1159

• John of Salisbury: English writer, expressed the idea in 1159

• Academic Writing builds on the work of earlier authors

Plagiarism:
• Plagiarizing = Academic offence = using/copying someone else’s work
without giving that person credit.

Today’s Writers:
• Use in-text citation & references to acknowledge the ideas of earlier
authors to avoid plagiarism.
 Two types of plagiarism:

1. Copying another person’s words

2. Copying another person’s ideas

Importance of Citation or Reference:

3. Allows the reader to know who wrote or spoke the original words or
who developed the ideas.
4. Allows the reader to easily find the original source.
 Different Citation & Referencing Styles:

1. American Psychological Association – APA

2. Modern Languages Association – MLA
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE

Each style demands placing its elements in a specific order with unique
punctuation.

APA
Is widely used in several academic writings.
 In-Text Citation

• found in the body of a text

• brief or short to avoid interrupting the flow of the reading

• (original author, year of publication)

• provide complete information about the publication in a reference

section at the end of a text so that readers could easily find the
source
In-text citation using another writer’s words:

In-text citation using another writer’s ideas:

 Using another writer’s ideas:
• Writing about general knowledge or general information in your field
isn’t considered plagiarism.
Example:
Over the last two decades, advice from nutrition scientists has been
contradictory, first suggesting people reduce their fat intake, and later
advising people to eat more fat.

This isn’t considered copying because it is a well known fact in the field
of nutrition science. Many researches have agreed that this is true and
have written about it in different ways.
• You must learn information that is common knowledge in your field.
• Provide a reference to explain the origins of a specific idea.
• Specific ideas are: unique ideas – result of research – statistics

Does this require a reference ? Why ?

Example:
In The China Study, Campbell (2004) links meat eating to several
diseases such a cancer and chronic cardiovascular disease.
 Reference: APA Style
• Provide enough detail so the readers can easily find the source of
words or ideas.
• Listed in alphabetical order according to the authors’ last names.
 Citations & References:
1. How does the writer show that these ideas are based on the ideas
of earlier authors?(pg.21)

2. There are 2 different ways of presenting citations. The parentheses

go around only the year of publication; other times, they include
the author’s name and the year of publication. Why is there a
difference in how the citations are written?

3. In-text citations are short; references are longer and contain more
information. Why are citations short?
1. Why are references at the end of the reading?

2. Each reference contains a lot of information. Why do readers need

so much information?

3. What kind of information is included in a reference?