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澳門「天鴿」颱風

災害評估及應急措施
柯琦鈺 41060034T 美術 114
內容大綱

01 02
颱風概述 致災因子
(簡報第 3 至 5 張) Here you could describe
the topic of the section

03 04
災情分析 應對措施
Here you could describe Here you could describe
the topic of the section the topic of the section
01
颱風概述
「天鴿」颱風概述
● 2017 年 8 月 23 日,澳門遭受自 1953 年有颱風觀測記錄以來影響澳門最强颱風“天鴿”的正
面襲擊,造成澳門特區 10 人遇難, 244 人受傷,直接經濟損失 83.1 億元 ( 澳門元 )* ,間接
經濟損失 31.6 億元 ( 澳門元 )* 。

● 第 13 號颱風“天鴿”於 8 月 20 日在西北太平洋上生成:

22 日上午 進入南海東北部海面。
22 日下午 加强爲颱風級 ( 中心附近最大風力 12 級, 33m/s) 。
23 日早晨 加强爲强颱風級 (14 級, 42m/s) 。
23 日中午 颱風中心掠過澳門南部近海海面,於 12 時 50 分在廣東珠海登陸 (14
級, 45m/s) ;
登陸後,“天鴿”颱風强度逐漸减弱,經過廣東、廣西,進入雲南减弱消失。

* 澳門元 1 元約為新台幣 3.66 元( 5 月 2 日 下午 5:10 [UTC] )。


圖 1-1 “ 天鴿”颱風全路徑圖
“ 天鴿”颱風登陸前後,
珠海、澳門、香港及珠江口海面和附近島嶼最大陣風達 16-17 級,局地超過 17 級,其
中:
最大風速 66.9m/s (約 240.8km/h)
 珠海桂山島 最大風速 60.4m/s (約 217.4km/h)
 澳門大潭山站 最大風速 84.2m/s (約 303.1km/h)
 香港黃茅洲 ( 島嶼 )

(參考香港天文台 “天鴿”颱風總結報告 )
廣東西南部
沿海地區、廣西西部
和中南部等累積雨量 400mm
廣東西門
茂名、廣西欽州等地
的累計雨量 250mm
澳門
風球懸掛期間
最大雨量 圖 1-2 “ 天鴿”颱風降水量圖
50mm
02
致災因子
致災的四大關鍵因素
01
登陸強度
移動速度 03

02
不確定性
近海急劇 04
01

“ 天鴿”颱風登陸前移動速度大約 25-
30km/h , 比南海颱風平均移動速度
(10-15km/h) 明顯偏快。

“ 天鴿”颱風進入南海東北部海面後,其
北側副熱帶高壓加强並向西伸展,副熱
帶高壓南側强盛的偏東氣流推動“天鴿”
颱風快速向西偏北方向移動,移動速度
最快達到 25-30km/h 。

若“天鴿”颱風北側沒有這個强大的副熱
帶高壓, 移動速度會明顯减慢,其登陸
圖 1-3 “ 天鴿”颱風及副熱帶高壓配置圖 地點甚至會移動到珠江口以東地區。
02

在短短 6 小時內,珠江口外海面的風力由
12 級急劇加强到 15 級。

通常,當颱風靠近沿岸時,由於地形的摩
擦作用,一般會出現强度逐漸减弱的現
象。像“天鴿”颱風這種在近海急劇加强的現
象非常少見,特別是當其進入南海趨向廣
東沿海的過程中,近中心最大風速由 22
日 11 時的 25m/s 增强至 23 日 11 時
的 48m/s ,中心氣壓則由 985hPa 下降
至 6940hPa 。

24 小時內中心風速增强幅度達 23m/s ,
中心氣壓下降達 45hPa , 其中 22 日 23
時至 23 日 11 時的 12 小時內中心風速
增强達 13m/s ,達到業界颱風快速增强的
標準。 圖 1-4 “ 天鴿”颱風强度變化
( 兩條紅綫內快速增强階段,黑色三角形所指登陸時間 )
表 1-1 陸中國大陸的颱風一覽表

颱風名稱 登陸地點 最大強度 (m/s) 風級 風速 (m/s) 氣壓 (hPa)

