UNIT 3

QUALI
Research Design

TATIVE REPORTED BY:

ASRIFAH M. ALI
AZLAINAH M. ALI
ARIEL GAJUNERA GAJO
TABLE
Contents
OF
3.1 GROUNDED THEORY DESIGNS
• ASRIFAH M.ALI
3.2 ETHNOGRAPHIC DESIGNS
• AZLAINAH M.ALI
3.1 Grounded Theory Designs
Is a systematic, qualitative procedure used to generate a theory that explains, at a
broad conceptual level, a process, an action, or an interaction about a substantive
topic.

3.1.1 Grounded Theory Research

This theory is a “process” theory - it explains an educational process of events,
activities, actions, and interactions that occur over time.

Use of Grounded Theory For Researcher

Researcher use grounded theory when researcher needs a broad theory of the
explanation of a process.

Development of Grounded Theory

developed in the late 1960's by two sociologists, Barney G. Glaser, and the late
Anselm L. Strauss,

Glaser and Straus developed a pioneering book that expounded in detail on their
grounded theory procedures, the discovery of grounded theory (1967)

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3.1.2 Types of Grounded Theory Designs 3.1.3 The Key Characteristics
WEAKNESSES

THE SYSTEMATIC THE EMERGING

of Grounded Theory Research
DESIGN DESIGN SIX CHARACTERISTICS THAT GROUNDED
THEORY RESEARCHERS USE IN THEIR
A systematic design in grounded theory Glaser (1992) stressed the importance of DESIGNS ARE:
emphasizes the use of data analysis steps of letting a theory emerge from the data rather
open, axial, and selective coding and the than using specific, preset categories.
development of a logi paradigm or a visual
picture of the theory generated. (Strauss
and Corbin 1998) • Process Approach
• Theoretical sampling
THE • Constant comparative data
CONSTRUCTIVIS
T DESIGN analysis
the constructive approach has been articulated
• A core category
by Charmaz (1990,2000, 2006) as a
philosophical position. she is more interested
• Theory generation
in the views, values, beliefs, feelings,
assumptions and ideologies of individuals.
• Memos STRENGTHS

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 The steps in Conducting Grounded Theory
Research
Step 1: Decide if a Grounded Theory Design Best Addresses the Research Problem

A grounded theory design is appropriate when a researcher wants to develop or modify a theory, explain a
process, and develop a general abstraction of the interaction and action of people

Step 2: Identify a Process to Study

The researcher needs to identify early a tentative process to examine in their grounded theory study

Step 3: Seek Approval and Access Showcase

Your Expertise
As with all research studies, researcher need to obtain approval from the institutional review board.
Researcher also needs access to individuals who can provide insight into the process that researcher plan to
study

Step 4: Conduct Theorotical Sampling

A characteristic of grounded theory research, is that the inquirer collects data more than once and keeps
returning to data sources for more information throughout a study until the categories are saturated and the
theory is fully developed.

Step: Code the Data

the process of coding data occurs during data collection so that researcher can determine what data to collect
next. it typically begins with the identification of open coding categories and using the constant approach for
saturation by comparing data with incident and incident with category. Page 03
Step 6: Use Selective coding and Develop the Theory

This procedure includes interrelating the categories in the coding paradigm. it may involve refining the axial
coding paradigm and presenting it as a model or theory of the process.

Step 7: Validate Their Theory

It is important to determine if their theoretical explanation makes senes to participants and ian accurate
rendering of events and their sequence in the process. in grounded theory research, validation is an active part
of the process of research.
3.1.5 Researcher Evaluate Grounded
Step 8: Write a Grounded Theory Research Report
Theory Research
The structure of their grounded theory report will vary from a flexible structure in the emerging and
constructivist design to a more quantitatively oriented structure in the systematic deisgn.
In a high-quality grounded theory study, some combination of these factors exists, and the
author :

• Makes explicit the process or action at the heart of the study.

• Develops or generates a theory at the end of the study that is grounded in the view of the
participants.
• Makes certain that a link exists between the data, the generation of categories, and the
ultimate theory.
• Provides evidence of using memoing and sampling that enables the generation of the
theory
• Presents a visual model of the theory.
• Provides evidence of the use of one of the types of grounded theory design such as the
systematic, emerging or constructivist approaches.

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 3.2 Ethnographic Designs
the term ethnography literally means “ writing about groups of people.” Using this qualitative design, the
researcher can identify a group of people: study them in their homes or workplaces; note how they behave,
think, and talk: and develop a general portrait of the group.

.2.1 ETHNOGRAPHIC
Ethnographic designs are qualitative research procedures for describing, analyzing, and interpreting a culture-

RESEARCH
sharing group’s shared patterns of behavior, belief, and language that develop over time. central to this is
culture.

ESEARCHER CONDUCT AN
ETHNOGRAPHY
The researcher conducts ethnography when the study of a group provides an understanding of a larger issue.
Researchers also conduct an ethnography when researcher have a culture-sharing group to study- one that
has been together for some time and has developed shared values, beliefs, and language.

Ethnography can provide a detailed day-to-day picture of events, such as the thoughts and activities of a
search committee hiring a new principal.

