and E.

when
17. Flve solutions A. B. C. D
wilth unlversal indicator showed
tested

pH as 4. 1. 11. 7 and 9 respectively.

Wlhich solution is...

(1)neutral ?
(1) strongy alkaline?

(u) strongly actdic?

(Iv) weakly alkaline ?

value is7.
(i)Solution 'D' is neutral, as its pH
'C' is strongly alkaline, as its pH value is 11 (highest pH).
(i) Solution
'B' is strongly acidic, as its pH value is 1 (lowest pH).
(ii) Solution
value is 9.
(iv) Solution 'E' is weakly alkaline, as its pH

18 Clarlfy the qiference between metals

and non-1metals on the basis of thelr
chemlcal properties.

Metals Non-metals
electro-
1. They are electro-|1. They are
negative elements.
positive elements.
solutions
2. Aqueous solutions 2. Aqueous
of non-metal oxides
of metal oxldes are
are acidic.
basic.
is 3. When non-metal
3. Hydrogen gas
react with dilute
evolved when metals
reacts with dilute acid hydrogen gas
is not evolved.
acid.
of metals 4. Oxides of non
4. Oxldes
are basic in nature. metals are acidic in

For example, Nazo nature. FPor example.

SO2, CO

5. Atom1s of metal 5. Atoms of non-metals

possesses more
possess one, two
or three electrons than three electrons
in their outermost
in their outermost
shell. shell.
19. Give two names as asked:
(1)Alkall metals
(2) Halogen elements

(1) Alkali metals- Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K)

(2) Halogen elements-Fluorine (F), Chlorine (CI), Bromine (Br)

OR
The electronic conllgurallon of atoms
of some elements Is gven below, on
the basis of this slate tlhe poslllon of
these clements In the perlodle tnble:
1)2. 8, 4 (2)2. 8, 8, 1

(1) 2, 8, 4-This element is in the 14th Group and 3rd Period.

(2) 2,8, 8, 1-This element is in the1* Group and 4th Period.

20. How Is fat (lipld) digestcd In our
whiclh orgn does i s proress body
?
In
occur?

Ans. TO
SCORER
The small intestine is the site of
complete digestion of carbohydrates,
the form of large globules which proteins
Fats are present in the intestine in and fats.
salts break them down into makes it difficult for
smaller globules increasing the enzymes to act on them. Bile
emulsification. efficiency of enzyme action. This process is called as
This emulsified fat isfurther broken down by
Finally the complex lipase which is secreted by pancreas.
fat is converted into
simple fat i.e. fatty acid and glycerol by intestinal juice secreted from
glands present in the small intestine. the

OR
Glve two polnts of dinferences : Acrobte
resplration and Anacrobie respiratton
OF
SCORER

Aerobic respirationa Anaeroble respiratonn

Is used in this process.
O2
2. At the
t O2 1. is
not used in this
process.
end of his process CO2 and Ho are 2. At the end of this process in medium of plant
produced. orlgin Ethanol and cO2 are produced and in
medium of animal orlgin only lactic acid
Is
produced and no co2

31. What 1s vegetntlve propagntton ? Slate

its two bencflts.

Ans. In many plants root, stem and leaves

TOF SCORER

G-
develop into new plants under apprópriate
conditton. Such a mode of reproduction is called
 21. What ts vegetntive propagallon? Stntc
ts two beneflts.

Ans. In many plants root. stem and leaves

develop into new plants under appróprlate
condition. Such a mode of reproduction is called

vegetative propagation.
are as
Advantages of vegetative propagation
follow

(1)Vegetative propagation is used in layering

or grafting methods to grow many plants tke
sugarcane, roses or grapes for agricultural

purposes.
(2 Plants raised by vegetative propagation
and frults earlier than those
can bear flowers
produced from seeds.

32. Write which mirrors are uscd in the

following devices. Write your answer
wth reasO
ki) Headlight of a car
(2)Rearview mirror of a vehicle

1) Por headlights of a car, a concave mirror

Is used.
The light source is kept at the focus
of the mirror. On relection, a strong
parallel beam of light emerges out
2) For side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle,
convex mirror is used.
This is because its field of view is
very large and it forms a virtual, erect
and diminished image of the object behind
the vehicle, which enables a driver to see
most of the trafflc behind him/her.

