Namrataa Mamgai

2020HS26M
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
 Content
• Why body image and self esteem?
• Factors Affecting
• Why discussing the issue for teenagers is
– Personal Factors
important? • Age
• Gender and Body Size
• What is BODY IMAGE?
– Positive Body Image – Societal Factors
– Negative Body Image • Society and culture
• Beauty/fashion industry
• What is SELF ESTEEM?
• Media
– Positive Self Esteem
• Sport Industry
– Negative Self Esteem
• Family and friends
• Body Image and Self Esteem
• Identity Development Theories
• Consequences of negative body
– Erikson's theory of identity vs. role confusion

– Marcia's identity status theory

image
– Henri Tajfel's Social Identity Theory
– Mental Health Challenges

– Eating Disorder
• Anorexia Nervosa

• Bulimia Nervosa
 Content
• How does Body Image Affect Self-Esteem? • Treatments in severe cases
• Encourage a healthy body image and boost – Cognitive behavioural therapy

your self-esteem – Psychotherapy

– Medication
• Campaigns and steps taken towards better
– Physical Fitness therapy
self esteem and Body positivity
– Fair & Lovely to Glow & Lovely • Prevalence of Body Image issues in
– Victoria’s Secret Angels
(What Women Want?) teenagers
– Barbies Get Real
– Dove #StopTheBeautyTest • Prevalence in India
– Male Body Positivity Movement
• Review of the Studies conducted in
• How to support positive body image and
self esteem in teenagers the field
• Conclusion
Why body image and self esteem?
• Common in every society
• Everyone’s either a victim or
perpetrator
• No limit of existence
• Growing unrealistic beauty
standards
• Personally faced issues
• Increasing awareness
• Increasing support
• A social responsibility
 Why discussing the issue for teenagers is important?

“Teenagers are individual lying

between the age group of 13 to 19.”
•A transition period from childhood
to adulthood
•Reaching puberty
•Need for independence.
•Struggle between the need to stand
out and need to belong.
•Identity development
•Personal value system formation
 What is BODY IMAGE?
• Perception of one’s own body.
• Often confused with self esteem but body
image is a component of self esteem.
• On the basis of personal worth two types
of body image.
• Composed of two perception;

Individualistic Only perceiving own body

including:
Visual Perception
Proprioception
Somatotopic Arrangement

Collectivist Perceiving your body with

respect to collective society
including:
 Comparison with others
 Societal Expectations
 Positive Body Image

• Acceptance of one’s own body

• High self worth (the qualities and strengths)
• Good feeling towards the body weight, shape or looks
• No pressure of "perfect" body
• Less worrying about food, weight, or calories
• No judgement on others body weight, shape, and/or eating
• Comfortable and confident in own body
03/16/24 9
 Negative Body Image

• Relating physical characteristics to the overall character

• Constant negative thoughts about body
• Constant comparison with others
• Distorted idea about their body
• Obsession with “Ideal Body Type”
• Feeling of shame, self-doubt about their body
• Feeling of discomfort and awkwardness in their body
 What is SELF ESTEEM?
• Overall subjective sense of personal worth and value of an
individual.
• Other terms used to describe it are; Self Worth, Self Regard
and Self Respect.
• The self esteem gradually builds as we move on with our
developmental stages.
• The extent to which one appreciate their individuality and like
themselves.
• Similar to body image also of two types.
 Positive Self Esteem

• Value for self

• Knowing that they are lovable,
capable, and unique
• Knowing their strengths and
abilities and celebrate them
• Having a positive outlook
• Feeling of satisfaction with self
• Setting realistic goals
 Negative Self Esteem
• No value of self
• Constant worry about not
being good enough
• Focus on perceived
weaknesses and faults
• Little or no credit to skills and
assets
• Unable to accept compliments
or positive feedback
• Fear of failure leading to fear
of trying
 Body Image and Self Esteem
• Theorist consider that body image and self
esteem develops as a result of the evaluative
perception.
• Due to the different domains such as
perceived sport, competence, physical
condition, attractiveness and weight concern.
• Researchers suggest that it is during
adolescence that body image and self-esteem
becomes particularly salient
• Result of the physical and social changes
associated with this developmental stage.
• These issues have a difference of concern in
gender as well.
• Often observed individuals with higher self
esteem have better body image hence higher
levels of well being.
 Identity Development Theories

