Lesson 6.

Colligative Properties of
Solutions:
Osmosis

General Chemistry 2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Our red blood cells have doughnut-like shape
when observed under the microscope.

2
If placed in pure
water, you may see
that the cells expand
and eventually burst.
On the other hand, if
placed in solution of
higher concentration,
they tend to shrink. 3
Consequently, when
they are placed in a
saline solution with a
concentration of 0.3
M, nothing happens.
The size and shape of
cells stay the same.
4
Why does such phenomena
occur and what are the
effects of a solute on the
osmotic pressure of a
solution?

5
 Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative

properties of solutions (STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-115).

● Calculate molar mass from colligative property data

(STEM_GC11PP-IIId-f-118).

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 Learning Objective
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Describe and discuss the effects of a solute on the

osmotic pressure of a solution.

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 Osmosis

Osmosis is the flow of solvent molecules through a

semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated to a
more concentrated solution.

8
Remember

A semipermeable membrane
is a wall that allows only
solvent molecules to pass
through it by diffusion.

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 Tonicity

Tonicity
It is the measure of the relative concentration of solutes
dissolved in solution on either side of a semipermeable
membrane (osmotic pressure gradient)

● Three types
○ Isotonic
○ Hypotonic
○ Hypertonic
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 Tonicity

Isotonic Solution
● Two solutions have equal osmotic
pressure at any given temperature

● An isotonic solution refers to the state

when two solutions have equal
concentration of solutes across a
semipermeable membrane. This state
allows for the free movement of water
without the dilution of solutes on either
side and keeps cells functioning
properly. 11
 Tonicity

Hypotonic Solution

Hypotonic solution refers to a solution

containing a lower amount of solute
in comparison to the solute
concentration in other solutions,
across a semipermeable membrane.
Consequently, the osmotic pressure in
a hypotonic solution is low in
comparison to other solutions.
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 Tonicity

Hypertonic Solution
● A hypertonic solution contains a
higher concentration of
solutes compared to another
solution.
● osmotic pressure of the
dissolved solutes is higher than
that of the other solution.

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14
Remember

Isotonic - iso- means the same: no net

movement of water.
Hypotonic - hypo- means less than; a net
movement of water into the cell.
Hypertonic - hyper- means greater than;
a net movement of water out the cell.

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How can osmosis be stopped
from flowing?

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 Osmosis
Osmotic Pressure
It is the pressure required to prevent osmosis and achieve
osmotic equilibrium.

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 Osmosis
Calculating Osmotic Pressure
It depends on the number of solute particles present and
not on the identity or the nature of the solute

19
 Osmosis

The ideal gas constant is the same for all gases but can
vary based on which units are being used,

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Osmosis

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 Let’s Practice!

Find the osmotic pressure of a 2.5 M solution of

glucose at 25 °C.

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 Let’s Practice!

Find the osmotic pressure of a 2.5 M solution of

glucose at 25 °C.

Given: 2.5 M glucose

25 ̊C

Asked: Osmotic pressure

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 Let’s Practice!

Given: 2.5 M glucose

25 ̊C
Asked: Osmotic pressure

= (1)(2.5M)(0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K)(25̊C+273=298K)
= 61 atm

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 Let’s Practice!

Find the osmotic pressure of a 2.5 M solution of

glucose at 25 °C.

The osmotic pressure of the solution is 61 atm.

25
Try It!

Find the osmotic pressure of

a 1.5 M solution of glucose at
30 °C.

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 Let’s Practice!

Determine the osmotic pressure for a solution

containing 10.0 g of nonelectrolyte solute dissolved in
20.00 L of solution at 25.0 °C. The molecular weight of
the solute is 150 g/mol.

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 Let’s Practice!
Determine the osmotic pressure for a solution containing 10.0 g
of nonelectrolyte solute dissolved in 20.00 L of solution at 25.0 °C.
The molecular weight of the solute is 150 g/mol.

Given: 10.0 g solute

20.00 L solution
25.0 ̊C
150 g/mol Molar mass of solute
Asked: Osmotic Pressure

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 Let’s Practice!

