EXCRETION

CHAPTER 2

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 EXCRETORY PRODUCTS

• Carbon Dioxide

• Sweat

• Urea

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 THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Fig: 12.4. P: 156

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 THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• Kidneys: remove urea and excess water from the body and
reabsorb glucose and some salts back into the body

• Ureter: a tube that delivers urine from kidneys to bladder

• Bladder: a bag that stores urine

• Urethra: allows urine to get out of the body

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 THE KIDNEYS

• Urine is produced from urea that has been absorbed into the
blood and then is excreted. Faeces are largely made of waste
materials that have not been absorbed into the blood and are
egested

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 THE KIDNEY

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 DNA , CHROMOSOMES AND
GENES

Difference between Gene , chromosome and DNA

…………………………………………………………………………………
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 GAMETE CELLS

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 EGG/OVUM

• It is very large
• Has large nutrient reserves in the dense cytoplasm to nourish
the embryo
• Has a haploid nucleus to restore the original number of
chromosomes in the zygote after fertilization
• Has a jelly layer which hardens after fertilization to prevent
polyspermy

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 :SPERM CELL

• Has many mitochondria to carry out aerobic respiration to

release energy needed for movement
Has a haploid nucleus to restore the original number of •
chromosomes in the zygote after fertilization
• Has an acrosome which is a vesicle that contains digestive
enzymes to digest through the egg.
• Has flagellum/tail needed for movement
• Has a streamlined shape to swim more easily

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 HOW THE HIGHER TEMPERATURE
?AFFECTS THE PRODUCTION OF SPERMS
Each 1°C increase in testicular temperature leads to a 14% •
. decrease in spermatogenesis( sperm production)
High reduces sperm motility through decreased mitochondrial •
. activity and ATP synthesis
Testicular tissue heated stress leads to DNA damage •
HOW THE HIGHER TEMPERATURE
?AFFECTS THE PRODUCTION OF SPERMS

sperm count:refers to the total number of sperm in the semen; •

sperm concentration is the number of sperm per milliliter of
.semen

sperm motility : refers to the percentage of sperm that are •

”.moving or “swimming

.sperm size, shape, and structure •

 PUNNET SQUARE

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 PREGNANCY

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 FETUS

• Fetal development is affected by the health of the mother,

including the effect of diet, smoking and drugs.

• some examples of human characteristics controlled by a single

gene (e.g. red-green colour blindness).

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