SYSTEM MODEL

WORK STRESS
AMONG NURSES
Betty Numan ( 1924 to present )

Presented By :
Nada Al-Furayj
NURS 501:THEORETICAL FOUNDATION OF NURSING
Dr. Ruqayah Alhajji
 SYSTEM MODEL
BETTY NEUMAN
(1924-PRESENT)

“I believe that theory is vital to the development of an

autonomous and accountable nursing profession...
I believe that the model is relevant for the future
because of its dynamic and systemic nature; its
concepts and propositions are timeless” (Neuman,
2011, p. 318).
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECT

THEORIST AND THEORY
DEFINITION OF THE THEORY
MAJOR CONCEPTS.
NURSING METAPARADIGM A
APPLICATION.
REFERENCES.
 INTRODUCTION
•In any healthcare facility, nurse is first responder for the patients.
There are factors which are main reasons to increase stress level among
nurses like Patients, scheduling , work overload , environment and lack of
support.

•Objective of the study is to assess stress level among nurses who working
at inpatient unit and find prevention ways to decrease level of stress by
using Betty Numan model.
BACKGROUND OF NEUMAN THEORY
 Background -cont’d

1967 1970 1985 1985 1988

 This model developed to focus on the client or group toward
stress and the reaction to it.
• It is a unique, open system based on perspective and provide a
Neuman unifying focus for approaching a wide range of concerns.

system model • System acts as boundary for a single client, a group or numbers
of groups.
• A system interact with the environment delineates the domain of
nursing concern.
•Neumann’s Model was influenced by several theoretical sources,
Gestalt theory: interaction of person and environment.
Chardin: Philosophy of wholeness or totality of life.
Selye: stress adaptation & interaction with environment.
Von Bertalanffy: general living open system theory.
Caplan: levels of prevention approach.
Lararus: stress and coping.
 MAJOR CONCEPTS
FULL INTEGRATION
Presentations are tools that can be used as lectures.

REAL-TIME UPDATES
Presentations are tools that can be used as lectures.

CLOUD STORAGE
Presentations are tools that can be used as lectures.
 Open system

Function to process The client as a system exchange energy andinformation with environment

It is the matter, energy, and information that are exchanged between clients and the environment.
Input and output

it is system output in the form of matter, energy, and information as feedback for future input to
Feedback change,enhance or stabilize.

Negentropy The process of energy conservation that assists system in the progression toward stability or wellness.

It is the dynamic and desirable state of balance in which energy exchange can take place without disruption
Stability of the character of the system
 Environment:
DEFINED AS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES
SURROUNDING THE CLIENT, INFLUENCING AND
BEING INFLUENCED BY THE CLIENT AT ANY POINT
AND TIME.

CREATED ENVIRONMENT IS DEVELOPED

UNCONSCIOUSLY BY THE CLIENT TO EXPRESS
SYSTEM WHOLENESS, THE PURPOSE IS TO
PROVIDE PROTECTION FOR CLIENT SYSTEM
FUNCTIONING AND TO ISOLATE THE CLIENT FROM
STRESSORS.
 CLIENT SYSTEM
BASIC Represent the basic survival factors or energy resources of the
STRUCTURE client, the core structure consists of basic survival factors common
to human begins.

It is the broken rings represent resources factor that help the client
LINES OF
defend against stressors and it become activated when environment
RESISTANCE
stressors invade the normal line.

Basic
NORMAL It represent the adaptational level of health developed over the course
structure
LINE OF of time and reflect an enhance wellness state.
DEFENSE

FLEXIBLE
It keeps the system free from stressor.
LINE OF
DEFENSE
 HEALTH:
HEALTH IS EQUATED WITH WELLNESS
 STRESSORS:
It is tension producing stimulate that have the potential to disrupt
system stability, leading to an outcome either positively or
negatively.

Intrapersonal factors: within individual

Interpresonal factors: between one individual or more
Extrapersolnal factors: outside the individual

Degree of Reaction :represents system instability that occurs when

stressors invade the normal line of defense.
Reconstitution : occurs after treatment for stressor reactions.
 NURSING METAPARADIGM
NURSING PERSON ENVIRONMENT HEALTH

All the internal and external Optimal wellness or

Open system client
Unique profession that it factors that surround and stability indicates that total
interacted with
is concerned with all influence the client system. system needs and reduce
environment, the client may
variables affecting an Open system client in wellness result in unmet
be individual, family, group,
individual response to interacted with system needs.
community or social issue.
stress. environment, the client may
be individual, family, group,
community or social issue
ASSUMPTIONS OR “ACCEPTED TRUTHS”

MADE BY NEUMAN’S SYSTEMS MODEL

EACH CLIENT SYSTEM IS UNIQUE, A COMPOSITE OF FACTORS AND
CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN A GIVEN RANGE OF RESPONSES.
MANY KNOWN, UNKNOWN, AND UNIVERSAL STRESSORS EXIST.

FLEXIBLE LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST POSSIBLE REACTION TO STRESSORS.

EACH CLIENT/CLIENT SYSTEM HAS EVOLVED A NORMAL RANGE OF RESPONSES

TO THE ENVIRONMENT REFERRED TO AS A NORMAL LINE OF DEFENSE.

THE NORMAL LINE OF DEFENSE CAN BE USED AS A STANDARD FROM WHICH TO

MEASURE HEALTH DEVIATION.
ASSUMPTIONS OR “ACCEPTED TRUTHS” -CONT’D

PRIMARY PREVENTION RELATES TO GENERAL KNOWLEDGE APPLIED IN CLIENT

ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION IN IDENTIFYING AND REDUCING OR
MITIGATING POSSIBLE OR ACTUAL RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS TO PREVENT A POSSIBLE REACTION.