Erikson’s theory of identity vs. role

confusion

Marcia's identity status theory

Social Identity Theory

Erikson's theory of identity vs. role confusion

• Theory state that people experience

different crises or conflicts
throughout their lives in eight stages.
• Each stage occurs at a certain point
in life and must be successfully
resolved to progress to the next
stage.
• The Identity versus Role Confusion
stage involves adolescents trying to
figure out who they are in order to
form a basic identity that they will
build on throughout their life.
 Erikson's theory of identity vs. role confusion
• Especially concerning social and occupational identities.
• They ask themselves the existential questions: "Who am I?" and "What can I be?" When an
adolescent attains identity achievement, they are ready to enter the next stage,
• If the Identity versus Role Confusion crisis is not positively resolved, an adolescent will face
confusion about future plans, particularly their roles in adulthood.
• Failure to form one's own identity leads to failure to form a shared identity with others, which
can lead to instability in many areas as an adult.
 Marcia's identity status theory
Marcia created a structural interview designed to classify adolescents into one
of four statuses of identity used to describe and pinpoint the progression of an
teenager’s identity formation process.

Identity Diffusion (also known as Role Identity Foreclosure:

Confusion):
•Individual has not resolved their identity crisis
•Failed to commit to any goals or values
•No future life direction.
•Stage is characterized by disorganized thinking,
procrastination, and avoidance of issues and actions.
•Teenagers conform to an identity without exploring
what suits them best.
•For instance, teenagers might follow the values and
roles of their parents or cultural norms.
•Possibility of foreclose on a negative identity

Identity Moratorium: Identity Achievement:

•Postpones identity achievement by providing •Status is attained when the person has solved the
temporary shelter. identity issues
•Provides opportunities for exploration, either in •Made commitments to goals, beliefs, and values
breadth or in-depth. •After an extensive exploration of different areas.
19
 Henri Tajfel's Social Identity Theory
• Proposed that the groups (e.g. social class,
family, football team etc.) which people
belonged to has a crucial impact on their
self-esteem as well as body image.
• It give us a sense of social identity: a sense
of belonging.
• We tend to exaggerate the differences
between groups and the similarities of things
in the same group.
• Known as in-group (us) and out-group
(them).
• Central hypothesis : Group members of an
in-group will seek to find negative aspects
of an out-group, thus enhancing their self-
image.
• The process is followed in three stages:
Factors Affecting
 Personal Factors
Physical Changes In Boys

Physical
Changes
In
Girls
Age
•Thoughts and feelings about our body
start in late childhood and early
adolescence.
•Becomes more aware of his body
•Start to compare as well.
•Poor body image can affect people of all
ages.
Why should I
Why should I
become
be muscular?
curvier ?

Gender & Body size

•Teenage girls are more at risk for
having poor body image
•Due to multiple historical obligation
forced to be followed by women
•More and more boys are having
body image issues.
•Conjectures about: Overweight
(whether they are or not)
•Underweight (whether they are or
not)
 Societal Factors
Society and culture
•Norms and views enforce certain body type
•Often lead to an under reporting of the issue of poor body image .
•Major reason for bullying in schools which
•Leads to poor body image and low self-esteem in the victims.
•In young men, issues often start in early adolescence.

Males Females

• Men seem to be more prone to ‘atypical’ eating • Women are not so prone to that currently.
disorders and substance abuse.

• Men tend to be quieter about their body • Women, however, internalize more, body
negativity, seeking treatment less frequently or shame more, and body surveillance more than
holding off on treatment. men.

