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IB Mathematics
Analysis and Approaches HL
Year One
𝑓 𝑔
x x–3 (x – 3)2
𝑔𝑓
Since we are applying to , this can be written as , or more simply as . So:
2
𝑔𝑓 ( 𝑥)=( 𝑥 − 3)
Composite functions
is an example of a composite function.
means perform first and then .
Compare this with the composite function
𝑔 𝑓
x x2 x2 – 3
𝑓𝑔
It is also possible to form a composite function by applying the same function
twice. For example, if we apply the function to , we have or .
𝑓 2(𝑥)= 𝑓 ( 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) )
¿ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 − 3)
¿ ( 𝑥 − 3 ) −3
¿ 𝑥−6
Domain and Range of Composite functions
Example. For and
a) State the domain and range of and
b) Find and , stating the domain and range of each
𝐷𝑓 : 𝑥 ∈ℝ 𝑅𝑓 :𝑦 ∈ℝ
𝐷 𝑔: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑅𝑔: 𝑦 ∈ℝ , 𝑦 ≥ 0
𝑓𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )
2
𝑔𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=𝑔(2 𝑥 −1)
2 2
¿ 2 𝑥 −1 ¿ (2 𝑥 −1)
𝐷 𝑓𝑔 : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑅 𝑓𝑔 : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ , 𝑦 ≥ −1 𝐷 𝑔𝑓 : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑅 𝑓𝑔 : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ , 𝑦 ≥ 0
Domain and Range of Composite functions
Example. For , and
a) State the domain and range of and
b) Find and , stating the domain and range of each
𝐷𝑓 : 𝑥 ∈ℝ , 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑅𝑓 : 𝑦 ∈ℝ , 𝑦≠0
𝐷 𝑔: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑅𝑔: 𝑦 ∈ℝ , 𝑦 ≥ 0
𝐷h: 𝑥 ∈ ℝ 𝑅 h : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ , 𝑦 ≥ −1
Domain and Range of Composite functions
Example. For , and
a) State the domain and range of and
b) Find and , stating the domain and range of each
2
𝑔h ( 𝑥 )=𝑔( 𝑥 − 1)
¿ √ 𝑥 −1
2
𝐷 𝑔h : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥 ≥ 1, 𝑥 ≤ −1
𝑅 𝑓𝑔 : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ , 𝑦 ≥ 0
Domain and Range of Composite functions
Example. For , and
a) State the domain and range of and
b) Find and , stating the domain and range of each
𝑓𝑔h ( 𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ( √ 𝑥 2 −1)
1
¿
√𝑥 2
−1
𝐷 𝑓𝑔h : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥>1 , 𝑥<−1
𝑅 𝑓𝑔 : 𝑦 ∈ ℝ , 𝑦 >0
Classwork
Exercise 2M,
pages 111 - 112
Inverse functions
The identity function is a function , such that when composed with another
function leaves unchanged. I.e.:
𝑓 𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑔𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑔 ( 𝑥 )
The identity function for composition is therefore
𝑔h ( 𝑥 ) = h𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥
Inverse functions
We can write the function using a mapping diagram as follows:
×4 +3
x 4x 4x + 3
To find the inverse of , we can start with x and perform the inverse operations in
reverse order.
x3 ÷4 –3
x–3 x
4
The the range of becomes the domain of and the domain of becomes the
range of .
To find the inverse of a function let interchange and and rearrange to make
the subject. E.g.
Inverse functions
Suppose we wanted to find the inverse of a many-to-one function, for example,
the inverse of over the domain {–2, – 1, 0, 1, 2}.
x2
–2 3 This is a
0 many-to-one
–1 7
mapping.
0 11
1
1 15
2 4
19
Inverse functions
The inverse of this function would map the range of f(x) onto the domain of as
follows:
±√𝑥
3 –2 This is a
0 one-to-many
7 –1
mapping.
11
1 0
15 1
4
19 2
The inverse of f(x) is not a function because some of the elements in the domain
are mapped to more than one element in the range.
❑ 𝑥 − 2= 𝑦
2
𝑅𝑓 : 𝑦∈ℝ , 𝑦 ≥0
−1
∴𝒇 −𝟏
( 𝒙 )= √ 𝒙 −𝟐
Finding inverse functions
Example. For the function find the inverse function, stating the domain and range
❑ 𝑦 −2=
𝑥−3
⇒
1
❑ 𝑦= +2
𝑥−3
Geometric relationship
Example. For the function find the inverse function, sketching both on the same set of
axes
⇒ −𝟏 𝟐
∴ 𝒉 ( 𝒙 ) = ( 𝒙 +𝟐 ) +𝟏
√
❑ 𝑥= 𝑦 − 1− 2
⇒
𝐷 h : 𝑥 ∈ ℝ , 𝑥 ≥ −2
❑ 𝑥 +2=√ 𝑦 − 1
−1
⇒
2
𝑅h : 𝑦 ∈ℝ , 𝑦 ≥ 1
−1
❑ ( 𝑥 +2 ) = 𝑦 − 1
Geometric relationship
−𝟏 𝟐
𝒉 ( 𝒙 ) =( 𝒙 + 𝟐 ) +𝟏
Self-inverse
⇒
𝑥−3 ⇒
❑ 𝑦= ❑ 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦= 𝑥 − 3
𝑥−1
⇒
⇒
𝑦 −3 ❑ 𝑦 ( 𝑥 − 1)= 𝑥 − 3
❑ 𝑥= ⇒
𝑥−3
𝑦−1 ❑ 𝑦=
⇒ 𝑥−1
❑ 𝑥 ( 𝑦 − 1 )= 𝑦 − 3
⇒
❑ 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥= 𝑦 − 3 , so is self-inverse
Exercise 2N, page 116
Classwork
Worksheet –
composition inverse
functions