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 THE TYPES OF
ETHNOGRAPHIC DESIGNS
• THE REALIST
ETHNOGRAPHY
• THE CASE STUDY
• THE CRITICAL
ETHNOGRAPHY

THE REALIST
realist ethnography is a popular approach used by cultural anthropologists. Characterized by Van Maanen

ETHNOGRAPHY
(1988) , it reflects a particular stance taken by the researcher toward the individual being studied.

CASE STUDIES
writers often use the term case study in conjunction with ethnography. A case study is an important type of
ethnography, although it differs from ethnography in serval important ways. case study researchers may
focus on a program, event, or activity involving individuals rather than a group per se.

A case study is an in-depth exploration of a bounded system based on extensive data collection. Bounded
means that the case is separated out for research in terms of time, place or some physical boundaries. Page 06
 CRITICAL
ETHNOGRAPHIES
Critical ethnographies are a type of ethnographic research in which the author is interested in advocating for
the emancipation of groups marginalized in our society ( Thomas, 1993) Critical researchers are typically
politically minded individuals who seek, through their research, to advocate against inequality and
domination.

THE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF

ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
• CULTURAL THEMES THE STEPS IN CONDUCTING
• A CULTURE-SHARING GROUP
• SHARED PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR, BELIEF AND ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
STEP 1: IDENTIFY INTENT AND THE TYPE OF DESIGN AND RELATE
INTENT TO THEIR RESEARCH PROBLEM
LANGUAGE
• FIELDWORK
THE FIRST AND MOST IMPORTANT STEPS IN CONDUCTING
• DESCRIPTION, THEMES, AND INTERPRETATION
RESEARCH ARE TO IDENTIFY A STUDY, WHICH FORM OF DESIGN
• CONTEXT OR SETTING
THE RESEARCHER PLANS TO USE, AND HOW THEIR INTENT
• RESEARCHER REFLEXIVITY
RELATES TO THEIR RESEARCH PROBLEM.

STEP 2: DISCUSS APPROVAL AND ACCESS CONSIDERATIONS

IN THIS PROCESS, LOCATE A SITE FOR THEIR RESEARCH THE

IDENTIFY A GATEKEEPER WHO CAN PROVIDE ACCESS TO THE SITE
AND PARTICIPANTS FOR THE STUDY.

Job Search Strategy Page 07

 THE STEPS IN CONDUCTING
ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
STEP 3: USE APPROPRIATE DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES

THE THREE DESIGNS HAVE SEVERAL COMMON FEATURES, WITH

AN EMPHASIS ON EXTENSIVE DATA COLLECTION, USING MULTIPLE
PROCEDURES FOR GATHERING DATA, AND THE ACTIVE
INVOLVEMENT OF PARTICIPANTS IN THE PROCESS.

STEP 4: ANALYZE AND INTERPRET DATA WITHIN A DESIGN

RESEARCHER WILL ENGAGE IN THE GENERAL PROCESS OF

DEVELOPING A DESCRIPTION, ANALYZING THEIR DATA FOR
THEMES, AND PROVIDING AN INTERPRETATION OF THE MEANING
OF THEIR INFORMATION

STEP 5: WRITE THE REPORT CONSISTENT WITH THEIR DESIGN

REALIST ETHNOGRAPHY IS WRITTEN AS AN OBJECTIVE REPORT OF

INFORMATION ABOUT THE CULTURE-SHARING GROUP. THEIR
PERSONAL VIEWS AND BIASES WILL BE KEPT IN THE
BACKGROUND, AND A DISCUSSION AT THE END OF THE STUDY
SHOULD INDICATE HOW THE RESEARCH CONTRIBUTES TO
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE CULTURAL THEME BASED LANGUAGE
OF THE CULTURAL- SHARING GROUP.
Job Search Strategy Page 08
 RESEARCHER EVALUATE AN
ETHNOGRAPHY
THE RESEARCHER:

• IDENTIFIES A CULTURE-SHARING GROUP OR CASE TO STUDY

• FOCUSES ON CULTURAL CONCEPTS RECOGNIZING THAT THESE
CONCEPTS MAY BE VERY BROAD
• PROVIDES EVIDENCE TO SHOW HOW THIS GROUP HAS
ESTABLISHED OVER TIME PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOR,
LANGUAGE, AND BELIEFS
• ENGAGES IN FIELDWORK AND FATHER THE EVIDENCE
THROUGH MULTIPLE SOURCES INCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
AND INTERVIEWS.
• SHOWS AN ANALYSIS OF THIS EVIDENCE THROUGH A
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CULTURE-SHARING GROUP
AND THE CONTEXT IN WHICH IT EXISTS, THEMES THAT
SUMMARIZE MAJOR IDEAS ABOUT HOW THE GROUP WORKS,
AND INTERPRETATION THAT SUGGESTS HOW THE GROUP
ILLUSTRATES “ CULTURE AT WORK”
• PORTRAYS THE RESEARCHERS AS REFLECTING ON THEIR OWN
ROLE IN THE STUDY AND HOW THEIR BACKGROUND, GENDER,
AND HISTORY SHAPE THE ACCOUNT THAT THEY REPORT.

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THANK
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