Ratio and Proportion

A ratio is a comparison of two

similar quantities obtained by
dividing one quantity by the
other.
In symbol,
, or to
Examples:
1.There are 12 girls and 10 boys in a class.
The ratio of the girls to the boys is .
2.The scale of a map is .
3.There are 5 pups: 2 boys and 3 girls. The
ratio of boys to girls is
A proportion is the
quantity between two
ratios.
In symbol,
where or and is read as “a is
to b as c is to d”.
A proportion has four terms namely:
 The product of the means is equal to the product of
the extremes.

Based on the figure, the proportion is . This is proportional

because if we are to multiply the means, the product is equal to
the product of the extremes.
Fundamental Rule of Proportion

If , then provided
that .
 Properties of Proportion
• Cross multiplication Property If , then .
 Alternation Property If , then .
 Inverse Property If , then .
 Addition Property If , then .
 Subtraction Property If then .
 Sum Property of the original proportion If , then ; where is a
constant of proportionality and .
Examples:
1.If , then by cross multiplication property.
2.If , then by alternation property.
3.If , then by cross multiplication property.
4.If , then by alternation property.
5., then by addition property.
 Proportions have many applications in real
life. Some of these are buying groceries,
baking some pastries, and converting of
different currencies. To further understand
how ratio and proportion is applicable in our
daily lives, study the sample problems below.
Examples:
1. A firefighter truck can hold 3000
gallons of water. A firefighter can deliver
160 gallons of water every 2 minutes.
How much will be delivered in 10
minutes?
2. If the ratio of chocolates to ice cream
cones in a box is and the number of
chocolates is 30, find the number of ice
cream cones.
I. Directions: Identify whether the following is proportion or not. Write P if
proportion and N otherwise.
1. 3.
2. 4.
II. Directions: Find the value of in each proportion.
3. 3.
4. 4.
III. Directions: Solve the following problems. Show your solutions neatly.
5. A recipe uses 5 cups of flour for every 2 cups of sugar. If I want to make a recipe
using 8 cups of flour, how much sugar should I use?
6. A special cereal mixture contains rice, wheat, and corn in the ratio . If a bag of
the mixture contains 3 pounds of rice, how much corn and wheat does it contain?
 Fundamental Theorems of Proportionality

Tria ng le Pro po rtio na lity The o re m

If a lin e p a ra lle l to o n e sid e o f a tria n g le in te rse c ts the o the r tw o sid e s, the n it d ivid e s
th o se sid e s p ro p o rtio n a lly.

തതതത ത
𝐵𝐷 തത
ത
𝐵𝐸
If ത
തതത∥ ത
𝐷𝐸 തത
𝐴𝐶ത, th e n ത =
തതത 𝐸𝐶 .
𝐷𝐴
Co nve rse o f the Tria ng le Pro po rtio na lity The o re m

If a lin e d ivid e s tw o sid e s o f a tria n g le p ro p o rtio n a lly, th e n it is p a ra lle l to th e th ird

sid e .

തതതത
𝐵𝐷 തതത
𝐵𝐸ത
If തതതത= , th e n ത
തതത∥ ത
𝐷𝐸 തത
𝐴𝐶ത.
𝐷𝐴 𝐸𝐶
 Exa m p le s:
A. Fin d th e va lue o f th e va ria b le in th e fig ure a t the rig ht.
So lutio n :
ത
തത
𝑄𝑆ത ത ത
𝑅𝑇തത
By TPT, th e p ro p o rtio n is ത
തത
ത
= തതതത.
𝑆𝑇 𝑇𝑃

Sub stitute a ll th e a va ila b le m e a sure m e n ts.

തത
𝑄𝑆തത ത ത
𝑅𝑇തത
=
തതത ത
𝑆𝑇 ത
𝑇𝑃തത
2 𝑥
=
6 9
By a p p lyin g th e p ro p e rtie s o f p ro p o rtio n ,
6𝑥 = 18
So lve fo r 𝑥 a lg e b ra ic a lly, 𝑥 = 3.
A. Fin d th e va lue o f th e m issin g p a rt.

So lu tio n :
തത
ത
𝐴𝐸ത ത ത
തത
𝐴𝐵
തത
തത =
𝐸𝐷 ത ത
ത
𝐵𝐶ത
15 12
=
10 ത തത
𝐵𝐶ത
തത
ത
15𝐵𝐶ത= 120
തത
ത
𝐵𝐶ത= 8
Two Tra nsve rsa l Pro p o rtio na lity The o re m
If th re e o r m o re p a ra lle l lin e s a re c u t b y tw o o r m o re tra n sve rsa ls, th e n th e
se g m e n ts c u t o ff a lo n g th e tra n sve rsa ls a re p ro p o rtio n a l.

