INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS

 INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS
1.1 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF SOLIDS AND
1.2 INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
LIQUIDS
1.2A LDF
1.2B DIPOLE-DIPOLE
1.2C ION-DIPOLE
1.2D HYDROGEN BOND
1.3 PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AND IMFs
STATES OF MATTER
STATES OF MATTER
STATES OF MATTER

273.16 kelvins (0.01 °C)

1.1 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT
SOLID LIQUID
1.1 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS PARTICLE MOVEMENT
SOLID LIQUID
1.1 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS
SOLID LIQUID

DENSITY VERY HIGH HIGH

DIFFUSIBILITY EXTREMELY SLOW SLOW

COMPRESSIBILITY LEAST COMPRESSIBLE SLIGHLY COMPRESSIBLE

VOLUME AND SHAPE FIXED VOLUME AND SHAPE ASSUMES THE SHAPE OF CONTAINER
IT OCCUPIES AND HAS FIXED VOLUME

THERMAL EXPANSION EXPANDS SLIGHTLY WHEN HEATED EXPANDS SLIGHTLY WHEN HEATED
1.1 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS

*Solids have strong force of attraction. The kinetic

energy is not sufficient to overcome the attractive
forces.

*Liquid particles have sufficient kinetic energy to

overcome their attractive forces
1.2 INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
 REVIEW
DRAW THE LEWIS STRUCTURE OF
THE FOLLOWING:
H2O
HCl
Br2
C2H6
 REVIEW
DRAW THE LEWIS STRUCTURE OF
THE FOLLOWING:
H2O
HCl
Br2
C2H6
 REVIEW
DRAW THE LEWIS STRUCTURE OF
THE FOLLOWING:
H2O
HCl
Br2
C2H6
 REVIEW
DRAW THE LEWIS STRUCTURE OF
THE FOLLOWING:
H2O
HCl
Br2
C2H6
1.2 INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
Intermolecular forces, often abbreviated to IMF,
are the attractive and repulsive forces that arise
between the molecules of a substance.

Intermolecular forces are responsible for most of the

physical and chemical properties of matter.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND KINETIC
ENERGY TRENDS
1.2A DISPERSION FORCES (LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES)
The London dispersion force is the
weakest intermolecular force (present in all
forces). The London dispersion force is a
temporary attractive force that results when the
electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy
positions that make the atoms form temporary
dipoles. This force is sometimes called an
induced dipole-induced dipole attraction.
1.2A DISPERSION FORCES (LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES)
1.2A DISPERSION FORCES (LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES)
1.2A DISPERSION FORCES (LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES)
Examples of London Dispersive Forces

Halogens: fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2),

bromine (Br2), and iodine (I2)

Nobel gases: helium (He), neon (Ne), argon

(Ar), and krypton (Kr) Gases: oxygen (O2),
nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and
phosphine (PH3)
1.2A DISPERSION FORCES AND BOILING POINT
RELATIONSHIP

Boiling point of noble gases increases as one goes from top

to bottom of periodic table. Dispersion forces increases with
increasing atomic size
1.2A DISPERSION FORCES AND BOILING POINT
RELATIONSHIP

↑ SIZE (top to bottom)

LDF α SIZE α BP

Boiling point of noble gases increases as one goes from top

to bottom of periodic table. Dispersion forces increases with
increasing atomic size
1.2A MOLAR MASS AND BOILING POINT
RELATIONSHIP
1.2A MOLAR MASS AND BOILING POINT
RELATIONSHIP

MASS α BP
1.2B DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces

between the positive end of one polar
molecule and the negative end of another
polar molecule.
1.2B DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

Dipole-dipole forces are

attractive
2 forces between the
-
positive end of one + polar
molecule and the negative end
of another polar molecule.
1.2B DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
1.2B DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
1.2B DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

DIPOLE
1.2B DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

DIPOLE
1.2B DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES

------
 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES V.S. DIPOLE-
DIPOLE
Dipole-dipole
London Dispersion Forces
Forces
Occurs due to the presence
Occurs between of temporary dipole
Definition two polar molecules moments caused by moving
electrons
Stronger than Weaker than dipole forces
Strength dispersion forces
Polarity Permanent Temporary
HCl, H2O, and He, Cl2, and CCl4
Examples
acetone
1.2C ION-DIPOLE FORCES

An ion-dipole force is interaction

between a fully charged ion and
a neutral molecule that has a
dipole.
1.2C ION-DIPOLE FORCES

Particles with uneven number of protons or electrons

Cation-a positively charged ion

1.2C ION-DIPOLE FORCES

Particles with uneven number of protons or electrons

Anion- a negatively charge ion

1.2C ION-DIPOLE FORCES
1.2D HYDROGEN BOND

Hydrogen bonding is a special type of

attraction between hydrogen and
electronegative atoms like Oxygen,
Nitrogen, or Fluorine.(H-F, H-O & H-
N)
1.2D HYDROGEN BOND
1.2D HYDROGEN BOND
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

Are ions present? YES

NO
ARE POLAR
NO
Are polar molecules
present?
MOLECULES NO
PRESENT?

YES YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES
NO
LDF DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN BOND ION-DIPOLE IONIC BONDING
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

Cl2
Are ions present? YES
NO
ARE POLAR
NO
Are polar molecules
present?
MOLECULES NO
PRESENT?

YES YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES
NO
LDF DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN BOND ION-DIPOLE IONIC BONDING
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

Cl2
Are ions present?

NO
Are polar molecules
NO present?

YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES
NO
LDF DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN BOND
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

Cl2
Are ions present?

NO
Are polar molecules
NO present?

LDF
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

SO2
Are ions present? YES
NO
ARE POLAR
NO
Are polar molecules
present?
MOLECULES NO
PRESENT?

YES YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES
NO
LDF DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN BOND ION-DIPOLE IONIC BONDING
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

SO2
Are ions present?

NO
Are polar molecules
NO present?

YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES
NO
LDF DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN BOND
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

SO2
Are ions present?

NO
Are polar molecules
present?

YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES
NO
DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN BOND
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

SO2
Are ions present?

NO
Are polar molecules
present?

YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N

NO
DIPOLE-DIPOLE
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

CH3OH
Are ions present? YES
NO
ARE POLAR
NO
Are polar molecules
present?
MOLECULES NO
PRESENT?

YES YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES
NO
LDF DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN BOND ION-DIPOLE IONIC BONDING
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

CH3OH
Are ions present?

NO
Are polar molecules
NO present?

YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES
NO
LDF DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN BOND
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

CH3OH
Are ions present?

NO
Are polar molecules
present?

YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES
NO
DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN BOND
1.2 IMF SUMMARY

CH3OH
Are ions present?

NO
Are polar molecules
present?

YES
H BONDED TO F,O OR N YES

HYDROGEN BOND
 PRACTICE Quiz
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
What explains the very high melting and boiling point of water
What is the most dominant (strongest)
type of IMF in O2
What is the most dominant (strongest)
type of IMF in CH3NH2
This is an example of _______ forces
Intermolecular attractions between
2 ICl molecules is an example of
__________ forces