PRESIDENCY COLLEGE

Presidency College
(Autonomous)
(Autonomous)

Management and Organisational Behaviour

MODULE 2: ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE, DESIGN, AND DEVELOPMENT

Reaccredited by NAAC
with A+ Course Facilitator : Dr Nidhi Shukla

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Group
 Power and Politics
Presidency College
(Autonomous)

Power – Meaning, Bases of power, Dependence – The key

to power, consequences of power, Power tactics, Political
tactics for increasing power base, Organizational Politics,
Causes and consequences, Impact of power and politics in
Reaccredited by NAAC organizations. Meaning and importance of conflict in
with A+
organizations, traditional and interactional View of
conflict, functional and dysfunctional conflict, Conflict
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process and conflict handling styles, functional and
dysfunctional conflicts, Conflict process

MOB - 2C Dr Nidhi Shukla 2

 Power
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(Autonomous)

• According to Stephen Robbins the

term Power is to be treated as a
capacity to influence the behaviour
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with A+ of an individual , thereby guiding
him to do things which may or may
not need to be done.
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• It is the ability to influence
someone to achieve specific goals.
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 The bases of power
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The basis of power differs according to the way social

changes are implemented; the permanence of such changes is
created and sustained by the way of each fundamental power.
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with A+

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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)
Power, Influence and Behavior
Organization-based Power: Behaviour
•Legitimate(authority) •Performance
•Reward(needs) Influence •Task accomplishment
•Coercive(fear) •Satisfaction
Reaccredited by NAAC --------------------------------------- •Turnover & Absenteeism
with A+
Individual-based Power
•Expert(respect & knowledge)
•Referent(charisma & reference)
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Leader Subordinate
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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)
Referent Power-
 This power comes from each leader individually.
 It is the personality of a person that attracts followers.
 People follow because they are influenced or attracted
by the magnetic personality of the leader.
 The followers admire their leaders and may even try to
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with A+
copy their behaviour, dress, etc.
 John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Dr. Babasaheb
Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi are the examples of
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 Examples of Referent power
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• From the entertainment world, Lady Gaga is an

example of someone with referent power, having
67 million Twitter followers. These people
Reaccredited by NAAC respect her and want to know what she is up to.
with A+
Some even aspire to be like her. In this respect,
she has referent power over her followers.
• From the business world, Elon Musk has referent
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proud to do so, and share his core value of using
technology for the betterment of the world.

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 Legitimate Power-
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• Legitimate power is also known as position
power and official power.
• It comes from the higher authority.
• In an organisation, a manager gets power
because of his position or post.
• It gives him the power to control resources
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with A+ and to reward and punish others.
• For e.g. a chief executive officer (C.E.O) of a
company gets legitimate powers because of
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the position which he holds.

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 Expert Power-
• Expert power is also known as the power
of knowledge.
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• It comes from expert knowledge and

skills.
• Expert power means the expert Earned the title of software
influences another person's behaviour. guy
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• This is because the expert has knowledge
with A+
and skill which the other person needs
but does not possess.
• Persons like doctors, lawyers,
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Group accountants, etc., have expert power
because they have expert knowledge and
skills, which others require.
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 Coercive Power-
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• Coercive power is the ability to punish others or
to pose a threat to others.
• Coercive power uses fear as a motivator.
• The leaders or managers with coercive powers
can threaten an employee's job security, cut
his pay, withdraw certain facilities, suspend him,
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with A+ etc.
• The coercive power may have an impact in the
short-run.
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• It will create a negative impact on the receiver.

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 Reward Power-
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• Reward power is opposite to coercive power.
• With the help of reward power, the leader
tries to motivate the followers to improve
their performance.
• This power enables the leader to provide
additional facilities, increase in pay, promotion
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with A+ of the subordinates, etc.
• The reward power also enables the leader to
recognise the services of the subordinate
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through appreciation

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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)

Impersonal
• A person's belief that the influencing agent has the real power to physically
threaten, impose a monetary fine or dismiss an employee relates to an
instance of impersonal coercion.
Personal
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with A+
• An example of personal coercion relates to the risk that a person who is
highly valued will reject the possibility of disapproval in line with changing
minds. Organizational proof of the damage is often used to illustrate what
will happen if compliance is not achieved. It has been shown that the power
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of coercion is associated with punitive behaviour that may be beyond one
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normal role expectation. Coercion, however, was also positively associated
with generally punitive behaviour and negatively associated with contingent
reward behaviour.
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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)

Position
• The legitimate power of position is based on the social norm that requires individuals to be
obedient in a formal or informal social system to those who occupy superior positions.
Examples may include: the legitimacy of a police officer to make arrests; the legitimacy of
a parent to limit the actions of a child; the legitimacy of the President to live in a special
residence; and the legitimacy of government to wage war. When too heavy reliance is put
Reaccredited by NAAC on legitimate power, certain pitfalls arise; these include: (a) unexpected requirements call
with A+
for no legitimate individuals to act in the absence of a legitimate authority, such as the
arrest of a citizen in the absence of a police officer; and (b) military legitimacy.
Reciprocity
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• The valid power of reciprocity is based on the social standard of reciprocity. This states
how we feel obliged to do something for someone who does something useful for us in
exchange.