• Some researchers say men are typically more

satisfied with their physical appearance.
• Males are culturally expected to be more
muscular than cellulite.
• Women are more likely to exhibit body-change
behaviors.
• Women are expected to be culturally more
curvier
 Beauty/fashion industry
•Ads from the beauty, fashion, diet and exercise
industries that creates a perfect body type.
•Youth compare themselves to these ads.
•Leading to low self-esteem and poor body image
because:
– Teenage girls often look at women's magazines or websites
for their makeup and fashion tips
– Teenage boys often look at fitness and muscle magazines
or websites to get their information on health, fitness and
fashion
03/16/24 26
 Media
• Media, social media and peer
pressures influence the way teens see
themselves.
• Distorted body perception
• Engagement in risk behaviors
• Social media influencers, bombard
teens with images
• Creates pressures about their bodies
• These versions of “beauty” aren’t
realistic.
• Majority of images are air-brushed
• Models have 23 percent less weight
than the average woman.
• Yet, millions of teens try to fit into
that mold.
 Sport Industry
• Current "ideal" body type lean and
muscular for men and women
• Visible in athletes as well as in
models and actors.
• Teens try to get this super athletic
look by doing unhealthy things
• Exercising too much
• Dieting too much
• Taking protein powders,
supplements or steroids.
• Working out only to get a muscular
body and doing extreme things to
achieve it.
• Male teenagers may feel the
pressure from coaches and
teammates to "bulk-up"
• That is often not possible.
• Only 1-2% of the population has a
body naturally lean like the "ideal"
shown in the media.
 Family and friends
• Families affect how teens
think they should look and
act.
• Parental judgment
affect body image severely.
• Family support enhances self
worth.
• Parent’s low esteem also
directly influence teens.
• Non considerate comments
on the physical characteristic
deteriorates self esteem.
Consequences of negative body image
 Mental Health Challenges
• Affect of poor body image on mental goes beyond occasional negative
thoughts.
• People with weight preoccupations or body dysmorphic disorder display higher
levels of:
– Depression
– Anxiety
– Suicidal thoughts.
• Other health conditions like unhealthy dieting, eating disorders, self-harm, and
substance abuse.
• Good body image, self-esteem, and mental health are not about making a
person feel happy all the time.
• Its about respecting themselves
• Thinking realistically, and taking action to cope with problems
 Depression
The clinical definition, based on
the fifth edition of the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental
Health Disorders (DSM-5), is “a
period of at least two weeks
when a person experienced a
depressed mood or loss of
interest or pleasure in daily
activities, and had a majority of
specified symptoms, such as
problems with sleep, eating,
energy, concentration, or self-
worth.”
Anxiety Disorder

A mental health disorder

characterized by feelings of
worry, anxiety or fear that are
strong enough to interfere with
one's daily activities.
Examples of anxiety disorders
include panic attacks,
obsessive-compulsive disorder
and post-traumatic stress
disorder.
Symptoms include stress that's
out of proportion to the impact
of the event, inability to set
aside a worry and restlessness.
 Eating Disorder

• For some people, poor body image is a symptom of a serious problem

like an eating disorder.
• Eating disorders are not just about food.
• Often a way to cope with difficult problems or regain a sense of
control.
• Complicated illnesses that affect a person's self-esteem, worth and
sense of identity.
 Anorexia Nervosa
• More common with females, and usually starts in early or mid adolescence
• Restrict the amount of food they eat
• Exercise a lot
• Have a lot of fear about gaining weight
• Feel "overweight" regardless of their actual weight
• Think about their body weight often and use it to measure their self-worth
• Not fully realize the seriousness of their condition
 Bulimia Nervosa
•Restrict food at times and then binge eat
•Consume a really large amount of food in a
short time
•Feel out of control over what and how much
they eat
•Purge by vomiting, using laxatives or over-
exercising
•Feel negatively about their weight, shape and
self-worth
•Not fully realize how serious their condition is
•Consequences of bulimia may include:
•Dehydration
•Electrolyte imbalance
•Digestive problems
•Damage to teeth mouth and throat (due to
vomiting)
 How does Body Image Affect Self-Esteem?
• Self-esteem and body image
have a profound impact on
your thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors.
• The social media-frenzied
and photo-shopped society
make people believe there is
a standard for beauty.
• However, it is usually not
realistic. If it is not real, it is
not achievable either. Yet,
most people think otherwise
and suffer from low self-
esteem.
Encourage a healthy body image and boost your self-esteem
Campaigns and steps
taken towards better
self esteem and Body
positivity
 Fair & Lovely to Glow & Lovely
Launched in India in 1975, today it is one of the
largest selling skin whitening cream in the world.
Unilever is marketing fair and lovely in 40 countries
in Asia Middle East and Africa, where in India is the
largest single market and hence it is doing very well
financially.
There has been an on going controversy about the
sales of fairness creams in India and several critics
have pointed out as to whether fair is actually lovely.
Recently, Hindustan Unilever Limited (herein after
known as HUL) changed the name of its best selling
women’s Fair & Lovely products as Glow & Lovely
and men’s line was rebranded as ‘Glow &
Handsome’.
Lets discuss what series events lead to such move:
•Accused of endorsing racism
•Glorification of white skin as the epitome of beauty.
 Controversial advertising
One such advertisement;
“A young, dark-skinned girl’s father
lamented that he had no son to
provide for him financially and his
daughter’s salary was not good
enough, suggesting that his daughter
was not getting a better job or not
getting marriage proposals due to
her dark skin tone. The daughter then
uses Fair & Lovely, becomes fair and
then she gets an opportunity of a
better paid job as an air-hostess and
by doing so she makes her father
happy.”
 What's wrong with this ad:
Selling point low self esteem of a
women.
Only bright skin attracts good
opportunities.
Only bright skinned girls are loved and
accepted in the society.
A lot of criticism from the public was
attracted from such advertisements.
Although the company tried to dodge
and counter the criticism by saying
that complexion is one of the Asian
standards of beauty and that it is a
dimension of personal grooming.
After protests against racial discrimination took
over in the US, Black Lives Matter, Hindustan
Unilever Limited’s Fair & Lovely faced a lot of
backlash on social media for building unrealistic
beauty standards and stereotyping skin tones in
India.