23. Defne potential diference and state 1ts

formula. Write the name of the device
to measure potentlal difference.

Ans. Definition of electrie potential

diference: The clectrie polential difference (p.d.)
between any two polnts A and B In an clectrlc feld
1s the work done to move a unit posltlve charge
I+1C) from one point A to the another polnt B
agalnst the electric force due to the electric feld.
Potentlal difference (V) between two polnts
Work done (
Charge (C
 Draw an electric clrcuit in whlch three
cells each of 2VV a resistance of 50n. Equivalent Resistante f
reslstance of and a resistance of
a 8
120 as well as plug-kee are connecled Senies Conma chon
resistance
In serles. Find the equivalent
of series combinatton.

Keg R, +RL+ R,
50
ww.
8 WW l2 w So+ + 12

2V2V2V Key *o
HHH
6V

R,s S
R S
R 12L

24. State the advantages of using alternating

Current (AC) in dally Hfe.

Ans. Advantages of ustng AC in dally ife are

as follows:
of DC, it is
(1)Relative to the production
easler and economlcal to produce AC.

(2)AC power can be transmitted over longer

distances without much loss of energy.

(3)The AC voltage can be increased or

decreased without much loss of electricity (electric

energy).

the problems caused by

(25)/What are

the non-blodegradable wastes that

we

generate?

Ans. The problems caused by the generated

non-blodegradable wastes are as follows
(1)It causes biologlcal magnification.
(2)They keep on accumulating in nature
causing pollution.
(3)They prevent growth of vegetation
when dumped underground.
(4)They may be inert and simply persist
in the environment for a long time
and may harm various members of
the ecosystem.
(5)There is Imbalance of the food chains
causing problems in ecosystem.
 Ans. Criticisms about large dams project
address three problems
H Soclal problems - Construction displaces

large number of tribals and local peasants without

proper compensation and rehabilitation.
(21Economic problems - Projects need lot
of money without the generation of proportionate
benefits.
(3Environmental problems - Construction of

a dam causes delorestallon and loss of blodiversity.

OR
Sggest a Yew steps for conlrolling
carbon dioxide levels In the atmosphere SCOR

Ans. Steps for controlling carbon dioxide level

in the atmosphere are as follows:

(1)Reduce the consumption of fossil fuels

Such as petrol. diesel automoblles. Using public
transport helps in reductton of petrol usage.
(2)Use alternative fuels such as CNG Instead
of fossll fuelk

(3)Instead of burning litter, prepare manure

out of it.

(4)Planting of large number of trees.

(5 The smoke coming out of thermal power
statdons and other industrles should be well treated
to remove harmful gases, before discharging t
into atmosphere.

W h a t Is called combination reactonn

chemical
Explain ts two examples gving
equatlon. SCOR

Chemical reaction in which two or more substances (reactants) undergo reaction to form a single
product is called combination reaction.

Ca0 (s) +H,O () Ca(OH), (aq)

Calcium oxide Water Calcium
(Quick lime, Hydroxide
Lime stone) (Slaked lime,
ime water)
In above reaction, two compounds Cao (s) and H,o (0) undergo chemical reaction and form single
product Ca(OH), (ag); along with evolution of heat.
Thus, this reaction is a combination reaction.

Burning of coal and formatlon of water

are combination reactions.
Chemical equations for the reactlons are as

follows of coal)
Cis)+Ozg) cozlg (Burning
2H2+Oa®2H2O) (Pormation of water)
 OR
the formatlon of sodlum
Explnin
chlorlde molecule.
SCO
Ans. The compounds formed by the lransfer of
electrons from a metal to a non-metal are known are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction
as lonic compounds or electrovalent compounds. and exists as sodlum chloride (NaCl).
Atomlc number of sodium is 11. Sodium atom

has one electron in its outermost shell (M-shell).

Na+ CI Na'CI or NaCl
(2. 8) (2. 3.
Sodium atom loses the electron from Its M-shell
and forms sodlum catlon (Na) and acqulres stable

complete octet structure of noble gas neon (Ne).

In short. Na +C Nar")
Sodlum chlorlde exists as a group of oppositely
Na Na+ e
. 8. 1 (2. 8) charged 1ons.

atomic number of chlorine Is 17.