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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)

Equity
• The valid power of equity is based on the equity (or compensatory damages)
social standard. People feel obligated to reward someone who has suffered or
worked hard because of the social standard of fairness. It is based on the idea that
there is a wrong that can be made right, as well as someone who we have hurt in
some way, can be compensated by fixing the wrong.
Reaccredited by NAAC Dependence
with A+
• Dependence is based on the universal principle of social responsibility. The
standard of social responsibility states how individuals feel compelled to assist
someone who needs - assistance.

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• When an individual is considered a leader, people typically follow the individual
Group with this power solely based on their status, place or title. This form of control
can also easily be lost and the leader no longer has his position or title. Therefore,
this power is not effective enough to be one's only source of influence /
persuading.
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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)

Information power
• Information power is a type of personal or collective power focused on manipulating the information
that others need in order to accomplish an important objective. Our society now depends on the
power of information as intelligence for effect, decision making, reputation, and control. The most
powerful way to gain control can be timely and accurate knowledge delivered on demand.
Information can be readily accessible via public records, analysis, and often it is believed that
Reaccredited by NAAC information is privileged or confidential. The target of influence independently recognises,
with A+
acknowledges and internalises the shift, without having to go back to the influencing agent.
• The power of knowledge is dependent on the ability to use knowledge. A power base can be
generated by presenting logical arguments, using evidence to convince others, using facts and
Presidency manipulating evidence. How information is used may create a change of power within a group:
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sharing it with others, restricting it to key individuals, keeping it hidden from key individuals,
coordinating it, increasing it, or even falsifying it.

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 Which bases of Power are Most Effective?
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(Autonomous)

Expert Power Personal power

Reaccredited by NAAC
with A+

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 Dependence : The Key to power
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(Autonomous)

• The Postulates of General Dependency: Let's start with a

general postulate: the greater the dependence of B on A,
the greater the power of A over B. One can be made
dependent when the other has something that the other
Reaccredited by NAAC needs but is in control of another , then power is gained.
with A+

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 What creates dependence?
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(Autonomous)

Reaccredited by NAAC
with A+

Importance Scarcity Non-

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Substitutable
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 News about Tesla
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(Autonomous) Tesla Reports 87% Increase in 2021 Deliveries
• Tesla increased sales despite a global shortage of computer
chips, which serve as the brains for a variety of electronics
including engine controllers and touch screens. The shortage
forced most automakers to idle some plants for weeks at a time
and kept them from producing as many vehicles as they had
planned.
• In July, Tesla’s chief executive, Elon Musk, said his company was
Reaccredited by NAAC
overcoming the shortage by switching to types of chips that
with A+ were more readily available and writing new instructions, or
firmware, to be embedded into the chip. Tesla can make such a
switch because the components in its cars are designed to be
controlled largely by software.

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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)

The Concept of Power Tactics

• These tactics are ways in which individuals translate power
bases into specific actions. They are legitimacy, rational
Reaccredited by NAAC
with A+
persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, exchange,
personal appeals, ingratiation, pressure and coalitions.

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 Power Tactics
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(Autonomous)

Rational Inspirational
Legitimacy Consultation
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persuasion appeals
with A+

Ingratiation:
Personal
using Pressure Coalitions
appeals
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flattery,praise
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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)

● Rational persuasion. A tactic used for a compelling argument,

sound reasoning, or practical evidence to try to persuade others.
● Inspirational appeals. A technique that creates passion by
appealing to feelings, thoughts and/or values.
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with A+
● Consultations. A technique that focuses on getting others to take
part in the planning process, making choices, and facilitating
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improvements.
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● Exchange. A strategy used for a compelling argument, sound
reasoning, or practical evidence to try to persuade others.
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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)

● Personal appeals. A technique that creates passion by appealing to feelings,

thoughts and/or values.
● Ingratiation. A technique that focuses on getting others to take part in the
planning process, making choices, and facilitating improvements.
● Coalition Tactics. It refers to a technique that prescribes getting others to help
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with A+ your attempt to convince others.
● Pressure. A strategy that focuses on demanding enforcement or using threats or
intimidation.
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● Legitimation of tactics. This strategy implies that it is better to base a request on
one's authority or statute, organisational rules or regulations, or express or implied
superior support.
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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)

Does Power corrupt?

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with A+

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 Does Power corrupt?
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• People with power can be tempted to focus only on

their goals.
• Power may make people to consider relationships as
only peripheral.
Reaccredited by NAAC
with A+ • Possibility of reactions which often becomes aggressive.
• Overconfidence in decision-making
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 Organizational Politics
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(Autonomous)

Organizational politics Political behavior

• Use of power to affect • Withholding key

decision making in an information from
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organization sometimes decision-makers.
for self-serving and
with A+
• Joining a coalition
organizationally • Spreading rumors.
unsanctioned behaviors.
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information
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 Presidency College
(Autonomous)

Factors that influence Political behavior

Individual factors
High self monitors
Internal locus of control
Reaccredited by NAAC High Machiavellian personality
with A+ Expectation of sucess Favorable factors
Political behavior Rewards
Averted punishments
Organizational factors
Reallocation of factors
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Low trust
Role ambiguity
High performance pressures

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 Employees Responses to organizational Politics
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Reaccredited by NAAC
with A+ Decreased
Increased Increased Reduced
Job
anxiety turnover performance
satisfaction
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 How to handle organizational politics
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• Understanding the system and people who are decision-

makers.
• Strike a balance between politics and opportunity.
• May make people adopt citizenship behavior
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with A+

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