It finally announced an July 2020 that it will drop

the word ‘Fair’ from its name and restrict using
discriminatory ‘White/Whitening',’
‘Light/Lightening’ from all its packs and
communications.
It soon renamed the brand to ‘Glow & Lovely’ as a
reactive measure to an uprising.
A few experts rejoiced this move, while some
expected HUL to drop the product completely that
stands for colorism in India. But for some it was
hard earned victory for their days of struggle.
 Victoria’s Secret Angels
(What Women Want?)
• Victoria's Secret is an American lingerie, clothing, and beauty
retailer known for high visibility marketing and branding,
starting with a popular catalog and followed by an annual
fashion show with supermodels.
• One of the elite group of these models is called as Victoria’s
Secret Angels.
• For decades, Victoria’s Secret’s scantily clad supermodels with
Jessica Rabbit curves epitomized a certain widely accepted
stereotype of femininity.
• The brand has faced several backlash on the account of setting
unrealistic body and beauty standards.

46
• Finally the brand took a huge step towards redeeming
its flawed advertising.
• Spearheading what may be the most extreme and
unabashed attempt at a brand turnaround in recent
memory: an effort to redefine the version of “ideal
body” that Victoria’s Secret represents.
• The elite angels were replaced with VS Collective
includes seven amazing and influencing women, who
are the flag bearers of body positivity in respective
fields.
 Famous
Australian
model
Priyanka Chopra
Jonas, a 38-year-old
Valentina Sampaio, Amanda de Cadenet is a
Indian actor and tech previous Victoria’s photographer, journalist,
investor. secret angels. and media personality.

Eileen Gu, a champion

Megan Rapinoe is a The 29-year-old biracial model and freestyle skier and soon
professional soccer player inclusivity advocate Paloma Elsesser,
and LGBTQ+ advocate who was the rare size 14 woman on to be Olympian is the
the cover of Vogue. youngest member
 Barbies Get Real
• Almost every girl I know has played with a Barbie
doll at some point or the other in her life and the
ones who haven’t, have surely heard of the famous
toy. Barbie dolls were first introduced in March
1959 by the American toy giant, Mattel, Inc. and
have been a major part of the toy industry ever
since.
Some photo-realistic rendering shows just how
bizarre a life sized barbie would actually look, and
• It’s absolutely true that possessing one of these dolls
uncovers impossible physical proportions of the as a child was a thing of pride and joy, but on the
doll idolized as perfection by so many other hand, Barbie dolls can lead to a significant
decrease in self-esteem and dissatisfaction with
one’s body.
• With an estimated BMI of 16.24, a real-life Barbie
would fit into the Anorexic category and would have
to walk on all fours due to her body proportions, as
per the ‘Get Real Barbie Campaign’ fact sheet.
• Due to such large extent of annoyance anger and multiple digital
protest finally in 2016 barbie decided to launch a new range
barbie dolls.
• Away from that Caucasian thin tall body type but dolls with more
realistic body structures.
 Dove #StopTheBeautyTest
• Beauty soap Dove has released #StopTheBeautyTest,
a campaign, that puts forward the thought that beauty
is not one dimensional.
• The brand has attempted to make beauty a positive
experience that is accessible to every woman.
• Through this campaign, Dove addresses an important
stage in the life of every young Indian woman
subjected to a 'test of beauty' that makes her feel
unbeautiful and crushes her self-esteem.
 Male Body Positivity Movement