Similarly,
Chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outermost
shell (M-shell). Chlorlne atom galns one e" which
is lost by sodlum atom and forms chloride anlon
(CI) and acqulres stable complete octet structure

of noble gas argon (Ar).

CI +e C
(2. 8. 7) (2. 8. 8)

Sodium callon (Na") and chlorlde anlon (CI)

being oppositely charged attract each other and

28. Explain the extraction of metals

posltioned in the middle of the reactivity The chemical reaclions that lake place durlng
serles. roasting and calcinatlon of zinc ores are as
follows:
Ans. The metals in the mlddle of the reactlvity
series such as iron. lead, zinc, copper are Roasting:
moderately reactve. 2ZnSls) + 302g) 2Zn0ts) +2S0lg)

These metals are usually present Calcination:

or carbonates ore in nature.
as sulphides
ZnCOgls) ZnO(s) +COlg
I t is easler to obtain a metal from The metal oxldes are then reduced to the
its oxlde
as compared to its
sulphides and carbonates. corresponding metals by heating with reducing
Therefore. prior to reduction,the metal sulphides agent tke carbon.
and carbonates are converted into metal oxides.
The
ZnOls)+Cs) Zn(s)+ COlg
sulphide ores are converted into oxides
> Besides sing carbon. the highly reactive metals
by heating strongy in the. presence of excess
alr. This process is called roastins such as sodium, calchum, aluminium. etc. are
The carbonate used as reducing agent, because they can
ores are
changed into oxddes by displace metals of lower reactivity from thetr
heating strongy In limited alr. This
process is
called calcination. compounds.
r o r example, when manganese dioxide is heated
with aluminlum powder, it is reduced to Mn
as follows:
Heat
3MnOp(s) + 4Alls) 3Mn[l)+2Al2Ogls) +
edisorders caused by hormonal
Explaln
Inalalance In human beings.
SCOI
Ans. Hormones are secreted in approprlate
quantities. Imbalance in the concentration of
hormone causes disorders. Such hormonal
disorders are as follows:

(1)Glants:Due to excess secretion of growh

hormone. individual becomes extremely tall.
(2)Dwarfism:Deficlency of growth hormone
in childhood leads to dwarflsm (very shor).
(3)Goltre:Iodine deflciency
and
in our dietaffec
Due
the synthesis of thyroxin cause goitre,
.FExplaln elisorders caused by hormonal
Imbalance ln human beings.

Ans. Hormones are secreted in appropriate

quantitics. Imbalance in the concentration of
hormone causes disorders. Such hormonal
disorders are as follows:

(1)Giants:Due to excess secretion of growh

hormone. individual becomes extremely tal.
(2)Dwarfism:Deflclency of grOwth hormone
in childhood leads to dwarfsm (verv shors.
(3)Goltre:lodine deflctency in our diet afece
the synthesis of thyroxin and cause goltre, Due
toenlarged thvrold gland, swelling in neck region
Seen
(4) Diabetes : If insulln Is not secreted_
approprlale amounls lie sugar level rises in thhe
blood. Jt causes cdlalbeles.

30. IDraw n dlagram of female reproductive

syslcn ln buman. Stale the names of
reproducilve organs. Descrlbe any two

reproductive organs.
Female When a girl is born, the ovarles alread
Ans. reproducttve system consists of a
Dalr of ovary. a palr ol oyiduct (falloptian tubes). contain thousands of immature eggs. On reaching
an uterus. a vagina and vaginalL opening. puberty. some of these egg cells start maturing
Oviduct or Pallopian lube One egg is produced every month by one of the
ovarles.
Oviduct (Pnloplan tube) : One palr of ovtducts
are present which are not attached to ovarles.
Ovary The egg Is carried from the ovary to the
Uterus uterus (womb) through a thin_avdduct.
Cervix
The fertilisation of egg cell by a sperm takes
Vagina
place in the inltal part of the oviduct.
IFig. 8.16 : Human - female reproductive system|

Ovary: One pair of ovary lie inslde the

abdominal cavity of a woman. The female germ
cells or eggs (ova) are formed In the ovarles.
Ovary prodiices cmale sex hormones suchas
estrogen and (progesterone

Is sex-determination? State the

(31. What
diferent mcthods of scx-determlnatlon
in animals.