SECONDARY PREVENTION RELATES TO SYMPTOMATOLOGY FOLLOWING A

REACTION TO STRESSORS, AN APPROPRIATE RANKING OF INTERVENTION
PRIORITIES, AND TREATMENT TO REDUCE THEIR NOXIOUS EFFECTS.

TERTIARY PREVENTION RELATES TO THE ADJUSTIVE PROCESSES AS

RECONSTITUTION BEGINS AND MAINTENANCE FACTORS MOVE THE CLIENT BACK
IN A CIRCULAR MANNER TOWARD PRIMARY PREVENTION.
THE CLIENT AS A SYSTEM IS IN DYNAMIC, CONSTANT ENERGY EXCHANGE WITH
THE ENVIRONMENT. (NEUMAN, 1995)
THEORY EVALUATION
ANALYSIS

NEUMAN SYSTEM MODEL

BRIEF CRITIQUE OF THE NEUMAN
SYSTEMS MODEL
THE MODEL HAD A CONSTRUCTIVE BEGINNING AS IT BEGAN
AS A HYPOTHETICAL MODEL AND INTENDS TO BUILD A MORE
COMPLEX PICTURE OF CLIENTS AND THEIR SURROUNDING
SYSTEMS.

A COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPTUAL MODEL THAT CLEARLY

OPERATIONALIZES THE CONCEPT THAT ARE RELEVANT TO
NURSING.

THE SCOPE OF MODEL IS BROAD AND EASY USE FOR THE

RESEARCH AND PRACTICE BY INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS
COMMUNITIES.
 CONSISTENCY

THE DEFINITIONS OF THE CONCEPTS FIT THEIR USE IN THE PROPOSITIONS.

SUCH AS WITH THE DEFINITION OF THE FLEXIBLE LINE OF DEFENSE ACCORDION-
LIKE EFFECT A PROTECTIVE, ACCORDION LIKE MECHANISM THAT SURROUNDS
AND PROTECTS THE NORMAL LOD FROM INVASION BY STRESSORS.
INCREASES THE UTILITY OF THE MODEL.

COMPLEXITY
THE MODEL IS COMPLEX; THEREFORE, IT CANNOT BE DESCRIBED AS BEING
SIMPLE, YET NURSES USING THE MODEL DESCRIBE IT AS EASY TO UNDERSTAND
AND IT IS USED ACROSS CULTURES AND IN A WIDE VARIETY OF PRACTICE
SETTINGS.
 ENERGY SOURCES IN HER MODEL AS PART OF
THE BASIC STRUCTURE, NEW NURSING
LOGICAL INTERVENTIONS AS TO THE PROVISION OF
NEEDED ENERGY OF THE CLIENT CAN BE
ADEQUACY OF CONCEPTUALIZED.
•

THE THEORY •NEUMAN SYSTEMS ; USE OF THE CONCEPT

OF ENTROPY IS INCONSISTENT WITH THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTROPY WHICH IS
CLOSED, RATHER THAN AN OPEN SYSTEM.
 NEUMAN PRESENTS ABSTRACT CONCEPTS THAT
ARE CONGRUENT WITH TIN REALITY, THE
INDIVIDUAL RESISTS STRESSORS WITH INTERNAL
AND EXTERNAL REFLEXES WHICH WERE MADE
COMPLICATED WITH THE FORMULATION OF
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RESISTANCE IN THE OPEN
CLARITY SYSTEMS MODEL OF NEUMAN.
TESTABILITY:
USED AS A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
EXTENSIVELY IN NURSING RESEARCH, AND
ASPECTS OF THE MODEL HAVE BEEN
EMPIRICALLY TESTED.
 THE NEUMAN SYSTEMS MODEL'S MAJOR
STRENGTH&WEAKNESSES:

THE NEUMAN SYSTEMS MODEL’S THE MAJOR WEAKNESS OF THE

MAJOR STRENGTH MODEL

IS ITS FLEXIBILITY FOR USE IN ALL IS THE NEED FOR FURTHER

AREAS OF NURSING ADMINISTRATION,
EDUCATION, AND PRACTICE(IS
LOGICALLY CONSISTENT)
THE EMPHASIS ON PRIMARY
PREVENTION, INCLUDING HEALTH
PROMOTION, IS SPECIFIC TO THIS
MODEL
CLARIFICATION OF THE TERMS USED.
INTERPERSONAL AND
EXTRAPERSONAL STRESSORS NEED
TO BE MORE CLEARLY
DIFFERENTIATED.
USEFULNESS APPLICATION
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

THE NSM’S MODERATE CLARITY,

CONSISTENC
GIVE IT THE FEASIBILITY TO BE USED WI
POPULATIONS AND CONTEXTS. WITHIN THE N
. EDUCATION,
SUPPORTS ITS FUTURE IMPACTAND
ON ADMINISTRA
NURSING R
THE NEUMAN SYSTEMS MODEL
PERSPECTIV
.INTERPROFESSIONAL COLLABORATIV
WHILE IT PROVIDES ADEQUATE GUIDANCE
THEORETICAL
ALLOWS FOR THINKING TO CLINICAL
OPPORTUNITIES NURSING
TO BE CREATI
.SOLUTIONS TO BROADER PROB
IT PROVIDES THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWOR
.ADVANCE AND IMPROVE THEIR P
REFERENCES
ANY QUESTIONS?

THANK YOU