Electrical

Basic of Motors

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No.of Slides:20

Time: Min:30

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Motors
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy . Most
electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in
a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft.

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Classification of Motors

Electric Motors

Alternating Current (AC) Direct Current (DC) Motors

Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Excited Self Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

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Induction Motor
 Working Principle:
 An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric
current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic
induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding.
 Induction Motor consist of Stator and Rotor. while stator is stationary part and rotor is
Moving.
 when a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field and current is passed through it, the
coil rotates as a result of the forces acting on the coil.
 An induction motor's rotor can be either Slip ring or squirrel-cage type.
 Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because
they are self-starting, reliable and economical.

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Synchronous Motor
 A synchronous electric motor is an AC electric motor in which, at steady state the rotation of
the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current the rotation period is
exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles.

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Slip
 In an induction motor, slip is a measure of the difference between the machine's
synchronous speed and its shaft speed.

 A rotor of a three-phase induction motor rotates at a speed close to the synchronous speed
but not equal to the synchronous speed. The difference between the synchronous speed
and the rotor speed is known as slip speed. It is given by Slip speed = Ns - Nr. Slip is defined
as the ratio of slip speed to the rotor speed.

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DC Motor
 A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current (DC)
electrical energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced
by induced magnetic fields due to flowing current in the coil.
 DC motor consist of the armature and field windings.
 The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor
by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets), and
rotating electromagnets.Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high
reliability, and simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low
life-span for high intensity uses.

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DC Motor
 DC motors are always self-starting in nature. In AC motors, the armature is stationary while
the magnetic field rotates. In DC motors, the armature rotates while the magnetic field
remains stationary.
 DC motors are used on trains is because of their high torque and good speed control.

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Servo Motor

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Servo motor
 A servomotor (or servo motor) is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise
control of angular or linear position, velocity and acceleration.
 The servo motor has a rotation detector (encoder) mounted on the back shaft side of the
motor to detect the position and speed of the rotor. This enables high resolution, high response
positioning operation.
 Servo motors have many uses within motion control. They are used in applications to control
rotational speed and position as well as output torque.
 The servo motor is an assembly of four things: a normal DC motor, a gear reduction unit, a
position-sensing device, and a control circuit. The DC motor is connected with a gear
mechanism that provides feedback to a position sensor which is mostly a potentiometer.
 A servo motor consists of three wires- a black wire connected to the ground, a white/yellow
wire connected to the control unit, and a red wire connected to the power supply.

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Servo Motor

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 1. Stator From the position of the rotor, a rotating magnetic field is created to efficiently
generate torque.
 2. Winding Current flows in the winding to create a rotating magnetic field.
 3. Bearing Ball Bearing
 4. Shaft This part transmits the motor output power. The load is driven through the transfer
mechanism (such as the coupling).
 5. Rotor A high-function rare earth or other permanent magnet is positioned externally to the
shaft.
 6. Encoder The optical encoder always watches the number of rotations and the position of
the shaft.
 7. Encoder Cable
 8. Motor Cable

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How to check Motor
One of the easiest ways to test and troubleshoot a servo motor is by looking for any short or open circuits that exist within the
system by testing all three wires (T1, T2, T3) to the ground wire with a megaohm meter. Start by testing the connections between
T1 to T2, T2 to T3 and then back to T1 to T3

 Using an Ohm Meter

Disconnect ONLY 3-phase motor lines (T1,T2,T3) from the drive. Test while the cable is still connected to the servo motor first. As long
as the reading is infinite, there is no issue. However, if the reading is 0 (zero) or if there is any continuity, you can be sure that a problem
exists. Now disconnect the cable and test the servo and the cable separately. Make sure that the leads on both ends are not touching
anything.

 Using Megger
 Place one megger lead on the ground terminal or wire and place the other lead on one of the phase wires or terminals.
 Press test on the megger.
 A very high resistance reading (greater than 10 megohms) will indicate the motor insulation is good.

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Types of Starting Technique

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Star Delta Connection Diagram

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Troubleshooting

Common Electrical Problems

Common Faults In Electric Motors
• High Temperatures And Overheating.
Most motor failures and deterioration can be
due to exposure to extreme heat. ...
• Accumulation of Dust And Debris. ...
• Sudden Power Surges. ...
• Wear And Damage of Bearing Over Time. ...
• Humidity and Moisture.
• Lubrication

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Faults of motor

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Types of motor protection device

•Overload protection.
•Short circuit protection.
•Over temperature protection.
•Under Voltage protection.
•Phase failure and reversal protection.

FUSE CHOKE

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