Ans. The unisexual organls1n Is clther

male or a fcmale. The mechanlsm by whlch the
sex of an Individual ts delcrmlned The
called sex eggs of crocodlles exposed to the hi
determnation.
temperature induce the development of ma
The organism thal
develops whereas the lower
from the ferullsed temperature induces
eg tzygote) may be a male or a female oflspring
development of female crocodiles.
Methods of sex determination in animals: (2) In human
betngs the sex of the individu
DIEerent Specles ol animals utlize different S
determined by chromosomes and s th=
for thelr sex methods sex
determinatlon. BCnelically determined. The genes inheriled iro
eg, (1) In a few reptiles, the parents declde the of the
sex determination sex olIspring
 J0. Drawn dingram of female reproductive
of
syslein n human. State the names

two
reproductive organs. Descrlbe any SCO
reproductlve orsgans.
When a grl is born. the ovarles already
Ans. Female reproductive system consists of a
contaln thousands of Immature eggs. On reaching
palr of ovary, a pair of oyiduct (falloplan tubes).
puberty. some of these egg cells start maturing
an uterus. a vagna and vagnalopeningg
One egg Is produced every month by one of the
Oviduct or Falloplan tube
Ovarles.
Oviduct (Plopian tube): One palr of oviducts
are present which are not attached to ovarles.

Ovnry
The egg is carrled from thhe ovary to the
Uterus uterus (womb) through a thinoviduct
Cervix The fertilisation of egg cell by a sperm takes
Vagna place in the initial part of the ovlduct.
IFig.8.16: Human -female reprouctive system]
Ovary: One pair of ovary lte inslde the
abdominal cavity of a woman. The female germ
cells or ggs (ova) are formed in the ovarles.
Ovary progilcs nale Sex hormones Such as
estrogen and progesterone

State the
. Wlat Is
sex-dcterminatlon ?
different methods of sex-determinatlon

In anlmals. SCO

Ans. The iniscxual organlsm Is elther a

male or a femalc. The mcchanlsm by which
the
of an indvidt is dclcrmlned The eggs of erocodiles
exposed to the high
SCx ls called scx
delerminatlon. temperature induce the development of male
wnereas the lower temperature Induces the
The organism that develops from the ferlulised
ca lzygote) may be a male or a female oflspring development of female crocodiles.
Methods of sex deteminatlon in animals: (2 ) In human beings the sex of the tIndividual
s
DITerent specles of animals utlize diferent methods delermlned by sex chromosomes and is thus
for their sex determination. eneleally determined. The genes Inherlted from
parents declde the scx of the olIsprling
eg,(1)In a few reptiles, the sex determination
Is dependent on the environmental factor, i.e.. ETceptlon: The anlmal such as certatn suall,
temperature. The egg (zygote) may develop into angeJls sex. The scx lhereln, is not
a male turtle or a female turle, is determined enetically determined
byiemnerabir
When temperature is
a
over 30C. the eggs
of turde,
develop into female.
OR (3) Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey: In
le
Explaln the process ol origin of 1953, they assembled an experiment in which
as gven by different scientists. SCO
primitive atmosphere was simulated.
Ans.( 1) Darwin: His theory of evolution tells It had compounds ike ammonia. methane.
us how e olved from slmple to more hydrogen and water vapour but no oxygen. This was
complex malntained at a temperature Just below 100°C and
forms. Darwin's cory is called "Theory of Natural
electric sparks were passed through the mixture
S e l e c t i o n t

But he Could not explain about how Ifc of gases to simulate lightning, At the end of a
began on carth. week, 15% of the carbon had been converted
to simple compounds of carbon including amino
12) J. B. 8. Haldane: Hc was a Brllsh sclentist
acids which are monomers of proteln molecules.
who suggested d in 1929 that ise must have
from the simple Inorgantle molecules
developed
 OR
process of orlgino f life
(3)Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey: In
Explaln the 1953, they assembled an experiment in whlch
as glven by different scientists. SCC
primltve atmosphere was simulated.
Ans.( 1) Darvin: His theory of evolution tells It had compounds Ike ammonla, methane,
volved from simple to more
us how l i e
comple hydrogen and water vapour but no oxygen. This was
Darwin's theory is called Theory of Natural malntained at a temperature just below 100°C and
Sclection
electrte sparks were passed through the mbxture
But he Ccould not explaln about how lfe of gases to simulate lightning Al the end of a