Given: 10.0 g solute Asked: Osmotic pressure

20.00 L solution
25.0 ̊C
150 g/mol Molar mass of solute

Solution: = (1)(M)(0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K)(25+273=298 K)

Solve for Molarity

= mol solute = 10.0 g /150 g/mol = 0.067 mol = 0.0034 M
L solution 20.00 L

Osmotic pressure = (1)(0.0034 M)(0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K)(298K)

= 0.083 atm

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 Let’s Practice!

Determine the osmotic pressure for a solution

containing 10.0 g of nonelectrolyte solute dissolved in
20.00 L of solution at 25.0 °C. The molecular weight of
the solute is 150 g/mol.

The osmotic pressure of the solution is 0.083 atm.

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Try It!

Determine the osmotic

pressure for a solution
containing 20.0 g of
nonelectrolyte solute dissolved
in 30.00 L of solution at 30.0 °C.
The molecular weight of the
solute is 120 g/mol.
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 Let’s Practice!

A mass of 0.558 g of compound X is added to make 325

mL of the solution having an osmotic pressure of 675
mmHg at 25 oC. Find the molar mass of the compound
X.

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 Let’s Practice!

A mass of 0.558 g of compound X is added to make 325

mL of the solution having an osmotic pressure of 675
mmHg at 25 oC. Find the molar mass of the compound
X.

The molar mass of the compound X is 47.3 g/mol.

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Try It!

A mass of 0.6 g of compound X

is added to make 300 mL of a
solution having an osmotic
pressure of 500 mmHg at 30 oC.
Find the molar mass of the
compound X.
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 Check Your Understanding

Write T if the following statement is true. Otherwise,

write F.
1. Osmotic pressure is indirectly proportional to the
molarity of the solutes.
2. A semipermeable membrane allows both solvent and
solute to pass through.
3. Osmotic pressure is used to sustain the osmosis.

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 Check Your Understanding

Solve the following problems. Show the complete

solution in your notebook.

1. What is the osmotic pressure for a solution containing

25.0 g C6H12O6 dissolved in 10.00 L of solution at 30.0
°C?

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 Check Your Understanding

Solve the following problems. Show the complete

solution in your notebook.

2. Find the molar mass of the unknown protein when

0.00120 g is added in 5.00 mL of solution. The osmotic
pressure of the solution is found to be 2.10 torr at 25.0
°C.

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 Check Your Understanding

Solve the following problems. Show the complete

solution in your notebook.

3. Compute the concentration of a saline solution (NaCl

dissolved in H2O) required to produce an isotonic
solution with blood. (Π = 6.55 atm at 35.0°C). Assume
NaCl is a nonelectrolyte.

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Osmosis is defined as the solvent movement through a

semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated
solution into a more concentrated one until equilibrium
is established.
● Osmotic pressure is the pressure that is needed to
counter or stop osmosis.

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● The osmotic pressure of a solution is directly

proportional to the molar concentration of the solute
particles inside the solution.

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 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Tonicity is the measure of an osmotic pressure

gradient.
○ Isotonic solution - no net movement of water
○ Hypotonic solution - the net movement of water
into the cell.
○ Hypertonic solution - the net movement of water
out the cel.

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 Key Formulas

Concept Formula Description

where:
Use this formula to
● n is the number of moles
Osmotic pressure solve for osmotic
● V is volume
pressure.
● R is the universal gas
constant
● T is absolute
temperature 42
 Key Formulas

Concept Formula Description

where:
Use this formula to
● M is the molarity of the
Osmotic pressure solve for osmotic
solution
pressure.
● R is the universal gas
constant
● T is the absolute 43
Challenge Yourself

Explain why osmotic pressure is

the best colligative property in
determining molar mass.

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Bibliography

Brown T.L. et al. 2012. Chemistry: The Central Science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Print.

Chang, Raymond and Kenneth A. Goldsby. 2016. Chemistry. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Print.

Petrucci, Ralph H. 2011. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson
Canada. Print.

Silberberg, Martin S. 2007. Principles of General Chemistry. Pennsylvania State University: McGraw-Hill
Higher Education. 2007. Print.

Whitten, Kenneth W. 2013. Chemistry (10th ed). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Print.

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