ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CONCEPTS

Ms. Veronica S. Roque

Faculty, CAST/SHS Department
De La Salle Araneta University

LESSON 2
 LEARNING GOALS
At the end of this learning session, l should be able to:
1. Define organic chemistry and identify its scope.
2. Classify different organic compounds.
3. Explain how covalent bonds in organic compounds are
formed
4. Explain the Valence Bond Theory
5. Demonstrate how molecular orbital are formed through
hybridization and relate it to molecular structure
6. Write the different structural representations of organic
compounds.
7. Identify the different functional groups present in an
organic compound.
LESSON 2
PRELUDE TO LESSON 2:
WHAT MAKES A COMPOUND ORGANIC?

LESSON 2
PRELUDE TO LESSON 2:
BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1800s 1828
Ancient
Times • Jon Jacob • Friedrich
Berzelius Wöhler

LESSON 2
PRELUDE TO LESSON 2:
BRIEF HISTORY OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Wöhler’s Experiment

Frederich Wöhler

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.1
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic
Chemistry is
the study of
organic
compounds and
their structure,
properties, and
reactions.

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT?

Carbon makes up
over 90% of all
chemical
compounds

They form the

basis of living
systems

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE

Tetravalency

Catenation
CARBON

Hybridization

Isomerism

Allotropy
LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE

The state of an atom with four electrons

Tetravalency available for covalent chemical bonding in its
valence.

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
Chemical linkage into chains of atoms of the same
Catenation element, occurring only among the atoms of an
element that has a valence of at least two and that
forms relatively strong bonds with itself.

LET’S TRY THIS!

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE

The existence of two or more

Allotropy different physical forms of a
chemical element.

Graphite

Diamond

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE

Isomerism
Isomers are molecules with
the same molecular formula
but have different structures,
which creates different
properties in the molecules.

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE

Isomerism

Chain isomers of C4H10

Position isomers LESSON 2

 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE

Hybridization

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.3
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PROPERTY INORGANIC COMPOUND ORGANIC COMPOUD
Type of bond present Ionic and covalent bonds Covalent bond
Rates of Reaction
• At Room Temp Fast Slow
• Increased Very fast Fast to explosive
Temperature
Combustibility Usually non-combustible Highly combustible
Melting Point and Higher boiling point and Lower boiling point and
Boiling Point melting point melting point
Solubility and Soluble and miscible in polar Insoluble and immiscible in
Miscibility solvents, e.g. water polar solvents, e.g. water
• Polar Solvent Insoluble and immiscible in Soluble and miscible in
• Nonpolar Solvent nonpolar solvents nonpolar solvents
Volatility Usually non-volatile Highly volatile
Conductivity Good conductor Poor conductor
LESSON 2
 Differences
Formation of Between
Properties of Carbon Covalent Sigma Organic and
and Pi Bonds Inorganic
Compounds
 LESSON 2.2
THE CARBON ATOM: THE ELEMENT OF LIFE
Determine the hybridization of carbon in the
Hybridization following items. Indicate the number of sigma and
pi bonds.

1 2 3 4
5

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.4
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Organic
Compounds

Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons
Derivatives

Aliphatic Aromatic
Oxygenated Nitrogenated Halogenated
Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons

Saturated Unsaturated

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.4
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

State whether the ff. organic compounds is a hydrocarbon

or a hydrocarbon derivative.

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Tells us how many atoms of

Molecular Formula each element make up the
molecule.

LET’S TRY THIS!

1. A molecule is known to contain two atoms of
carbon, five atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of chlorine. Write the molecular
formula for this molecule.
2. A compound is known to have two atoms of
carbon, 6 atoms of hydrogen, and one atom
of oxygen.
3. An aromatic compound is known to contain
six atoms of carbon and six atoms of
hydrogen. LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

A Lewis structure in which bonded

Kekulé Formula electron pairs in covalent bonds are
shown as lines.

A typical
A Lewis Kekulé structure.
structure. Does not include lone
Lone pairs.
pairs shown.
LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Kekulé Formula
LET’S TRY THIS!
1. A molecule is known to contain two atoms of
carbon, five atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of chlorine. Write the molecular
formula for this molecule.
2. A compound is known to have two atoms of
carbon, 6 atoms of hydrogen, and one atom
of oxygen.
3. An aromatic compound is known to contain
six atoms of carbon and six atoms of
hydrogen. LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Condensed Structural
Formula
Shows the order of atoms like a structural formula but are written
in a single line to save space and make it more convenient and
faster to write out.
LET’S TRY THIS!
1. A molecule is known to contain two atoms of carbon,
five atoms of hydrogen and one atom of chlorine. Write
the molecular formula for this molecule.
2. A compound is known to have two atoms of carbon, 6
atoms of hydrogen, and one atom of oxygen.
3. An aromatic compound is known to contain six atoms of
carbon and six atoms of hydrogen.
LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Condensed Structural
Formula
Shows the order of atoms like a structural formula but are written
in a single line to save space and make it more convenient and
faster to write out.
LET’S TRY THIS!

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Bond-Line Formula
Bond-line formula is used to write carbon
and hydrogen atoms more efficiently by
replacing the letters with lines.
• A carbon atom is present wherever a
line intersects another line.
• Hydrogen atoms are then assumed to
complete each of carbon's four bonds.
• All other atoms that are connected to
carbon atoms are written out.

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Bond-Line Formula
LET’S TRY THIS!
1. A molecule is known to contain two atoms
of carbon, five atoms of hydrogen and one
atom of chlorine. Write the molecular
formula for this molecule.
2. A compound is known to have two atoms of
carbon, 6 atoms of hydrogen, and one atom
of oxygen.
3. An aromatic compound is known to contain
six atoms of carbon and six atoms of
hydrogen. LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Bond-Line Formula

LET’S TRY THIS!

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Bond-Line Formula

LET’S TRY THIS!

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Bond-Line Formula

LET’S TRY THIS!

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Determine the molecular formula of the following molecule

represented here:

1 2

3 4

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Convert the following skeletal structures to condensed

formula.
1 2 3

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.5
STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIONS OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Draw the skeletal structure of the following organic

molecules:
1. CH3(CH2)3CH3
2. CH3CHBrCH2CH3
3. (CH3)3CCH2CH3
4. CH3CHCHCH2CHCH2
5. CH3COCH2CH2CO2CH3

LESSON 2
LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.6
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.6
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
LET’S TRY THIS! Identify the functional groups present in each organic molecule.

LESSON 2
 LESSON 2.6
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Identify the functional groups present in each organic molecule.

1 4 7

2 5 8

3 6 9

LESSON 2