A

PRESENTATION
ON

“Seismic retrofitting”

Submitted by
NITISHKUMAR N KORALLI
SG22SEC012

Under The Guidance Of Asst . Prof. Sunil Kumar H

Department of Structural Engineering
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter- 1 Introduction

Chapter-3 Objectives

Chapter-4 Methodology

Chapter-5 Possible Outcome

 INTRODUCTION
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to
seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic
demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need
of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged.

The need of seismic retrofitting of buildings arises under two circumstances: (i) earthquake damaged
buildings and (ii) earthquake-vulnerable buildings that have not yet experienced severe
earthquakes. The problems faced by a structural engineer in retrofitting earthquake damage buildings are:

(a) lack of standards for methods of retrofitting; (b) effectiveness of retrofitting techniques since
there is a considerable dearth of experience and data on retrofitted structures: (c) absence of
consensus on appropriate methods for the wide range of parameters like type of structures,
condition of materials, type of damage, amount of damage, location of damage, significance of
damage, condition under which a damaged element can be retrofitted etc.
 OBJECTIVES
In the past, seismic retrofit was primarily applied to achieve public safety, with engineering solutions
limited by economic and political considerations. However, with the development of
Performance based earthquake engineering (PBEE), several levels of performance objectives are gradually
recognised:

 Public safety only. The goal is to protect human life, ensuring that the structure will not collapse upon
its occupants or passersby, and that the structure can be safely exited. Under severe seismic conditions
the structure may be a total economic write-off, requiring tear-down and replacement.
 Structure survivability. The goal is that the structure, while remaining safe for exit, may require
extensive repair (but not replacement) before it is generally useful or considered safe for occupation.
This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to bridges.
 Structure functionality. Primary structure undamaged and the structure is undiminished in utility for
its primary application. A high level of retrofit, this ensures that any required repairs are only
"cosmetic" - for example, minor cracks in plaster, drywall and stucco. This is the minimum acceptable
 METHODOLOGY
•EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE AND HERITAGE STRUCTURES
Typical earthquake damage to most older and historic buildings results from poor ductility--or
flexibility--of the building and, specifically, poor structural connections between walls, floors, and
foundations combined with the very heavy weight and mass of historic materials that are moved by
seismic forces and must be resisted.
In buildings that have not been seismically upgraded, particularly unreinforced masonry buildings,
parapets, chimneys, and gable ends may dislodge and fall to the ground during a moderate to severe
earthquake. Walls, floors, roofs, skylights, porches, and stairs which rely on tied connections may simply
fail. Interior structural supports may partially or totally collapse. Unreinforced masonry walls between
openings often exhibit shear (or diagonal) cracking
1. CONDITION OF EXISTING BUILDING
Much of the damage that occurs during an earthquake is directly related to the building's
existing condition and maintenance history. Well-maintained buildings, even without added reinforcement, survive better than
buildings weakened by lack of maintenance. The capacity of the structural system to resist earthquakes may be severely
reduced if previous alterations or earthquakes have weakened structural connections or if materials have deteriorated from
moisture, termite, or other damage. Furthermore, in unreinforced historic masonry buildings, deteriorated mortar joints can
weaken entire walls. Maintenance, which reduces moisture penetration and erosion of materials, is therefore essential. Since
damage can be cumulative, it is important to analyze the structural capacity of the building.

2. SEISMIC RETROFITTING AND BUILDING CONSERVATION

Heritage structures can be divided mainly from earthquake point of view in to two main categories:
Undamaged or before earthquake heritage structures: The retrofitting needed for these of structures is mainly to increase their
seismic strength through reinforcement
of structural members. This type of approach is known as conservation approach.
3. RETROFITTING STRATEGIES FOR RC BUILDINGS
The need for retrofitting or strengthening of earthquake-damaged or earthquake-vulnerable buildings in India have been
tremendously increased during recent years after the devastating Bhuj earthquake with an alarming awakening for sufficient
preparedness in anticipation to face future earthquakes. Many professional engineers are accustomed to the designing of new
buildings but they may find themselves not fully equipped to face the challenges posed at the time of strengthening the
existing buildings with a view to improve their seismic performance.
1. METHODS FOR SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURES

Retrofitting of existing structures with insufficient seismic resistance accounts for a major portion of the
total cost of hazard mitigation. Thus, it is of critical importance that the structures that need seismic
retrofitting are identified correctly, and an optimal retrofitting is conducted in a cost effective fashion. Once
the decision is made, seismic retrofitting can be performed through several methods with various objectives
such as increasing the load, deformation, and/or energy dissipation capacity of the structure(FEMA, 2000).
Conventional as well as emerging retrofit methods are briefly presented in the following subsections.