began on carth. week. 15 % of the carbon had been converted

to simple compounds of carbon Including amino
(2)J.B. S. Haldane : He was a Brilish sclentlst
aclds whlch are monomers of protein molecules.
who suggested In 1929 that fe must have
developed rom the simple Inorganlc molcculcs
which were present on primltve carth.
He speculated that the conditions on the
carth at that tume could have glven rise to more
complex organic molecules that were necessary for
life. The irst primitve organlsms arose further
by chemlcal synthests.

32 Draw a ray dlagram and describe

POSluon. nature and slze of the Image
thee
formed by a (concave mlrror when SCC
at înite distance
object is placed a

beyond centre of curvature.

Position of the object: At a fînite distance

beyond C (centre of curvature)
M

Object
Image

(Fig. 10.18]
Position of the image: Between F and C
Nature of the image: Real and invertedd
8tze of the image relative to that of the
object: Diminished

nakm,
OR
An object of sizecm Is placed at
a distance o 27 cn) in front of a m SCC
eemcave mirror o ocal lengií 18 cm. At
what distance from the mirror ghould
a screen be _placed so thata sharp
focussed image can be obtalned. FInd S4
the size and nature ofthe image.

G-iver dat h +m

y : - 27 <m Negaive sim irdic=

He i is

f: 18em
Megeve s indi tates h a t
disoLtined
n 4He
in aa
 Slse of the image relative to that of the
object : Diminished

OR kka,
An objectof size 7 cm is placed at
a distance o 27 cr) in front of a
cencave mirror oi iocal lengi 18 Cm.At
Op
SCORER

what distance from the mirror should 1

a screen be placed so that a sharp
ocussed Image can be obtalned. Find
the size and nature of the Image.

*n data: h: *m

-27m Ngatkive sisn ir dicates

-S4

V-St
Y: 1 Ngive s inditates hat
oLtained m te
'mga i s
Same side as object
V a of ina ?
Cam e hned
AS Ha imaga
Misai famula,

33. Derlve the formula of equlvalent I S°ies Comme Chion,

resistance for the serles combinatlon
of reslstors. Tt
6
pd. is equal t t e
indivi dual p d. LOp SCORER
i . V=V+V+ V3 Ci)
*24-Va-
Pise, Cuunt, I , 12:l11.
Apr'sy dhm's la,
Euwalent cihuit | V TRe
Electaic i a cu

, ,,R2R as AGttas tewnecte d in

1,R-1R
S s atAss HA potenkal di Fenenee V.
Pui u e v s s In e . t ) ,

IR ZR,+ ZR+ IRs

R+ Ra* R,)
V,Ya&Va ane he p- d. a Aass P, ,&,A pehy.: ERy f
Ry Esuivalta+ Rejslane. FRa R,+Ret R, |
in SEAS
aaistnae
Eqnalut

irJaa Juss sshan

4.State advantages and limltations in
harvesting wind energs.
Ans. Advantages of ind
energy: (1) Wind
energy is an environment frlendly. (2) t is cíflclent SCORER
source of renewable energy. (3) Il requires noo
ecurring expenses for the producuon of (5)The iniual cost of establlshment of the
electricity. farm is qulte high.
Limitations in hanessingind
energ: (6)The lower and blades need a htgh level
( ) Wind energy farms can be established of maintenance to the
only at those places where wind blows for the
as hey exposed vagarles
of nature like raln. sun, storm and cyclone.
reater part of a year.
2The wind speed should be higher than
15 km/h to maintain the requlred speed of the
urbine.
(3) There should be some
LIke storage cells) to
back-up facilities
take care of the
energy
eeds during a
perlod when there is no
wind.
34State advantageS and lmltatlons in
harvesting wind energ

Ans. Advantages of wind energy: (1) Wind

Op
SCORER

energy is an environment frlcndly. (2) It is cfMclent the

of
inltual cost of eslablishment
source of renewable energ (3)It rcqulres no (5)The
recurring expenses for the production of elcctriclty. farm is qulte high.
blades need a hlgh level
tower and
Limitations in harnessing wind energy: (6)The lo the vagarles
be establlshed of malntenance as they exposed
(1)Wind energy farms can
slorm and cyclone.
those where wind blows for the of nature llke ralin, sun,
only at places
greater part of a year.

