles – when more than two alleles control the inheritance of a character.
 Sex-influenced traits – are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one sex
than in the other.
 Sex-limited traits that are expressed exclusively in one sex of the species.

Sex-linked traits – traits that are controlled by genes located on the same sex
chromosome.
 DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
 Punnett square – the method by which one can determine the possible
genotypes and
phenotypes when two parents are crossed
 Antigen - A substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the
production of an
antibody
 Gamete - are reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to form a
new cell called a zygote.



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REPUBLIC OF THE

PHILIPPINES DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

a. How genetics information is organized in genes and chromosomes

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

PUNNET SQUARE- is a square diagram that is use to

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Setting up and using a Punnett square is quite simple

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Involve only two (2) alleles Involved multiple alleles or polygenes

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Do you think the alleles blended to make pink?

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

INSTRUCTION: Answer the Genetic Problems on

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

1. In Japanese four o'clock plants red (R) color is incompletely

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Solutions on INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

1. red (R), white (r), pink (Rr)

INSTRUCTION: Answer the activity in a 1 whole

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

a red (RR) bull is mated with a red (RR) cow 1

2. Illustrate your answers using a Punnett square.

3. Write your answers on the Manila paper.

4. Present and discuss your answers.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Answers to Guide Questions:

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

YOU ARE ABOUT TO WATCH A

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Table 2. Human ABO blood types and their phenotypes.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination

Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell. Observation of

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Q 5 Infer which sex chromosomes determines a person’s sex.

Expression of Pattern Baldness in Humans

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Chromosomes -are thread-like structures located inside

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.

DNA is made up of molecules called

YOU ARE ABOUT TO WATCH A VIDEO ON DNA

Property of San Carlos City Division. All rights reserved.