1. CLASSIFICATION OF RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES

There are two ways to enhance the seismic capacity of existing structures.. The second is a m5.
METHODS FOR SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF STRUCTURES Retrofitting of existing structures
with insufficient seismic resistance accounts for a major portion of the total cost of hazard mitigation. Thus,
it is of critical importance that the structures that need seismic retrofitting are identified correctly, and an
optimal retrofitting is conducted in a cost effective fashion. Once the decision is made, seismic retrofitting
can be performed through several methods with various objectives such as increasing the load, deformation,
and/or energy dissipation capacity of the structure (FEMA, 2000). Conventional as well as emerging retrofit
methods are briefly presented in the following subsections.
 Retrofitting Techniques

Global Local

Adding new shear wall Jacketing of beams

Jacketing of columns
Adding steel bracing

Wall thickening

Base isolation
5.2 STRUCTURAL LEVEL (OR GLOBAL) RETROFIT METHODS
Two approaches are used for structure-level retrofitting: i) conventional methods based on increasing the seismic
resistance of existing structure, and (ii) non-conventional methods based on reduction of seismic demands.
Conventional methods
Conventional methods of retrofitting are used to enhance the seismic resistance of existing structures by eliminating or
reducing the adverse effects of design or construction. The methods Include adding of shear wall, infill walls and steel
braces

5.3 ADDING NEW SHEAR WALLS

One of the most common methods to increase the lateral strength of the reinforced concrete is to make a provision for
additional shear walls. The technique of infilling/adding new shear walls is often taken as the best and simple solution
for improving seismic performance. Therefore, it is frequently used for retrofitting of non-ductile reinforced concrete
frame buildings. The added elements can be either cast-in-place or pre-cast concrete elements. New elements
preferably be placed at the exterior of the building, however it may cause alteration in the appearance and window
layouts. Placing of shear walk in the interior of the structure is not preferred in order to avoid interior mouldings,
Constructional considerations:
The first consideration during construction is to find locatir7, where walls can be added and well located which may
align to the full height of the building to minimize torsion (Wylie, 1996). It is often desirable to locate walls adjacent
to the bear between columns so that only minimum slab demolition is required with connections male to beam at the
sides of columns. The design of the shear wall may be similar to new construction. The longitudinal reinforcement
must be placed at the ends of the wall running continuously through the entire height. In order to realize this end, the
reinforcement has to pass through holes in slabs and around the beams to avoid interference. To achieve both
conditions, boundary elements can be used. Although it would also be convenient to have continuous shear
reinforcement but in its absence, the walls must be adequately connected to the beams, slabs and columns ensuring
proper shear transfer through shear connectors. Wall thickness also varies from 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 inch) and is
normally placed externally. This retrofitting system is only adequate for concrete structures, which bring forth a big
increase in the lateral capacity and stiffness. A reasonable structural ductility may be achieved if the wall is properly
designed with a good detailing. The connection to the existing structure has to be carefully designed guarantee shear
transfer.

Limitations:

The main limitations of this method are: (i) increase in lateral

resistance but it is concentrated at a few places, (ii) increased
overturning moment at foundation causes very high uplifting that
needs either new foundations or strengthening of the existing
foundations, (iii) increased dead load of the structure, (iv)
excessive destruction at each floor level result in functional
disability of the buildings, (v) possibilities of adequate attachment
between the new walls and the existing structure, (vi) closing of
formerly open spaces can have major impact on the interior of the
building or exterior appearance.
 ADDING STEEL BRACINGS
Another method of strengthening is the use of steel bracing, which also has similar advantages. The structural details of connection between bracing and column
are shown I the fig. The installation of steel bracing members can be an effective solution when large openings are required. This scheme of the use of steel bracing
has a potential advantage over other schemes following reasons:
•higher strength and stiffness can be proved
•opening for natural light can be made easily,
•amount of work is less since foundation cost may be minimized,
•the bracing system adds much less weight to the existing structure,
•most of the retrofitting work can be performed with prefabricated elements and disturbance to the occupants may be minimized.
Technical considerations:
The steel bracing system can be used for steel structures as well as concrete structures: several researchers have reported successful results while using steel
bracing to upgrade the strength and stiffness of reinforced concrete structures. It has performed well linear behaviour even up to twice the design code force. The
effective slenderness ratio should be kept relatively low so that braces are effective in compression as well as tension, suggested l/r ratio are 80 to 60 or even lower.
Collector's members are recommended for transferring forces between the frame and bracing system. Careful consideration of of strengthening elements to the
existing structures and to the foundations have to be consciously designed to ensure proper shear transfer. Column shear failure is not specifically prevented;
therefore close attention must be given to limit drifts of the strengthened frame. Local reinforcement to the columns may be needed to bear the increased load
generated on them.
 Base Isolation in Buildings Fig: An Isolation Interface is formed

Isolator Components between the Foundation

and Superstructure
JACKETING
Jacketing is the process whereby a section of an existing structural member is restored to original dimensions or
increased in size by encasement using suitable materials. A steel reinforcement cage or composite material wrap can be
constructed around the damaged section onto which shotcrete or cast-in- place concrete is placed.
Jacketing is particularly used for the repair of deteriorated columns, piers, and piles and may easily be employed in underwater
applications. The method is applicable forprotecting concrete, steel, and timber sections against further deterioration and for
strengthening. Permanent forms are preferred where protection against weathering, abrasion, and chemical pollution is desired.

Before applying jackets, all deteriorated concrete must be removed, cracks must be repaired, existing reinforcement must be cleaned,
and surfaces must be prepared. The surface preparation improves the bond of the newly placed materials with the existing structure,
which is difficult for underwater repairs. For underwater conditions, a plastic shell may be applied at the splash zone to help minimize
abrasion. A drawback of jackets is that they occupy space that was earlier available for other uses
 jacketing of beams

Jacketing of columns
 CONCLUSION

 Seismic Retrofitting is a suitable technology for protection of a variety of structures.

 It has matured in the recent years to a highly reliable technology.

 But, the expertise needed is not available in the basic level.

 The main challenge is to achieve a desired performance level at a minimum cost, which can be achieved
through a detailed nonlinear analysis.

 Optimization techniques are needed to know the most efficient retrofit for a particular structure.

 Proper Design Codes are needed to be published as code of practice for professionals related to this field.