wind speed should be hlgher than

r2)The
of the
15 km/h to malntaln the required speed
turbine.
(3)There should be some back-up faclities
(Like storage cells) to take care of the energy

when there is no wind.

needs during a perlod
of wind energy farms
(4)Establishment 1 MW generator.
land. For a
requlres large a r e a of hectares of land.
2
the farm needs about

35. Dearrlbe the experiment showing the

Op
Thdste funne
renction o sodlum carbonate and
Delvey
Cork
sodlum hydrogen carbonate with dilute SCORER
HCI. Carbon

Alm: To
study the rcacllon of metal carbonales Test
ube
and metal hydrogencarbonates with acids. DUute
bydrochloric Sodium
cld
arbonate
Apparatus: Three test tubes-two large and
one small, stand, Cork, Thistle funnel, Delivery
tube : Passing carbon dloxide gas
Materials: Sodium carbonate, Sodium hydrogen through calclum bydroxide solution]
carbonate, Dilute hydrochloric acid, Calcium Observation: We can see that carbon dioxide gas is evolved (in test
hydroxide solution. tube A and B) when sodium carbonate OR sodium
Steps: carbonate react with dilute hydrochloric acid. On passing the gas into
hydrogen
Take two test tubes, labcl them as A and B. calcium hydroxide solution, the solution turns milky. So it is confirmed
Take about 0.5g ofsodium carbonate (NagCog) that the gas evolved is carbon dioxide.

in test tube A and about 0.5g of sodlum Chemical Equations:

hydrogencarbonate (NaHCOg) in test tube B NaCOgle)+ 2HCllaq)
Sodium NaClaq) + H,O()+CO%lg
Add about 2 mlL of dilute HCI to both the carbonate

test tubes. NaHCOfe)+ HCIlaq)

Sodium hydrogrn
Pass the carbon dioxdde gas formed into NaCllaq)+ Hg0()+COl8
carbonale

calclum hydroxtde solution as shown tn Mgure

Ca(OH),laq) COle) CaCo(s)+ H,O()
and record your observations.

OR
Write a short note: pH scale

A scalc for measurlng hydrogen lon

TOp SCORER

concentration In a solutton is called ptl scale.

T h e pH value lncreascs from 7 to 14. whlch
p in pH slands for 'polenz' In German which indicates an increasc in concentration of OH"
Indicates the meanlng power.
lons. that is, incrcasc in strength of alkall and
On the pH scalc, we can measure pH generally
the solutlon becomes more basic.
from o (very acldic) to 14 (very alkaline).
I n general, higher the concentrallon of hyclronlum
O n the pH scale. value less than 7 represents
lon (Hlaq). higher Is the actdity and lower
acidic solutton; value greater than 7 represents
is the pH valuc; and lower the concentratlon
basic solution whlle the value 7 shows neutral
of hydronlum lon (H"laq). lower Is the acidity
solutlon. It is shown in the ngure 2.6 below:
Acidic nature Basic nature
and higher is the pH value.
Neutral
increasing 7
Increasing

OH

Increase in H' lon Decrease In H' 1on

concentration concentraton
 H H
36. Write the

op
answer of the followlng
questlons: R-C c-R CaLays R c -
- R
+2H SCORER
(1)What is addition reactlon ? Explaln Unsaturaled
hydrocarbon
with cxample. (Alkyne) Saturatedd
bydrocarbon
(AIkane)
reaction in whlch another molecule
Ans. A
to form a This reaction is commonly used in the
1s added to an organtc compound
known as an additton hydrogenation of vegetable olls using a nickel
new organic compound is
catalyst.
reaction.
» Vegetable olls possesses long unsaturated carbon
R
to
chains while animal fats possesses saturated
A reacton In whlch lwo recactants combine
an addiuon
carbon chalns: hence, vegelable olls are good
form a singde product ls known as
for health.
reaction.
Animal fats generally contaln saturated fatty
Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen In the
aclds which are sald to be harmful for health.
or
presence of catalysts such as palladdum
nickel to form saturated hydrocarbons.
Statd
Unsataded
H H
R CHeath
C
R
RNckel catalys R-c - c - R
Unsafurated
Ha
hydrocarbon R
(Alkene) Saturated
hydrocarbon
(AIkane)

(2) Wlhat is displacement reaction ?

