Definition of concepts :

Marginalization
• Marginalization is defined as a treatment of a person or
social group as
• minor
• insignificant or
• peripheral.
Marginalization involves exclusion of certain groups
from
• social interactions
• marriage relations
• sharing food and drinks and
• working and living together.
 Who are mostly marginalized?
• Women
• Children
• Older people
• People with disabilities
• Minorities :-Religious, ethnic, and racial
minorities
• Crafts workers:-tanners, potters, and
ironsmiths
 Vulnerability
• Vulnerability refers to the state of being
exposed to physical or emotional injuries.
• Vulnerable groups are people exposed to
possibilities of attack, harms or mistreatment.
• vulnerable persons/groups are children and
people with disabilities
 Minority groups:
• Minority groups refers to a small group of
people within a community, region, or country.
• minority groups are different from the majority
population in terms of race, religion, ethnicity,
and language.
• Forms of marginalization:-occupational, age
and gender-based marginalization.
 Gender-based marginalization
• Gender-based marginalization is closely
related to gender inequality.
• Gender inequality involves discrimination on a
group of people based on their gender.
• Women are exposed to social and economic
inequalities involving unfair distribution of
wealth, income and job opportunities.
• It involves exclusion of girls and women from
• formal education
• employment opportunities
• property ownership and inheritance
Women and girls are also vulnerable to gender-
based violence such as rape, child marriage,
abduction/forced marriage, domestic violence
and female genital cutting/mutilation
Harmful traditional practices (HTPs)
• Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C)
and child marriage.
• The prevalence of FGC in Ethiopia
The prevalence of FGC in Ethiopia
Percent
120
99
100 91
84 79
80 76
63 62 62
60 54
40 33 Percent
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Health impacts of female genital cutting

• Severe bleeding
• Infections
• pain during sexual intercourse
• Delivery complications
• Fistula and
• Psychological trauma.
 Factors that encourage female genital
cutting
• people consider it as an integral part of their
culture;
• people believe that the practice has some benefits.
• uncircumcised girls are promiscuous because they
have high sexual drive
• a process of purifying girls
• Uncircumcised girls would be disobedient, powerful
and ill-mannered.
• means of preserving girls’ virginity,