So m e p ro p o rtio n s th a t c a n b e fo und in th e
fig u re :
തതതത
𝐴𝐵 തതതത
𝐶𝐷 തതതത ത
𝐴𝐵 തതത
𝐴𝐸
തതതത
= തതതത ത
=
തതത 𝐹𝐺
𝐵𝐶 𝐸𝐹 𝐶𝐷
തതത
𝐵𝐶 ത തത
𝐸𝐹തത തതതത ത
𝐴𝐵 തതത
𝐴𝐸
തതതത
= തതതത തതതത
= ത
തതത
𝐶𝐷 𝐹𝐺 𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐹

ത
തത
𝐵𝐶ത ത തത
𝐸𝐹ത ത
തതത ത
𝐴𝐵 തതത
𝐶𝐷 ത
തതത
𝐴𝐵 ത
തതത
𝐴𝐸
ത
തതത = ത
𝐴𝐶 തത
𝐴𝐹ത ത
തത
𝐵𝐶ത
= തതതത
𝐸𝐹 തതത =
ത
𝐴𝐷 ത
തത
𝐴𝐺ത
Tria ng le Ang le Bise c to r The o re m

If a se g m e n t b ise c ts a n a n g le o f a tria n g le , th e n it d ivid e s the o p p o site sid e in to

se g m e n ts p ro p o rtio na l to th e o the r two sid e s.

ത
തതത
𝐴𝐵 ത
തതത
𝐴𝐷
ത
തതത
𝐵𝐶
=ത
തതത
𝐷𝐶
Dire c tio n: Fin d the m issin g p a rt o f th e fig ure a t the rig ht.

A. If ത
തത= 6, ത
𝐷𝐼 തത= 8 a n d ത
𝐼𝐴 തതത= 18, th e n ത
𝐷𝑌 തത
𝑌𝑅ത=?

B. If ത
തത= 11, ത
𝐷𝐼 തത
𝑌𝑅ത= 24 a n d ത
തതത= 5.5, th e n ത
𝐷𝑌 തതത=?
𝐷𝐴
Performance Task:
Scaling is a drawing method used to enlarge or reduce a drawing in size while keeping the proportions of the
drawing the same. Scales are generally expressed as ratios. Scaling is used either to reduce or enlarge.

Now, to further assess your learnings on this topic and to showcase your creativity, follow the procedure below.

Materials: long bond paper, pencil, ruler, pen, coloring materials, photo of your choice.

Procedures:

1. With a pencil, enclose your picture with a square. Using a ruler, indicate equal magnitudes by making marks on the
perimeter of the square and number each space.
2. Using a pencil, connect the marks on opposite sides of the square to produce a grid.
3. Using a pencil, produce a larger square grid on the long bond paper. To make it twice as large as the other grid, see
to it that each smallest square is double the side of each smallest square in step 2.
4. Still using a pencil, sketch the image square by square until you are able to complete an enlarged version of the
original one.
Illustrating Similarity of Figures
• Similar Polygons
We are done with congruent polygons that
have the same size and shape. Another type of
correspondence is similarity. Similarity can be
simply stated as two figures having the same
shape but not necessarily the same size.
• Similarity is one to one correspondence between the
vertices of a polygon such that the following
conditions are satisfied:
Corresponding angles are congruent.
Corresponding sides are proportional.
The symbol used for similarity is ~.
In Fig u re 1, ▱ABC D ∼ ▱EFG H.

• Figure 1 Similar quadrilaterals.

This means: m ∠ A = m ∠ E, m ∠ B = m ∠ F, m ∠ C = m ∠ G, m ∠ D = m ∠ H, and
In Fig u re 2, q u a d rila te ra l Q RST is n o t sim ila r to q u a d rila te ra l WXYZ.

• Even though the ratios of corresponding sides are equal, corresponding angles are not equal (90° ≠ 120°, 90°
≠ 60°).
In Fig ure 3, q ua d rila te ra l FG HI is n o t sim ila r to q ua d rila te ra l JKLM.

Even though corresponding angles are equal, the ratios of each pair of corresponding sides are not equal (≠).
Similar Polygons are polygons in which the corresponding angles are congruent and the ratio of the length of
corresponding sides are equal.