Explaln with example.

Ans. Chemical reaction in which more reactive

OP
SCORERI

element
1ts
displaces the less reactive element from
compound (solutlon) is called displacement
reaction.
Etamples:
(1)Znls) +2AgNOglaq)
Zn(NOg)alaq) + 2Agls)

(2)Fefs)+CuSOlaq)>Fesoglaq)+ Culs)
(3)Znls) +CuSOglaq) ZnSO,laq) + Cu(s)
(4)Pbls)+CuClalaq) PbCglaq) + Culs)
Here, Zn, Fe and Pb are more reactive than
Ag and Cu.

TOp
37. Explaln human excretory system will
diagram. SCORER

Ans. The excretory system of human belng (1)Kidney:In human being a patr of kldneys
includes a palr of kidncys, a palr of ureters, a are located In the abdomen, one on elther slde

urinary bladdcr and a urcthra. of the backbone.

Vena cavm Aorla Urine is produced by Mtering out nltrogenous
waste products from the blood in the kidneys.
-Lell renal vein
(2) UreteriA pair of long tubes, which
Kidney- connects the kldneys with the urtnary bladder.

Right- Ureter
Urine produced in the kldneys pass to urlnary
renal bladder through ureter.
artery
(3) Urinary bladder : t 1s.a muscular bag.
Urinary for storlng urlne. Urine is temporarly stored in
bladder it untl the pressure of the expanded bladder
Urethra leads to the urge to pass it out through urethra

IFig.6.20: Excretory system in human beings| (4) Urethra :A passage extending from urlnary
bladder and opening to outside of body.
Urine is exereted through It.
37. Explain human excretory system will
diagram. SCORE
Ans. The excretory system of human being (1)Kidaey: In human being a pair of kidneys
includes a palr of kidncys, a pair of urelers. a are located In the abdomen. one on elther slde
urinary bladder and a urethra. of the backbone.
Vena cavaa Aorta
Urine 1s produced by nltering out nitrogenous
waste products from the blood in he ktdneys.
Lcl renal veln
(2) Ureter: A palr of long tubes. whlch
Kidncy connects the kidneys with the urlnary bladder

Ureler
Urine produced in the kldneys pass to urinary
Right-
Tenal bladder through ureter.
artery
(3) Urinay bladder:It is. a muscular bag.
Tor storing urine. Urine ls temporarily stored in
Urinary
bladder t untl the pressure of the expanded bladder
Urethra
leads to the urge to pass it out through urethra.

[Fig. 6.20:Excretory system in human beings| (4) Urethra:A passage extending from urtnary
bladder and opening to outstde of body.
- Urine is excreted through it

38. Explaln in short the formatlon of a

rainbow in the sky Ratndrop
with dlagram. SCOREH
Give an example of "Natural Spectnum'.
Suunihgnt Dispersion
Explain the formation of a rainbow in sky with
reraction
of Bunilght
neat labelled diagram.
OR
A rainbow is an example of dispersion of Internal
sunlight. Justify this statement by explaining.
with a neat labelled diagram, the formation
of a rainbow in the sky. List two cssential
Refraction
2.8 ghe

conditions for observing a rainbow.

Ans.A ralnbow is a natural spectrum appearting Obeerver 40.8 Hortzontal direction
in the sly after a raln shower. [1gure 11.101 IFig. 11.10 : Formation of the main
or primary rainbow]
Ralinbow 1s caused by dispersion of sunlight
Thls phenomenon s shown using schematic
on refraction by dny water droplets. present
ciagram in the igure, using only one water
in the atmosphere.
drop out of many water drops.
formed n the direction opposite to
t that
s ofaways
the Sun. So the rainbow is seen when
Prom the fgure one can say that. the water drop
Causes Internal rellection once and refraction
the Sun Is behind the observer. wice of the incident ray of sunight.
+ Here, water droplets act 1ike small prisms. They + Due to disperslon of ught and internal reflection.
Arst relract and disperse the Incident sunlight. different colours reach the observer's eye.
then relect It Internally (not necessarlly total Condtions for observing a ainbo
tnternal reflection) and înally refract it agan (a) ater rainfall / at a water fountaln.
whlle it comes out of the raindrop. (b) The Sun should be behind the observer.

