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310 11 Student
310 11 Student
Ingestive Behavior
• Drinking
• Brain Mechanisms
• Eating Disorders
• Ingestive behavior
• Eating or drinking.
• 1. ______________
• A variable that is controlled by a regulatory
mechanism; for example, temperature in a heating
system.
• 2. ___________
• The optimal value of the system variable in a
regulatory mechanism.
• 4. ___________________
• In a regulatory process, the mechanism that is
capable of changing the value of the system variable.
• _________________
• A brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or
thirst, produced by adequate and available supplies of
nutrients or water.
• 1. Intracellular fluid
• The fluid contained within cells. (___%)
• Extracellular fluid
• All body fluids outside cells: interstitial fluid, blood
plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.
• 2. Intravascular fluid
• The fluid found within blood vessels. (__%)
• 3. Interstitial fluid
• The fluid that bathes the cells, filling the space
between the cells of the body (interstices). (__%)
• Isotonic
• Equal in ______________________ to the contents of
a cell. A cell placed in an isotonic solution neither
__________________________.
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Relative size of fluid
compartments.
• _________________
• Reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid.
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Movement of water molecules.
• 1. __________________ thirst
• Thirst produced by an increase in the osmotic
pressure of the interstitial fluid relative to the
intracellular fluid, thus producing ________________.
• Osmoreceptor
• A neuron that detects changes in the solute
concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it.
If this volume is too low – ________________.
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The detectors in the ___________________________ respond
to changes in the interstitial fluids that surround them.
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MRI of brain stimulation from osmotic thirst.
• Volumetric Thirst
• Thirst caused by hypovolemia; occurs when the
___________________________________.
• Loss of blood causes volumetric thirst. In this case
there is a loss of (1) salt as well as (2) water. The
loss of salt produces a salt appetite.
• Renin
• An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that causes the
conversion of a protein (angiotensinogen) in the blood
into a hormone called angiotensin.
• Role of angiotensin
This hormone causes _______________________
(increasing blood pressure), it causes the kidneys to
conserve water and sodium, and it initiates drinking
and a ______________.
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Detection of hypovolema.
• When the blood volume falls, the atria of the heart becomes
less full, and stretch receptors located in the atria detect this
change. The decrement in blood volume is sent to the brain,
and drinking behavior is stimulated in about 30 minutes
(dogs).
• Insulin
• A pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose
and amino acids into the cell, conversion of glucose
into glycogen, and transport of fats into adipose
tissue.
• Triglyceride
• The form of fat storage in adipose cells; consists of a
molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids.
• Fatty acid
• A substance derived from the breakdown of
triglycerides, along with glycerol; can be metabolized
by most cells of the body except for the brain.
• ______________
• A peptide hormone released by the stomach that
increases eating, also produced by neurons in the
brain.
• Duodenum
• The first portion of the small intestines, attached
directly to the stomach. The ghrelin receptors are in
the duodenum.
• The secretion of ghrelin is suppressed when ghrelin
receptors detect the presence of food in the
duodenum. This system is not sensitive to
_________________________.
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Ghrelin levels & the onset of feeding.
• ________________
• A dramatic fall in the level of glucose available to cells;
can be caused by a fall in the blood level of glucose or
by drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism.
• ___________________
• A dramatic fall in the level of fatty acids available to
cells; usually caused by drugs that inhibit fatty acid
metabolism.
• The liver receives blood from the intestines via the hepatic
portal vein. Receptors in the liver are sensitive to
glucoprivation, and lipoprivation. The vagus nerve sends
this signal to the brain.
• Receptors in the _________ also detect glucoprivation.
• Mercaptoacetate (MA)
• A drug that inhibits fatty acid metabolism and
produces lipoprivic hunger.
• 3. Cholecystokinin
• A hormone secreted by the duodenum that regulates
gastric motility and causes the gallbladder (cholecyst)
to contract; appears to provide a satiety signal
transmitted to the brain through the vagus nerve.
Receptors are between the stomach & duodenum.
42 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.
• Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue
• __ mouse
• A strain of mice whose obesity and low metabolic
rate is caused by a mutation that prevents the
production of leptin.
• Leptin
• A hormone secreted by ______________; decreases
food intake and increases metabolic rate, primarily
by inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in the arcuate
nucleus.
• Decerebration
• A surgical procedure that severs the brain stem,
disconnecting the _________________________.
Richard Howard
Revision 2006 PSB
49 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Allyn & Bacon Inc.
Feeding circuit
• Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
• A peptide neurotransmitter found in a system of
neurons of the arcuate nucleus that:
______________feeding
Stimulates insulin and glucocorticoid secretion
Stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides
Decreases body _______________
• _____________ nucleus
• A nucleus in the base of the hypothalamus that
controls secretions of the _____________ pituitary
gland; contains NPY-secreting neurons involved in
feeding and control of metabolism.
• ________________ nucleus
• A nucleus of the hypothalamus located adjacent to the
dorsal third ventricle; contains neurons involved in
control of the autonomic nervous system and the
_____________ pituitary gland.
• Obesity
• Obesity
• People with sedentary occupations eat slightly less than
active people (2400 kcal/day), but burn only about 300 k
cal in physical activity.
• If calories in exceed calories out, then obesity is the
result.
• ____________________
• A disorder that most frequently afflicts young women;
exaggerated concern with being overweight that leads
to excessive dieting and often compulsive exercising;
can lead to starvation.
• _____________________
• Bouts of excessive hunger and eating; often followed
by forced vomiting or purging with laxatives;
sometimes seen in people with anorexia nervosa.
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