MERBOK 苗柏 廣東深圳 25 9 23 990

ROKE 洛克 香港 20 8 20 995

HESAT 納沙 福建福清 40 12 33 975

HAITANG 海棠 福建福清 23 8 18 990

HATO 天鴿 廣東珠海 48 14 25 950

PAKHAR 帕卡 廣東台山 33 12 33 978

MAWAR 瑪娃 廣東汕尾 25 8 20 995

KHANUN 卡努 廣東湛江 42 10 28 988

03
“ 天鴿”颱風爲 2017 年登陸中國大陸的最强颱風, 也是
2017 年唯一以强颱風級登陸的颱風,與 1954 年颱風“艾達
” (IDA) 、 1991 年颱風“弗雷德” (FRED) 並列爲 1949 年
以來 8 月登陸廣東最强的颱風。

“天鴿”颱風在 23 日 10 時靠近珠江口附近海面時 ( 距離
澳門不足 70km) ,强度達到最强 (15 級,兩分鐘平均風速
48m/s) , 23 日 12 時 50 分在廣東珠海登陸,登陸時爲强
颱風級,雖然受到地形影響,强度較其巔峰時刻略有减弱,但
是中心附近最大風力仍有 14 級 (45m/s) 。

2017 年共有 8 個颱風在中國大陸登陸 ( 表 1-1) ,登陸個數


略多於多年平均值 (7 個 ) ,但是 2017 的平均登陸强度只有
29m/s ,低於多年平均强度 (33m/s) 。

03
04

預報困難主要來源於兩個方面 :

① 近海急劇加强是一種小概率事件, 依據預報員經驗或統計數據很難做出
準確預報。

② 目前全球最好的數值模式對“天鴿”颱風的强度預報仍然出現明顯偏
差,當預報員參考這 樣的數值模式做預報時,同樣增加了預判其近海急
劇加强的難度。
04

圖 1-5 中央氣象台“天鴿”颱風强度預報誤差
( 紅色實綫是颱風實况强度,綠色實綫是不同時刻發佈的颱風强度預
報)
04

在對“天鴿”颱風登陸强度的預報中,除了數值模式外,國際上其他颱
風預報中心 ( 例如日本、美國等 ) 也認其强度快速增加的可能性不大。

中央氣象台雖然提前 40 多個小時預報“天鴿”將以颱風强度登陸,但
在“天鴿”生成初期並沒有預計到它會在近海快速增强,存在强度預報
偏弱的情况, 24h 、 48h 和 72h 强度預報最大誤差分別達
8.0m/s 、 20.0m/s 和 19.0m/s( 圖 1-5) 。

但隨著“天鴿”颱風逐步靠近華南沿海,中央氣象台每天進行多次訂正
預報,特別在 23 日早晨 6 時,及時將“天鴿”升級爲强颱風,並發佈
2017 年度第一個颱風紅色預警。颱風强度預報,特別是近海快速增
强颱風的强度預報仍是世界性難題和挑戰。
03
災情分析
居民生命財産安全、社會生産生活秩序
遭受重創 水浸嚴重
澳門市區內水深大約爲 1-
澳門供電、供水、通信設 2m ,水浸情况最高爲 3-
施損毀嚴重。 3.5m 。

死亡 生命線 設施 低窪 衛生

共 10 人 多處受損 傳染病風險
7 人因溺水死亡,其餘 3 人 倒伏樹木約 9000 株。公 特別是消化道傳染病和蚊
因高空墜落、行進滑倒、車 園、圖書館、展覽場館等 蟲傳染病增加。
輛碾壓等原因死亡。 市政設施嚴重受損。
“ 天鴿”颱風襲澳期
間:

• 2000 個旅行團受到影響 • 公共停車場受浸電單車約 120 輛、私家


車約 700 多輛
• 80 個航班取消、 30 個航班延誤
• 408 個移動電話機站因長時間電力供應故
• 440 名旅客滯留機場 障及後備電源耗盡導致電訊服務受到影
響。
• 全澳倒伏樹木約 9000 株
• 澳門電網全黑、全澳停電,超過 25 萬戶
• 8 月 25 日焚化爐收集之垃圾數量爲 2600 噸 受影響
8 月 26 日焚化爐收 集之垃圾數量爲 2900 噸
• 災害發生 6 天后,全澳生産及生活供水
• 全澳約 212 輛巴士受浸或被損壞 才全面恢復正常
占全澳巴士總數 24%
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