Professional Documents
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MATH 16
Mathematics of
Investment
CHAPTER 1:
SIMPLE
INTEREST
Simple Interest
• Simple Interest is a percentage of a sum of money
that is paid only once. It is quick and simple way to
figure out how much money you owe on a loan. The
daily interest rate is multiplied by the principal by the
number of days between payments to calculate simple
interest.
, or
, or
Finding Principal, Rate, and Time
• The principal (P) is found by dividing both sides of the simple interest
equation I = PRT by RT.
The various forms of the simple interest equation can be remembered using
the circle sketch shown above. In the sketch, I (interest) is in the top half of
the circle, with P (principal), R (rate), and T (time) in the bottom half of the
circle. Find the formula for any one variable by covering the letter in the
circle and then reading the remaining letters, noticing their position. For
example, cover P and you are left with .
Formula in Finding Principal
or
Finding Principal, Rate, and
Time
Solve the formula I = PRT for rate (R) by dividing both
sides of the equation by PT. The rate found in this manner will
be the annual interest rate.
or
Finding Principal, Rate, and Time
The time (T) is found by dividing both sides of
the simple interest equation I = PRT by PR. Note that
time will be in years, or fraction of a year.
or
Calculation of the Time Between Dates
• Times between dates is counted under the assumption that each month has 30 days; we
shall call the result approximate time. Usually, it is less than the actual time.
• Approximate time
• Actual time
• In computing the interest, we include the last day but not the first day in counting the
time between two dates.
Two other ways of remembering the number of days in each month
are the rhyme method and the knuckle method, as seen below.
Example 1: Find the number of days from:
(a) June 3 to August 14
(b) November 4 to February 21.
27 June 27
30 July 31
14 August 14
26 November 26
30 December 31
30 January 31
21 February 21
17 February 15
30 March 31
30 April 30
30 May 31
23 June 23
7 August 8
30 September 30
30 October 31
30 November 30
15 December 15
7 June 7
30 July 31
30 August 31
30 September 30
30 October 31
30 November 30
3 December 3
Solution:
Solution:
Discounting - it is the process of determining the present value P of any amount due in
the future.
To discount the amount F for t years, means to solve for P applying the form
Example 1: Accumulates $2000 for 3 years at 7% simple interest.
Example 2: Harry finally received a matured amount of $3000 from the bank that he
deposited 5 years ago with an annual rate of 10%. How much did he deposit?
Solution
Given:
Solution
Given:
Proceeds:
Future Amount:
Comparison of Simple Interest and Simple Discount
Simple Discount
Proceeds
Example 2: Discount Php 25, 000 for 3 years and 6 months at 10% simple discount
Solution
Given:
Simple Discount
Example 3: If Php 12, 300 is due at the end of five years at 8% simple discount, find the
proceeds and simple discount
Solution
Given:
Simple Discount
Proceeds
Promissory Notes and
Discounting
• A promissory note is a legal document promising to
pay back at some future date a sum of money that has
been borrowed. It is a signed contract between two
parties. There are two kinds of promissory notes:
interest bearing and non-interest bearing.
• When a note is interest bearing, the person
borrowing the money must not only pay back
the amount of money borrowed but must also
pay back any interest accumulated according to
the terms of the note. When the note is
noninterest bearing, the person pays back only
the amount of money borrowed.
Promissory Notes and
•
Discounting
The maker is the person, company, or institution that has borrowed the
money and is obliged to pay the money back.
• The payee is the person who loaned the money and who will receive the
payment.
• The face value of a note is the amount of money that has been borrowed.
• The term of a note is the time period of the note or length of time until
the note is due
• The maturity value of a note is the face value plus the interest, if any.
• The maturity date is the date the money is to be repaid.
• Computation for promissory notes uses the basic interest formulas;
however, the principal is known as the face value of a note.
Promissory Notes and
Discounting
Promissory Notes and
Discounting
• If a person or business (payee) is holding a note and needs the cash before
the maturity date of the note, then that person or business can sell or
cash in the note to a third party.
• The third party, however, may charge the payee a sum of money for
purchasing the note. When this occurs, it is called discounting the note.
• The third party keeps the note until the maturity date, and the third party
receives the maturity value of the note from the maker.
• The time from when the note is cashed until the maturity date is called
the discount period. The amount of money that is paid to the original
payee is called the proceeds, which is the maturity value of the note
minus the fee charged to cash the note. The fee is called the discount
or discount amount.
Example: Suppose that John loans Paul $20,000 for 1 year at 8% simple interest. Three months
later, John sells the note to Ringo at a simple discount rate of 7 ¾%. How much does Ringo pay for the
note?
Solution:
1. Original loan. Find the maturity value of the original loan. (The original loan was made from simple
interest)
2. Secondary sale. The secondary sale was made using simple discount. Since 3-month of the original loan
1-year loan have already expired, the remaining term is