• Men are constantly trapped by the invisible yet extremely relevant margins of masculinity to admit
weakness confess insecurity is an act of vulnerability, which men are not traditionally supposed to
display.
• This goes a long way towards explaining why the biggest killer of men under 45 is suicide.
• One man doing his bit to progress the conversation around male body image Kelvin Davis, a plus-
size blogger. Not only is he using social media to discuss his insecurities. He said “I think for it to
move faster we need more men to start speaking up against the fashion industry’s unrealistic male
beauty standards in the same way that women are doing now.”
 Research by psychiatrists at UCLA shows
that overall, people today feel worse about
the way they look than they did in the 1970s.
The problem goes beyond a college guy
hitting the gym to try to get a date. 90 % of
boys in middle and high school exercise at
least occasionally with the specific goal of
“bulking up.”

Kelvin Davis when faced public body

shaming lead out a movement. He
experienced so when a sales assistant referred
to him concerned about his frame “too big to
shop there” . So he turned online to his blog,
launching male body positivity movement.
Davis felt overlooked by the fashion industry,
because of his size and color. The blog enabled
him to delight in fashion, talk about his body
and interact with other guys who felt
vulnerable.
 How to support
positive body image
and self esteem in
teenagers
1. Detox from social media — several
weeks or a month could give you the
space and mental clarity to reset your
self-image.
2. Create multiple lists of the top things you
like about yourself.
3. Surround yourself with loving, positive
people — in real life and online.
4. For several days, jot down the negative
things you say or think about your body,
then rewrite those messages in a more
self-respecting way.
5. Redefine beauty in a less superficial way.
6. Take your own comfort into
consideration when choosing clothes.
7. Explore activities that allow you to
discover how your body works and what
it can really do.
8. Spend time volunteering to help others.
 Treatments in severe cases
• Sometimes, negative body image and low self-
esteem are too much to deal with alone.
• A negative body image may create health
problems, and you may fall into depression.
• Eating disorders and trauma can also affect
how you feel about your body.
• If you feel overwhelmed by negative body
image and self-esteem issues, getting
professional help is a must.
 Cognitive behavioural therapy
• A CBT-trained therapist help to identify
harmful, faulty thinking patterns and
restructure thoughts.
• Therapist may work to revise self-critical
language and develop relaxation techniques
to relieve some of the stress that often goes
along with negative body image.
• Sometimes, CBT therapy involves guided
imagery a kind of deep relaxation helps you
envision mental pictures that calm people
down.
• More research is needed to understand which
CBT methods are responsible for changing
body image. To date, CBT is the most trusted
approach to resolving negative body image.
Psychotherapy
• A licensed therapist or counselor can
help to talk through the causes, triggers,
memories, and associations may have
with body image.
• A 2013 study Trusted Source for
example, suggests that childhood trauma
and sexual abuse are linked to a negative
body image later in life.
• Talking with someone about these early
experiences may help reveal and change
the complicated underlying beliefs one
may have about your body.
• Often, a trusted therapist’s office can be
a safe place to talk about thoughts. A
therapist can also educate you about the
ways a negative body image can harm
your mental and physical health.
 Medication
• According to a 2020 review
some research has shown that
selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Often prescribed for anxiety
disorders, may be helpful
when you’re working to
change your body image.
• Medication is especially
effective when you combine it
with CBT techniques.
Physical Fitness therapy
• Healthy amounts of physical
activity can release endorphins to
counteract the anxiety that
sometimes accompanies a
negative body image.
• Researches suggested that
focusing on what your body can
do, rather than what it looks like,
may help repair a distorted body
image.
• Studies have expressed concern
about using exercise as a way to
counteract negative body image.
• More research is needed to find
out whether exercise has an
overall positive or negative
impact on body image.
 Prevalence of Body Image issues in teenagers

