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Hydrocarbon
is any chemical compounds
that consists only of carbon

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(C) and hydrogen (H). They all
consist of a carbon backbone and
atoms of hydrogen attached to
that backbone.
 SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS
A. Saturated Hydrocarbons —
contain only carbon- carbon single

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bonds.
B. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons —
contain carbon- carbon double or
triple bonds (more hydrogens can be
added).
ALKANES
Prepared by: Mavreen Siegred E. Rado
Teacher-I
ALKANE
• An alkane is a hydrocarbon that
contains only single bonds.

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• This hydrocarbon is known to be the
most unreactive class because of its
structure which has already attained its
octet.
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ALKANES
• Since alkanes have no double or
triple bonds, they are said to be

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saturated.
ALKANES
An alkane can be
acyclic

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cyclic.
ACYCLIC
• alkanes consist of a chain of carbon atom but no
rings present.
• Acyclic alkanes follow the general formula
CnH2n+2 where n is the number of carbon atoms

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present.
• Acyclic alkanes can be branched or unbranched
depending on its structure.
Structure of Acyclic Alkanes
• Alkanes can be represented in two and three dimensions.
• Three dimensional representations usually involve
drawing the structure of an alkane with its angle and
geometry which is quite difficult to do.

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• Thus, we will focus on two dimensions rather than three.
• To represent alkanes in two dimensions, we usually use
structural formulas.
There are two types of structural formula:
• expanded structural formula and
• condensed structural formula.
Expanded structural formula
• is a structural formula that shows the atoms present in
a molecule and all the bonds connecting these atoms.
For example, the propane (C3H8) molecule has the

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expanded structural formula
 Condensed structural formula
• is a structural formula that groups the
atoms and shows how these atoms are
connected.

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• This type of structural formula is usually
written without showing the individual
bonds of the atoms.
• The condensed structural formula of
propane (C3H8) is CH3CH2CH3.
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NOMENCLATURE
•is the process of naming
chemical compounds with

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different names so that they
can be easily identified as
separate chemicals.
Nomenclature of Acyclic Alkanes
• A detailed system of nomenclature has been
developed in naming alkanes.
• This system is called IUPAC rules.

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• It focuses on the longest chain of carbon atom
and the side chains present.
 IUPAC
• is an acronym for International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry.
• is the recognized authority for chemical

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standards of nomenclature,
measurements, and atomic mass values,
setting the standards of atomic weights
that appear on the periodic table.
IUPAC Rules for Alkane Nomenclature
1. Find the parent chain.
2. Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
3. Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end
nearest a substituent group.

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4. Designate the location of each substituent group by an
appropriate number and name.
5. Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order.
The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several
groups of the same kind, are not considered when
alphabetizing.
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 RULE 1: Find the parent chain
A. Find and name the longest continuous carbon
chain.

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 RULE 1: Find the parent chain
B. If more than one different chains are of equal length
(number of carbons), choose the one with the greater number
of branch points (substituents) as the parent.

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 RULE 2: Identify and name groups
attached to this chain.

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 RULE 3: Number the chain consecutively,
starting at the end nearest a substituent group.

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 EXAMPLE
RULE 4: Designate the location of each substituent
group by an appropriate number and name.

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• The ethyl group is named first before methyl, therefore, the compound’s name is 5-
ethyl-2-methylheptane.
 EXAMPLE
RULE 5: Assemble the name, listing groups in
alphabetical order. The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used
to designate several groups of the same kind, are not
considered when alphabetizing.

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a. Write out the name as a
single word: hyphens (-)
separate prefixes commas
(,) separate numbers b.
Substituents are listed in
alphabetical order

The ethyl group is named first before methyl, therefore, the compound’s name is 5-
ethyl-2-methylheptane.
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Practice
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Insert or Drag and Drop your Image
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Insert or Drag and Drop your Image
Cycloalkanes
• Cycloalkanes follow the general formula
CnH2n, which is different to that of
acyclic alkanes.

