LEAD

As a Construction Material
 What is Lead
∎ Lead is a naturally occurring element found in small
amounts in the earth's crust
∎ It used in Neolithic settlement Çatalhöyük ( Present Day
Turkey )
∎ It is also used by the Romans as Water Pipes
∎ It is metallic by nature

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Why Lead is Used ?

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Properties of Lead
1. Lead is a Bright Silvery Metal

2. It has bluish Grey color.

3. It has a high density – 11.35 g/cm3.

4. It has a low melting point of 327 centigrade.

5. It has a high boiling point of 1744 centigrade.

6. It is very good at resisting corrosion.

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TYPES OF
LEAD
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Types of Lead

Lead is typically available as :

• Rolled lead sheet.

• Machine cast lead.

• Sand cast lead.

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Types of Lead
• Rolled lead sheet.

1. Rolled Lead Sheet is extremely malleable,

2. It is easy to work with and

3. It has protected the roofs of almost every conceivable

building type for centuries.

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Types of Lead
• Machine cast lead.
1. Machine cast is a more modern adaptation of that
method,

2. Which sees lead sheet produced by dipping a rotating

water-cooled drum into a bath of molten lead.

3. The lead sheet is formed on the immersed section of the

drum and peels off at the top.

4. It is then wound onto spools, before being cut.

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Types of Lead
• Sand cast lead.

1. Sand Cast Lead on restoration projects

2. It is vital to use traditional sand cast lead to match the

existing roofing and cladding materials

3. Many architects still prefer sand cast to milled lead on

new build projects because of its more attractive sheen
and colour

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Mining of Lead

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Mining of Lead
1. Lead is extracted from ores dug from under-ground mines.

2. The first step in retrieving lead-bearing ore is to mine it

underground

3. The principal lead ore is galena

4. it is properly known as lead sulfide

5. sulfur makes up a substantial portion of the mineral

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Mining of Lead

1. Mining is done by drilling

Ore by Heavy Machinery

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Mining of Lead

2. Mining is done by Exploding

Ore by Dynamites

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Concertation of Ore

1. it is treated at a concentrating mill

2. Concentrating means to remove the waste rock from the lead

3. the ore must be crushed into very small pieces

4. Leaving it in particles with diameters of 0.1 millimeter or less

5. Each Particle will be in the Size of Table Salt

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 Flotation

1. First, The crushed ore is diluted with water and then

poured into a tank called a flotation cell.

2. One percent pine oil or a similar chemical is then

added to the slurry in the tank

3. The tank then agitates, shaking the mixture violently

4. The pine oil attracts the sulfide particles.

5. Then air is bubbled through the mixture

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Flotation
1. Other chemicals are also added to help
concentrate the minerals.

2. Alum and lime aggregate the metal

3. Xanthate is also added to help the metal

particles float to the surface.

4. This causes the sulfide particles with lead to

form an oily froth at the top of the tank.

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Filtering
1. Ore is Skimmed in Flotation Cell and waste (gangue) sinks to the
bottom

2. The Skimmed ore is Subjected to Filtration

3. Through Filtering 90% of Water is Removed

4. The concentrate at this point contains from 40-80% lead with large
amounts of other impurities, mostly sulfur and zinc.

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 Roasting

1. The lead concentrate from the filter needs to

be further refined to remove sulfur

2. It is mixed with lime and sand ,Then Added to

moving grate

3. Air is Blown at 1400°C , which Separates The

sulphur from ore

4. the ore has been roasted in this way, it fuses

into a brittle material called sinter.

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Blasting
1. The sinter falls into the top of the blast furnace, along with coke
fuel

2. A blast of air comes through the lower part of the furnace,

combusting the coke.

3. The burning coke generates a temperature of about 2,200°F

(1,200°C) and produces carbon monoxide

4. The carbon monoxide reacts with the lead and other metal oxides

5. producing molten lead, nonmetallic waste slag, and carbon

dioxide
lead

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Refining
1. The molten lead as it comes from the blast furnace is from 95-
99% pure called bullion

2. It must be further refined to remove impurities, because

commercial lead must be from 99-99.999% pure.

3. it is kept in the Lead drowsing kettle at a temperature just above

its melting point, about 626°F (330°C)

4. At this temperature, any copper left in the bullion rises to the top
of the kettle and it is skimmed off.

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Casting

1. Gold and Silver are removed by adding zinc .while

cooling bullion zinc rises to top

2. When the lead has been sufficiently refined

3. it is cooled and cast into blocks which may weigh

as much as a ton

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Uses of Lead

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 Uses of Lead

 Roofing and pipework  Cable and wire casing

 Solder in plumbing and electrical  Cast iron pipes, gaskets and
 Additive in brass/alloys (faucets, old connections
galvanized  Flashings
 pipe)  Glazing
 Lead glass, stained glass
 Structural steel primer

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Lead Roofing and Pipe work

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  Solder in plumbing
and electrical

 Additive in
brass/alloys

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  Cable and wire casing

 Lead Flashing

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  Lead Glazing

 Structural steel primer

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ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
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Advantages of Lead;

1. Lead melts at a relatively low temperature

2. It is used to soldering pipes which used to prevent leakage from

metal pipes

3. that lead has a low melting point, so it is easy to shape and mould

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Disadvantages of lead:

1. Lead is toxic

2. It use can result in pollution of ground more importantly of

water

3. Contamination of drinking water

4. It Cause Hazards to human health

5. It Disrupts the entire ecosystem

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TEAM PRESENTATION
1. ABIJITH KUMAR
2. MOHAMED HAARIS
3. ELSON
4. KEERTHANA PRAKASH
5. SHANGAVI RAGOTHAMAN

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THANK
YOU
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