• A study conducted by Juli, M. R., (2017) showed

results like:
 The concerns of body image already begins at the young
age of 10 to 15 years irrespective of gender.
• Some online surveys by “Dosomething.org”
suggested that:
 Approximately, 91% women are not happy with their body
and opt to dieting.
 58% girls feel pressured to be a certain weight.
 95% of people with eating disorder are between the age of
12-25
• Research by the Break Binge Eating conducted on
teenagers of different nationalities stated that:
 25% of American male teenagers were highly concerned about
not being muscular enough
 17% of Australian male teenagers were dissatisfied with their
body type
 Around 20% of German teenager boys felt fat, 15% were
afraid to gain weight and 25% regularly felt upset of the way
they were.
 50% of Spanish girls expressed desire of having thinner body.
 In German girls 1/3rd of them perceived BMI of 18 as an ideal
female body size.
 About India:
• Studies alone in India suggests presence of body image
issues amongst 10-30% teenagers that we know of.
• A cross-sectional study conducted by Ganesan, S. et al.,
(2018) in Tamil Nadu suggested that:
 Of the target group 77.6% girls with body image dissatisfaction.
 58.3% with healthy BMI felt dissatisfied with their body.
 64.8% have taken at least one weight control measure in the past
year.
• With respect to TOI lifestyle issue (2021):60% of the girls
suffer from poor self esteem and have body image issues.
• The Hindu says, 30-40% of people suffering from eating
disorders are male. Out of which most of them are between
14-16 years of age.
 Review of the Studies conducted in the field:

Tsang (2017)) on the paper about body image and peer relationship discussed concerns of teenagers
on such issues. This study explored determinants affecting the body image perception in teenagers.
The results showed that peer influence had a direct but mostly negative influence on body image,
including media influence.

Catunda, et al (2017) evaluated the self perception of the body image in adolescents, raising the
issues related to the physical aspects and the physical education classes. The students showed a high
rate of dissatisfaction with the body and the willingness to take risk behaviors in pursuit of the ideal
body with better results after the program. The approach on body image in Physical Education was
nonexistent.

Cristiana (2016) assessed relationship between self-esteem and body image dissatisfaction, among
young, female Romanian university students. Purpose of study was to identify that young women’s
body dissatisfaction is related to their self-esteem level & to verify whether self-esteem level and
body size acceptance. Results showed a consistent, statistically significant correlation between BMI
and body dissatisfaction. An important part (31%) of body dissatisfaction is determined by BMI
and subsequently by weight and fat deposits.
 Review of the Studies conducted in the field:
Divya & Dr. Mayuri (2015) studied about Body Image Perceptions and its Correlation with Self
Esteem of adolescents studying in engineering colleges of Hyderabad was made to know the
relationship between Body Image Perceptions (skin complexion, facial features, blemish free skin,
height, weight, etc.) and Self Esteem of adolescents. The findings reveal how the Self esteem is
positively correlated with self assessment and perpetually inclined towards the overall assessment of
Body Image Perceptions at 1% level of significance.

Voelker et al (2015) this article provides an overview of the significance of adolescent development
in shaping body image, the relationship between body image and adolescent weight status, and the
consequences of having a negative body image during adolescence (i.e, disordered eating, eating
disorders, and dysfunctional exercise). Practical implications for promoting a healthy weight status
and positive body image among adolescents will be discussed.

Ganesan et al (2018) explored to find out the proportion of girls dissatisfied about body image, and
the association of various factors with body image dissatisfaction and to ascertain the weight control
behaviors adopted by adolescent college girls. This study establishes the fact that body image
dissatisfaction is no longer a western concept and affects Indian adolescent girls to a great extent.
The most commonly followed weight control behaviors were eating small meals and skipping meals.
Improving the appearance and body shape were the main reasons for weight control behaviors.
 Review of the Studies conducted in the field:
Shetty (2018) evaluated body image among school-going adolescents and assessing the strength of relation-ship
between body image, self-esteem and psychological distress among adolescent population. Materials &
Methods: A cross sectional research study was carried out in students of IX and X Standard of a English
Medium High School (CBSE). The study findings demonstrate that adolescent girls have more body image
dissatisfaction as compared to boys and positive body image will lead to higher levels of self-esteem and self-
worth. Plans have been made with school authorities regarding counselling sessions/ stress management
workshops to help with the body image issues