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• The carbons are arranged in the form of a
ring and is usually represented in the
form of skeletal structures or in expanded
structural formulas.
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Nomenclature of Cyclic Alkanes
• There are also IUPAC rules to follow
when naming cyclic alkanes or
cycloalkanes.

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Rule 1:
• Determine the cycloalkane to use as the
parent chain.
• If there are two cycloalkanes, use the

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cycloalkane that has the higher number of
carbons present. The compound contains two
cycloalkanes. The cyclic alkane on
the left is the parent chain since it
contains the highest number of
carbon present. Thus, this compound
is named as cyclopentylcycloheptane.
 RULE 2
• If there is an alkyl chain that has a greater number
of carbons than the cycloalkane then the
cycloalkane will serve as a substituent.

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This compound is 3-cyclopropyl-6-methyldecane
RULE 3:
If there is more than one substituent, the carbons
are numbered in a way that the substituted carbons
have the lowest possible numbers.

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1,2,4-Trimethylcyclohexane
 Rule 4:
• When naming cycloalkanes, the substituents must be
listed in an alphabetical order.
• Halogen substituents are still treated like alkyl groups.

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 UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBONS:
ALKENES AND
ALKYNES
Prepared by: Mavreen Siegred E. Rado
Teacher-I
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
• include hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon
multiple bonds present. It may be in the form of an alkene
with double bonds, alkyne with triple bonds, or aromatic
hydrocarbons with a six-membered carbon ring and

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alternating single and double bonds among carbon atoms.
• These hydrocarbons are considered unsaturated because
they have fewer hydrogen atoms in comparison to alkane.
Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
• Alkenes are hydrocarbons with one or more
carbon-carbon double bonds.
• It has the general formula of CnH2n.

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• In comparison to an alkane, an alkene has two
fewer hydrogens and is more reactive because of
the double bond present.
Common Alkenes with their names, structures, and
physical properties.

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As the chain of the alkene gets longer the higher its boiling
point and the lower its melting point is. The boiling point of
alkenes depends on their molecular mass, while the melting
point depends on how compact the molecules are.
Cycloalkenes
• is a cyclic hydrocarbon that contains one or
more carbon-carbon double bonds within the
ring.

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• This type of alkene shouldn’t be confused
with the aromatic hydrocarbons since
cycloalkenes don’t follow Huckel’s rule
wherein the number of double bonds should
equal to 4n+2.
Simple and common cycloalkenes

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Alkynes
• are compounds that contain a carbon-carbon triple
bond.
• Its general formula is CnH2n-2.

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• It has four fewer hydrogens than an alkane and is
linear in form with bond angles of 180˚.
• Alkynes are also called acetylenes because of the
simplest alkyne commonly known as acetylene.
List of alkynes with their names, structures, and
physical properties

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Nomenclature of Alkenes,
Cycloalkenes, and Alkynes
• Alkenes, cycloalkenes, and alkynes are
named similarly to alkanes, the only

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difference is that alkenes have names
ending in suffix -ene, and alkynes with -
yne.
Rule 1:
• Find the longest continuous chain of a carbon atom that
contains a double and triple bond.
• Use its name as the base of the compound.
• Use the suffix -ene if it’s an alkene and -yne if it is an

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alkyne.
 RULE 2:
• Number the longest chain, from the end of the
chain nearest to a multiple bond.
• This will give the multiple bonds a lower number.

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RULE 3
• Name the substituent groups attached to the longest
chain and give its location by the number of the main-
chain carbon atom it is attached to.
• Write the name of the compound after identifying the

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substituents.
RULE 4
• For cycloalkenes with one or more double bonds
within the ring.
• Number one double bond with 1 and 2, and the other

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bond with the lowest number possible.
RULE 5
• The carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene can’t freely rotate due
to its rigid structure. Because of this rigid structure, cis- trans
isomerism is possible for some alkenes.
• This situation is only possible if each of the two carbons of the
double bond has two different groups attached to it.

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• An example of an alkene that may undergo cis-trans isomerism is 2-
butene