Draw the
diagram of an electric
generator and \describe its structur
and working TO
SCORER
An electric device that converts mechanical energy into
generator is a
electrical energy. Its working is based on electromagnetic induction.
Motlon
N

Current
Rings
IR and Ra)
Bnusnes
and B
Magnetic feld Magnetic fleld

Current
Motlon
 Draw the dilagram of an electric
generator
and working
and describe itsstructur
Op
SCORERI

An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy. Its working is based on electromagnetic induction.
Motlon

S B
Current

Bnushes Magnetic ffeld Magnetic feld

Rings
IR and R2)2 and B2

Current
A Motion DD

Construction:
(1) Flgure 13.30fa) shows the construction
of an AC generator. It consists of a rectangular
coll ABCD placed between the two poles of a
TOp SCORERU

permanent magnet.
(2)Two ends of this col are connected to
the two metal (copper) rings R and R2. The
inner side of these rings are insulated. N
(3 The two conducting stationary "brushes
B and B2 are kept pressed separately on the
Rings Brushes
rings Ri and R2 respectively. (R and R2) (B and B2

are internally
(4)The two rings Ri and R2
attached to an axle. The axle may be mechanlcally
rotated from outside to rotate the coll
inside the
magnetic field.

Working (2) After half a rotation, arm CD starts

the axle attached to the two
(1)Suppose, moving up and
AB moving down. As a result.
rings is rotated such that the arm AB moves up the directons of the induced currents in both
and the arm CD moves down in the magnetic the arns change. giving rise to the net nduced
field produced by the permanent magnet. Then the Current n the direction DCBA. This means that
coll ABCD rotates clockwise in the arrangement the current in the external circuit now lows from
shown in the fgure. By applying Fleming's right brush Bi to B2.
hand rule, we find that the induced currents are (3)Thus, after every hall rotation the direction
set up in these arms along the directions AB of the current in the respective arms changes.
and CD. This means that the current in external Such a current, which changes direction after
ctrcult lows from brush B2 to B1. equal intervals of time, is called an
alternating
current (abbreviated as AC).

ings Bnishes
and E
(B
 OR
A strong magnetic

TOp
leld produced Inslde a
What is an electromagnet ? Explain
with current-carrylng solenoid can be used to
a circult diagram to show how magnetise a
plece of SCORER
a soft iron plece transformed can be magnetic materlal ike
soft Iron, by
placing it inside the coll/ solenold
into an electromagnet. Satc the uses (flgure 13.17). The magnet so formed is called
of electromagnet. an electromagnet.
Ans.
Electromagnet: An electromagnet is a
An
magnet consisting of a
long coll of insulated copper electromagnet acqulres the magnetic properties
wire wound around soft iron core in the form only when an electrlc current is
a
the solenold.
passed through
of a rod. It is magnetised only when an electric
current is passed through the coll. Once the current is switched
off, It almost
OR loses its
An electromagnet is a temporary
magnetic property as the retentivity
strong magnet (the ablity to retaln
and is just a solenotd with its
winding on a soft is very low.
magnetism) of soft iron
iron core.
>Once the curTent is swltched
The working of an electromagnet is based or
off, it almost
loses its magnetic
the magnetic eect of electric current. property as the retentivity
(the ability to retain
Solt iron Coll of Insulated magnetism) of soft iron
Core
copper wire
is very low.
The strength of the
Fig. 13.17:
Electromagnet : A current-can
electromagnet depends on:
solenoid coil is used to
magnetiseas (1 The number of turns per unit
rod placed inside it. length n of
the solenold.
(11) The current I
through the solenoid 35
 Uses of electromagnets:
(1)Electromagncts
devices such as
are

electric bell, an
an
used In electrlcal
electric fan.
TOp
SCORER

telegraph, an electrie traln, an electrlc moto

generator, etc.

(2)They are used for. lifung and transportingg

large masses of iron in the form of girders.
(3)They are used in medical practice for
removing.pleces of Iron from wounds.