STRUCTURAL

ISOMERISM and
ORGANIC
REACTIONS
ENGR. JESSA MAE T. AGUIMBAG, RChT
STRUCTURAL
ISOMERISM
STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
• Whentwo or more organic compounds have
the same molecular formula but different
properties due to their difference in
arrangement of atoms along the carbon.
 CHAIN

POSITIONAL

STRUCTURAL
ISOMERISM
FUNCTIONAL
FORMS OF
STRUCTURAL METAMERISM
ISOMERISM
TAUTOMERISM

RING-CHAIN
Chain Isomerism
• Organiccompounds with the same formula, but the
arrangements of their carbon skeleton are different.
 FORMULA: C4H10

Chain Isomerism
FORMULA: C4H10O

Chain Isomerism
Positional Isomerism
• Occurs when the same functional groups are attached to
different positions on a carbon state.
 FORMULA: C3H7Cl

Position Isomerism
 FORMULA: C4H8

Position Isomerism
Functional Isomerism
• Occurs if different compounds are formed due to the
different arrangements of their atoms leading to
different functional groups
 FORMULA: C3H6O

Functional Isomerism
 FORMULA: C2H6O

Functional Isomerism
Metamerism
• Thistype of isomerism arises due to the presence of
different alkyl chains on each side of the functional
group.
FORMULA: C4H10O

Metamerism
ethoxyethane methoxy propane
FORMULA: C5H10O

Metamerism
Pentan-2-one Pentan-3-one
Tautomerism
• refersto the isomer of the compound which only
differs in the position of protons and electrons.
Keto – enol tautomerism

Tautomerism
Ring-Chain Isomerism
• oneof the isomers has an open-chain structure whereas
the other has a ring structure.
 FORMULA: C3H6

Ring-Chain isomers
 FORMULA: C5H10

Ring-Chain isomers
SIMPLE REACTIONS
OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
CHEMICAL REACTION
ORGANIC REACTION
• Organic
compounds usually
undergo chemical reaction
SIMPLE ORGANIC REACTION
• Combustion of organic fuels
• Addition reaction
• Condensation reaction
• Saponification of fats
COMBUSTION REACTION
COMBUSTION of Organic Fuel
• COMBUSTION is an exothermic chemical
reaction where a substance reacts rapidly with
oxygen and gives off energy in the form of light
and heat.
• FUEL – a hydrocarbon easily reacts with oxygen
to release useful energy.
COMBUSTION
REACTION
COMBUSTION REACTION
 COMBUSTION REACTION

Complete Incomplete
Combustion Combustion
 COMBUSTION REACTION
Complete Combustion

• Occurswhen a fuel reacts rapidly with oxygen and

produces carbon dioxide.
• When fuels burn completely:
 The carbon oxides to carbon dioxide
 The hydrogen oxides to water
 COMBUSTION REACTION
Complete Combustion
 COMBUSTION REACTION
Incomplete Combustion

• Occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen to allow the

fuel to react completely with the oxygen.

CxHy + O2  CO + C + H2O
ADDITION REACTION
ADDITION REACTION
• It
is a chemical reaction in which an
atom or group of atom is added to a
molecule.
• It
usually occurs with unsaturated
compounds to form saturated
compounds.

SATURATION REACTION
ADDITION REACTION
ADDITION REACTION
• HYDROGENATION OF ALKENE
CONDENSATION REACTION
CONDENSATION REACTION
• It
is an organic chemical reaction in
which two smaller molecules are
combine together to produce a bigger
molecule. In the reaction, a small
molecule is eliminated often water.

DEHYDRATION REACTION
CONDENSATION REACTION
CONDENSATION REACTION
• Other
small molecules are hydrogen chloride,
methanol, and acetic acid
• Example:
CONDENSATION REACTION
SAPONIFICATION REACTION
SAPONIFICATION OF FATS
• Saponification literally known as
“soap making”. It is a process by
which triglycerides are reacted with
sodium or potassium hydroxide
(lye) to produce glycerol and a fatty
acid salt called "soap".
SAPONIFICATION OF FATS
• Usually animal fats or vegetable oils are the
triglycerides used.
SAPONIFICATION OF FATS
• Softsoap is formed when sodium hydroxide is used,
otherwise hard soap is formed when potassium is
used.
SAPONIFICATION OF FATS
SAPONIFICATION OF FATS
• For
daily cleaning sodium
hydroxide soap and potassium
hydroxide soaps are used.
• Metalsoaps such as lithium soap
which is applicable for lubricating
greases.
SAPONIFICATION OF FATS
• Saponification is also applied in fire
extinguisher in which the combustible oils
and fats are converted into noncombustible
soap. The chemical reaction further inhibits
the fire because it absorbs heat from its
surrounding and decreases the flames
temperature.