Ambroziak et al (2019) investigated whether adaptation similarly affects judgments about one’s
body and other bodies. And a participants’ own body image judgments, i.e., to measure the
mental representations to which the test stimuli were compared and not the perception of test
stimuli per se. Participants were adapted to pictures of thin or fat bodies and then rated whether
bodies were fatter or thinner than either: their own body, an average body (Experiment 1), or the
body of another person (Experiments 2 and 3). By keeping the visual stimuli constant but
changing the task/type of judgment, i.e., the internal criterion participants were asked to judge the
bodies again, also investigated how adaptation affects different stored representations of bodies,
specifically own body image vs. representations of others. After adaptation, a classic aftereffect
was found, with judgments biased away from the adapting stimulus. Critically, aftereffects were
nearly identical for judgments of one’s own body and for other people’s bodies. These results
suggested that adaptation affects body representations in a generic way and may not be specific to
the own body image.
 Conclusion
• In the generation of media each individual has become exposed to
unimagined amount of judgements. Everybody who just opinions
previously , now have the reach as well. The amount of reach has made it
much difficult to regulate the negativity around you. Hence it is necessary
to adapt to methods those help you to regulate them from within.
• And the ones requiring it most are the teenagers, they need help to sort
through and understand messages about their body.
• Sometimes you can help just by actively listening. This means really
paying attention to their concerns and showing that someone care and are
interested in what they are saying.
• Also if the child is struggling with a negative body image, consider talking
to your teen's doctor or a mental health professional.
• Cause health comes before every other taboo, misconceptions and
unrealistic expectations by society.
 There are many knives to cut through,
Many rules we were forced to bite…
There are enough things to create hate,
We don’t need another fight,
We all are talented and loved,
Regardless the gender, colour, weight or height….
We love us the way we are,
So please don’t mould us in an ideal type…

03/16/24 69
 Bibliography:
Ambroziak, K., Azañón, E. & Longo, M. (2019). Body Size Adaptation Alters Perception of Test Stimuli, Not Internal Body
Image. Frontiers in Psychology. 10, 3389-2598.

Cristiana, P. (2016). Self-Esteem and Body Image Perception in a Sample of University Students. Eurasian Journal of
Educational Research,16,31-44.

Divya, V. & Mayuri, K. (2015). Body image perceptions and its correlation with Self Esteem of Adolescents Studying in
Engineering Colleges of Hyderabad. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3 (1) 10-12.

Ganesan, S., Ravishankar, S. L., & Ramalingam, S. (2018). Are Body Image Issues Affecting Our Adolescents? A Cross-
sectional Study among College Going Adolescent Girls. Indian journal of community medicine: Official publication
of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 43(1), 42–46.

Huang, J. S., Norman, G. J., Zabinski, M. F., Calfas, K., & Patrick, K. (2007). Body image and self-esteem among
adolescents undergoing an intervention targeting dietary and physical activity behaviours. The Journal of adolescent
health: official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 40(3), 245–251

Shetty, J. (2018). Assessment of Body Image and Self Esteem among Young Adolescents. Indian journal of Psychology.
1,12-16.

Tsang, W. (2017). Exploring the Relationships Among Peer Influence, Media Influence, Self-esteem, and Body Image
Perception. New Ecology for Education Communication X Learning. 1, 237-250.

Voelker, D. K., Reel, J. J., & Greenleaf, C. (2015). Weight status and body image perceptions in adolescents: Current
perspectives. Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics, 6, 149–158.
 References:
https://www.shepherdshillacademy.org/resources/low-self-esteem-negative-body-image-teens/

https://raisingchildren.net.au/pre-teens/healthy-lifestyle/body-image/body-image-teens#:~:text=Unhealthy%20teenage%20body%20image
%20is,see%20as%20'ideal'%20bodies.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/tween-and-teen-health/in-depth/healthy-body-image/art-20044668

https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publications/body-image-report/childhood

https://familydoctor.org/building-your-childs-body-image-and-self-esteem/

https://www.heretohelp.bc.ca/infosheet/body-image-and-self-esteem-a-guide-for-parentsyouth#:~:text=Body%20image%20is%20both
%20the,respect%20yourself%20as%20a%20person.&text=Having%20a%20healthy%20body%20image,you%20feel%20good%20about
%20yourself.

https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/body-image/4-ways-to-improve-your-body-image-and-self-esteem

https://www.dosomething.org/us/facts/11-facts-about-body-image#:~:text=Approximately%2091%25%20of%20women%20are,achieve
%20their%20ideal%20body%20shape.&text=More%20than%201%2F3%20of,or%20full%2Don%20eating%20disorder.

https://breakbingeeating.com/adolescence-eating-disorders/

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/parenting/teen/how-can-you-help-your-teen-deal-with-body-image-issues/photostory/
81470002.cms

https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fitness/the-truth-about-eating-disorders/article30622662.ece