Fig ure 4 G ive n th e sim ila rity b e tw e e n th e fo llo w in g q u a d rila te ra ls ▱𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷~▱𝑊𝑋𝑌𝑍.

We c a n sta te th e fo llo w in g :

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/geometry/similarity/similar-polygons

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐷
= = =
𝑊𝑋 𝑋𝑌 𝑌𝑍 𝑊𝑍
∠A ≅ ∠W, ∠B ≅ ∠X, ∠C ≅ ∠Y, ∠D ≅ ∠Z
• The ratio of the corresponding sides is called the scale
factor of the similarity or also known as the ratio of
similarity or ratio of similitude.
• Ratio of the perimeters of similar triangles is equal to the
scale factor.
• Ratio of the areas of similar triangles is equal to the ratio
of the square of the scale factor.
Proving the Conditions for
Similarity of Triangles
A triangle is a two-dimensional polygon with 3
sides, 3 angles, and 3 vertices.
• The idea of scaling in geometric objects is ubiquitous in our
experience. When you draw a map to scale, or enlarge a
photo, or tell your computer to use larger font size, you are
creating a new geometric object that has the “ same shape “
as the old one, but has all of its parts reduced or enlarge in
size - or “ scaled “- by the same ratio. In geometry, two
figures that have the same shape but not necessarily the same
size are said to be similar to each other.
Sample Object
Showing Similarity
 Tw o tria ng le s a re sa id to b e simila r if the re is a c o rre sp o n d e nc e b e tw e e n th e ir ve rtic e s suc h th a t
c o rre sp o n d in g a n g le s a re c o ng rue n t a nd c o rre sp o nd in g sid e s a re p ro p o rtio na l.
I n the tw o tria n g le s, A  D , B  E , a nd C  F , a nd
The ir c o rre sp o n d ing sid e s a re p ro p o rtio na l, th a t is
AB AC BC
  . Tria n g le ABC is sa id to b e sim ila r
DE DF EF
to tria ng le DEF, in sym b o ls ∆ABC~∆DEF
C a n rig ht tria n g le b e sim ila r? Ye s
 What is a Right triangle?
•The term “right” refers to the Latin word “rectus,” meaning upright. Therefore, a right
triangle is a triangle whose one angle is 90 degrees (right angle).
•The side opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse . The sides adjacent to the right
angle are called legs (or catheti, singular: cathetus). Side a may be identified as the side adjacent to
angle B and opposed to (or opposite) angle A, while side b is the side adjacent to angle
A and opposed to angle B.
• Special right triangles are triangles whose sides are in a particular ratio, known as
Pythagorean Triples. In geometry, the Pythagorean Theorem is a statement that shows the
relationship of the sides of a right triangle. The equation of a right triangle is given by a2 + b2 = c2,
where either a or b is the height and base of the triangle and c is the hypotenuse.
 •The two special right triangles include:
45°; 45°; 90° - triangle
30°; 60°; 90° - triangle
I guess, you are now ready to learn about
proving triangle similarity.
Proving Triangle Similarity Theorem
 •Square is a quadrilateral that has four equal sides and four right angles. When
a square is cut into halves diagonally , two right triangles are formed. These right
triangles are called Isosceles Right Triangle or the r right triangles because they
have two equal sides and a right angle. On the other hand, if an isosceles triangles
is cut into halves by perpendicular bisector, another pair of right triangle are
formed where the interior angles are
•The triangles being referred to above are generally called SPECIAL RIGHT
TRIANGLES because they have some characteristics or properties that are very
useful in solving problems concerning right triangles.
Applying Theorems to Show
Triangle Similarity
 PROVING THE
PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM
One of the best known mathematical theorem is Pythagorean Theorem, which shows the relationship between
the sides of a right triangle. It is named after Pythagoras, a Greek Mathematician of the sixth century BC. A
right triangle consists of two legs and a hypotenuse. Two legs meet at a angle and the hypotenuse is the longest
side of the right triangle and the side opposite is the right angle.
Solving Problem Involving Triangle
Similarity and Right Triangles
1. The corresponding sides of two similar triangles are 3 cm and 5
cm. If the perimeter of the smaller triangle is 18 cm, what is the
perimeter of the other triangle?
2. Jose created a triangular design sign board of his newly open restaurant whose shorter
leg is 16 inches. He wants to put an edging design on the sign board, how will he solve
for the perimeter of the said sign board?
3. A ladder, which measures 14 m is positioned against the wall of
a house. If the top of the ladder is 6 m above the base of the wall,
how far is the bottom of the ladder placed from the base of the
wall?