ORGANIC CHEMISTRY INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
characterized by the presence of carbon
atoms in them
consisting of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and
their other derivatives
have the carbon-hydrogen bonds (C-H bond)
more volatile and also highly inflammable
The rate of reaction is slow
Form of solids, gases, and liquids.
Soluble in Non-Polar Solvents
(Organic Solvent - diethyl, ether, and toluene.)
mainly found in most of the living things
form covalent bonds
In most of the aqueous solutions, these are
poor conductors of heat and electricity
Examples of organic compounds include fats,
nucleic acids, sugars, enzymes, proteins and
hydrocarbon fuels
low melting points and boiling points.
(below 360C*)
biological and more complex in nature
(Complex Structure)
cannot make salts
19 million known carbon compounds
 Chemical compounds are essential since
carbon is found in all living organisms.
 The application is huge, includes
pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food,
explosives, paints, and cosmetics. Organic
compounds are common in our daily life,
they include rubber, plastics (today almost
everything can be made out of plastic, from
cars to prostheses), cosmetics, textiles, and
detergent.
do not have carbon atoms in them (some
exceptions do exist)
do not possess hydrogen or oxygen and their
derivatives
do not have the carbon-hydrogen bonds
not inflammable and are non-volatile in
nature
have a high rate of reaction
exist as solids
Soluble in Polar Solvents (Water)
found in non-living things
form ionic bonds between the atoms of
molecules
In aqueous solutions, these are known to be
good conductors of heat and electricity
example for inorganic compounds includes
non-metals, salts, metals, acids, bases,
substances which are made from single
elements
low melting and boiling points compared to
organic compounds (High Boiling and Melting
point)
mineral and not much complexity in nature
(Simple Structure)
can make salts
500,000 known compounds
 Inorganic compounds include salts, metals,
and substances made from only one
element. Inorganic compounds are found
in nature as minerals, but also man-made
substances are inorganic, such as
fertilizers.
 It has applications in Materials science,
pigments, surfactants, coatings,
medications, fuels, and agriculture.
Ammonia is involved in the creation of
plastics, fibers, and nylons, as well as in the
creation of adhesives. Chlorine which is
used in the manufacture of furniture,
fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and insecticide.
 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
organic compounds composed of carbon and
hydrogen atoms, arranged in straight chains,
branched structures or non-aromatic ring
structures
high carbon-to-hydrogen ratio
Do not have pleasant odor
Burn with non-sooty flames
Mostly flammable
Some are saturated while others are
unsaturated
There are no delocalized pi electrons
can be found in crude oil and as natural gases.
cyclic structures are non-aromatic (no delocalized
pi electrons)
can be found in three types as alkanes,
alkenes, and alkynes.
 Saturated hydrocarbons are only
composed of single bonds. Therefore,
they only have only sigma bonds. For
example, alkanes are saturated
hydrocarbons.
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons are
composed of single bonds and double
bonds; both sigma bonds and pi bonds
are present in these molecules.
The co-axial or linear overlapping of atomic orbitals of
two atoms forms a sigma bond. It is the primary bond
that is found in single, double and triple bonds.
However, there can be only one sigma bond between
two atoms.
8 Everyday Products That Use
Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
compounds composed of carbon and
hydrogen atoms in ring structures with
delocalized pi electrons.
low carbon-to-hydrogen ratio.
Have pleasant odor (named as due to this)
Burn with sooty flames
All saturated
There are delocalized pi electrons
essentially cyclic structures. These are also
planar structures.
 highly stable due to the resonance effect.
 Nonpolar (they are immiscible with water)
(formed either as a result of
electronegative atoms or due to
asymmetric arrangement of nonpolar
bonds and lone pairs of electrons on the
same molecule)
 Most aromatic compounds undergo
electrophilic substitution reactions
 Due to the presence of delocalized pi
electrons, aromatic ring is rich with
electrons.
 Therefore, electrophiles can attack this ring
to share electrons.
is a chemical reaction that involves the replacement of
an atom in an aromatic molecule with an electrophile.
An electrophile is an atom or a molecule that does not
contain electrons. It can accept electrons from an
electron-rich species. This electrophile can either be a
positively charged species or a neutrally charged
species. A positively charged electrophile attracts
electrons in order to neutralize the charge. A neutral
species may need electrons to fill the free p-orbitals in
order to obey the octet rule.
Aspirin
The tablet you take to get rid of a headache,
inflammation or a fever is actually made from
benzene. Benzene is a hydrocarbon found in
petroleum, which is then turned into phenol, before
being converted into salicylic acid and finally
acetylsalicylic acid or ASA, more commonly known
as aspirin.

Food
paraffin wax – a soft, colorless solid that’s made up
of hydrocarbon molecules – is used to coat these
food products to prevent unwanted outcomes
during preparation and transit. Indeed, advanced
techniques of food analysis reveal that paraffin wax
is also used as the base for chewing gum.

Lipstick
paraffin wax – used to manufacture a wide range
of cosmetic products, including lipsticks. Plus, it’s
also a key ingredient in scented candles.

False teeth
Today, dentures are made from nylon, porcelain,
metal and acrylic resin, which is a hydrocarbon.

Dry shampoo
it used liquified petroleum gas, or LPG, which is a
mixture of hydrocarbons like propane and butane.

CDs and DVDs

are manufactured from polycarbonate plastics,
which are themselves derived from hydrocarbons.
However, they also require the use of sophisticated
petroleum-based lubricants in order to make sure
the discs spin smoothly.

Solar panels
hydrocarbons are also contained in the actual
panels themselves, with synthetic plastic parts a
key part of the solar cells.

Clothing
majority (around 60%) of all clothing worldwide
contains an element of polyester in its makeup.
This hydrocarbon-based fibre is not biodegradable,
meaning it’s not as good for the environment as
more organic alternatives.