Drilling Fluid & Cementing Grope C1

University
of Zakho

Drilling Fluid & Cementing

Prepared by :

1. Rayan Fariq
2. Ahmad Shwan
3. Rahma Sagvan
4. Darya Sabry
5. Mohammad Kamiran

Supervised by: Mr. Sarkar

15/4/2023
Drilling Fluid & Cementing List of Content
No Subjects Page
1 Introduction 1
2 Functions 2
3 Side Effects 4
4 Lost Circulation 6
5 Types 7
6 WBM & OBM 8-13
7 GBM & Equipment 14-18

8 Reference 19
Drilling Fluid & Cementing Group C1
 Drilling fluid Introduction
 What is a Drilling fluid(mud) ?

Drilling fluid is a mix of water and other

components that are used during the
drilling of subterranean wells.

The components & additives :

• Bentonite clay (gel)
• Barium sulfate (Barite)
• Calcium carbonate (chalk)

DRILLING FLUIDS AND CEMENTING RAYAN FARIQ 1

 Drilling Mud Functions
 Most important functions of the drilling fluids :

1. Remove & transport cuttings

2. Exert sufficient hydrostatic pressures to reduce the probability

of having a kick.

3. Cool and lubricate

4. Transmit hydraulic horsepower to the bit.

5. Maintain wellbore stability.

DRILLING FLUIDS & CEMENTING RAYAN FARIQ 2
 Drilling Mud Circulation

DRILLING FLUIDS AND CEMENTING RAYAN FARIQ 3

 Drilling Mud Side Effects
Side effects need to be minimized :

• Damage to subsurface formation.

• Loss of circulation.
• Reduction in the rate of penetration
• Wear on the pump parts
• Swelling of the sidewalls of the borehole

Drilling Fluid & Cementing Ahmad Shwan 4

 Drilling Mud Design`s Aim

We must design the Drilling mud to :

• maximize production from the pay zone
• to allow the target depth to be reached.
• minimize well costs.

Drilling Fluid & Cementing Ahmad Shwan 5

 Drilling Mud Lost Circulation

Lost Circulation :
is defined as the unwanted loss of the whole or a portion of drilling mud into
a formation.

 Problem Caused by Lost Circulation

Pipe Stuck Formation Damage

Well Instability Blowout

Increase in time Increase in Cost

Drilling Fluid & Cementing Ahmad Shwan 6

 Drilling mud Types of drilling mud

Types of drilling mud:

1. water based mud (WBM)
2. Oil based mud (OBM)
3. Gas based mud
4. Special types of drilling mud-
Inhibited muds

-WBM is most commonly used

Drilling fluid & cementing RAHMA SAGVAN QADER 7

 WBM
Water based mud
Water-based mud is a type of drilling mud consisting mainly of water, which has
additives to modify it and make it more effective.

Water-based drilling mud most commonly consists of:

• Bentonite clay
• Barium sulfate (Barite)
• Calcium carbonate (chalk) or Hematite.
• Various thickeners are used to influence the viscosity of the fluid

Drilling fluid & cementing RAHMA SAGVAN QADER 8

 WBM
Types of water based drilling mud
Fresh water mud: is one in which the continuous liquid phase of the system is
freshwater.
Saltwater drilling fluids are prepared from brine water, seawater and dry
sodium chloride or potassium chloride.

Advantage : low cost (compared to OBM)

Disadvantage: cause clay swelling

Drilling fluid & cementing RAHMA SAGVAN QADER 9

Circulating System

Drilling fluid & cementing RAHMA SAGVAN QADER 10

 Drilling Mud Oil based mud

Oil-based mud is a mud where the base

fluid is a petroleum product such as diesel
fuel.

The mixture of OBM :

composed of oil as the continuous phase
and water as the dispersed phase in
conjunction with emulsifiers and wetting
agents.

Drilling fluid & cementing DARYA SABRY ALI 11

 Drilling Mud Oil based mud
Classification of OBM :
• Full oil: all-oil muds have oil as the external
phase but are designed to be free of water when
formulated or used.
• Invert oil emulsions: are oil muds formulated to
contain moderate to high water concentrations.
• Synthetic oil based mud :synthetic muds are
invert emulsions, with the synthetic fluid as the
external or continuous phase and brine as the
internal phase.

Drilling fluid & cementing DARYA SABRY ALI 12

 Drilling Mud oil based mud
Why oil based mud
 Shale stability
 Penetration rate
 High temperature
 Oil-based drilling mud lubricity
 Corrosion control

Drilling fluid & cementing DARYA SABRY ALI 13

 Drilling Mud Types

 Special types of drilling fluid -Inhibited muds

 An inhibited mud is a mud with salt or calcium to reduce active
clays hydration.

• Hydration of clays can be reduced by using high salt

concentrated mud
Characterized by:
Low viscosity
Low gel strength
Greater solid tolerance
Greater resistance to contaminants

Drilling Fluids & Cementing Mohammad Kamiran Yousif 14

 Drilling Mud Types

 KCl-polymer system
This mud system was specifically developed to
combat the problem of water sensitive, sloughing shales

• Shale contains illite and kaolinite  KCl: 3–5%

• Shale contains bentonite  KCl: 10%

• Polymer control the viscosity of the mud (7.5lb/bbl)

• KOH or NaOH used to control the pH at around 10.

Drilling Fluids & Cementing Mohammad Kamiran Yousif 15

 Drilling Mud Types

 Gas based muds

 Main types of gas based fluids:

1. Air-used in areas where formations are "dry "

2. Mist (condensed vapor) used when rock formations begin to produce small amounts
of water (10to100bbl per hr.)

3. Foam (Gas-liquid mixtures)-injecting a foaming agent into the air stream or may be
mixed with produced water

Drilling Fluids & Cementing Mohammad Kamiran Yousif 16

 Drilling Mud Types

 Max depth drillable is currently about 6,000 – 8,000 ft

 Limited applications:-

• Drilling of depleted reservoirs (loss circulation)

• Low presser , low permeability (formation damage)

Drilling Fluids & Cementing Mohammad Kamiran Yousif 17

 Drilling Mud Equipment

 Degasser  Shale shaker

Drilling Fluids & Cementing Mohammad Kamiran Yousif 18
Drilling Fluid & Cementing References

References
• https://www.drillingmanual.com/oil-based-mud/#h-oil-based-drilling-mud-classificat
ions-types
• https://drillingfluid.org/drilling-fluids-handbook-2/drilling-mud-circulation-system.ht
ml
• https://glossary.slb.com/en/terms/w/water-base_mud

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Drilling Fluid & Cementing Questions ?

Drilling Fluid & Cementing Group C1